巫山淫羊藿化学成分研究及酒制淫羊藿初探
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摘要
淫羊藿(Herba Epimedii)始载于《神农本草经》,味苦、辛,性温,归肝、肾经;具有补肾阳、强筋骨、祛风湿等功效,是药用历史悠久的传统中药。05版药典中收载了五个淫羊藿品种。其中,巫山淫羊藿与药典记载的其他品种相比容易鉴别:叶形狭长,长可达宽的6倍,叶中脉维管束为7个,叶片质地硬脆,现有大面积栽培基地,是淫羊藿目前药用的主流品种之一。
鉴于目前巫山淫羊藿药材运用广泛、疗效显著而其淫羊藿苷的含量远远达不到药典标准的情况下,有必要对目前研究较少的巫山淫羊藿化学成分进行研究,选择适合作为其质量控制指标的化学成分,并且期望以所分离得出的化合物单体作为物质基础,开展淫羊藿炮制品的相关研究。
此外,历代关于淫羊藿酒制品的记载有很多,十余部书籍及文献均有所提及淫羊藿酒制品,仅次于羊油制品,是古代淫羊藿药用的第二大炮制品,历代关于淫羊藿酒制品的运用比较广泛。但是以酒为辅料炮制,近代已经很少应用,目前已基本上被淘汰。酒制淫羊藿究竟有无道理,临床有无实效,应该经过研究证实之后再作肯定或否定的结论,必须持慎重态度,不要轻易抛弃前人的宝贵经验。因此,有必要对淫羊藿酒制品进行研究,再决定取舍。
同时,关于淫羊藿炮制的相关原理目前探讨较少,有必要进行深一步研究。
基于以上原因,我们主要从以下几个方面进行了研究:
1巫山淫羊藿化学成分的研究:采用溶剂法对巫山淫羊藿药材进行提取,使用多种色谱分离法和现代波谱分析方法进行化合物的分离和鉴定,从中分离得到11个化合物,鉴定了其中的8个,其中黄酮类有6个,分别为:朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ,另外两个为β-谷甾醇、胡萝卜苷。其中朝藿定A为首次从巫山淫羊藿药材中分离得到。朝藿定C的含量在巫山淫羊藿药材中含量较高,甚至高于淫羊藿苷,并且在结构上淫羊藿苷多一个鼠李糖,二者结构十分相似,推测朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷在药效活性上可能有相似之处,可以考虑把朝藿定C作为评价巫山淫羊藿药材及饮片质量的指标之一。此外,首次对巫山淫羊藿叶中挥发油成份进行GC/MS分析。可知:巫山淫羊藿叶中的挥发油成分主要有酸类,酮类,烷类,醇类,炔类,其他化合物等组成。
2采用现代科学分析技术进行淫羊藿酒制品价值和意义的探索:首先结合药典规定的两个指标(淫羊藿苷、总黄酮)筛选出最佳酒溶媒为传统常用的绍兴黄酒,再参考古今文献中各种关于淫羊藿酒制品的炮制方法,结合现代相关炮制规范,用同一溶媒模拟炮制两个品种淫羊藿(巫山淫羊藿、淫羊藿)的多种酒制品:酒煮品、酒浸品、酒润品、酒蒸品、酒炙品、酒油共制品、同时炮制清炒品、目前运用广泛的羊脂油制品作为对照比较。然后,结合现代淫羊藿相关药理研究成果及实验中化学分离结果选用科学指标(朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、总黄酮、多糖),对炮制后所得的各种炮制品饮片中指标成分的含量与生品饮片进行比较,进一步比较各炮制饮片与生品饮片水煎液中有效成分的溶出情况,综合分析可知:虽然淫羊藿品种不同所呈现出来的变化规律不同,但是酒制淫羊藿(酒蒸品、酒炙品、酒油共制品)与其他炮制品相比都显示出了优势,多个指标的评价均优于现行的油炙品。所得结果证明历代以淫羊藿酒制品用药确实有一定的科学道理,淫羊藿酒制品具有一定的意义和价值,现代抛弃淫羊藿酒制品的做法有待商榷,前人的宝贵经验应该继承下来,酒制淫羊藿具有恢复使用的意义。本课题初步筛选的几种酒制品(酒炙品、酒蒸品、酒油共制品)还有待深入探讨,最终期望确定一种酒制品,为淫羊藿临床运用增加一种炮制品,提高淫羊藿的药用价值。
3淫羊藿炮制品指纹图谱初探:利用HPLC梯度法初步建立了巫山淫羊藿及淫羊藿生品和多种炮制品黄酮类成分的指纹图谱。再对照巫山淫羊藿化学成分分析时得到的多个黄酮类单体,参考相关文献,指认出多个共有峰:朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、大叶淫羊藿苷F、箭藿苷B、次苷Ⅱ,占总面积的75%以上。比较发现:两个品种淫羊藿(巫山淫羊藿、淫羊藿)的指纹图谱有相似的地方-具有多个共同的峰,但是峰面积差别较大,其他多个非共有峰差别也较大,即不同品种之间黄酮类成分的组成和含量差异较大,所以应该针对不同品种淫羊藿建立相应的HPLC指纹图谱。此外,同法炮制来自同一产地同一品种,所得到的三个批次相同炮制品饮片的指纹图谱,通过相似度软件分析可知整体相似度在99%以上,说明同一产地的淫羊藿质量比较稳定,所用炮制工艺稳定性和重现性较好。此外,巫山淫羊藿、淫羊藿各炮制品与各自生品饮片相比,炮制前后多个共有峰的峰面积变化规律不完全相同,两种淫羊藿相同炮制品饮片间峰面积变化规律也不一。淫羊藿化学成分在炮制过程中的变化规律有待进一步深入研究。
对于多来源的中药,其内在成分的组成和含量存在明显差异,且炮制过程中化学成分的变化情况也不同,使得炮制所得饮片中及水煎液中主要成分的变化规律也有差别,指纹图谱峰数、共有峰峰面积等都有所不同,药典对不同品种、不同炮制饮片采用同一各质量标准似有不妥,建议药典针对不同品种、不同炮制饮片建立相应的质量标准,保证饮片质量的稳定、可控,提高中医临床的疗效。
As a group of traditional chinese herbs owning a long history and first recorded in Shennong's Canon of Herbal Materia Medica, Epimedium (Herba Epimedii) are characterized by bitter and acrid in taste and cold in nature, having significant effects on tonifying the liver and kidney、strengthening the bones and muscles、expelling wind and removing dampness. 5 varieties of Epimediums has been recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005 Edition). By comparison to others, E.wushanense T.S.Ying is relatively easy to be distinguished: With hard and crispy texture of leaves, it has narrow-long blade profile, whose length is as long as 6 times than the width, and 7 vascular bundles in its midrib. Meanwhile, with broad cultivation planting bases, this one is used as the mainstream variety in clinical practice.
However E.wushanense T.S.Ying is widely in use and has significant medical effects, its content of Icariin is far below the Pharmacopoeia standard. Under such circumstances, it is of great necessity to study its chemical ingredients, which has not been appropriately studied yet. Through this research, it is expected to choose some proper chemical compositions as its quality control index and to isolated such compounds as its material foundation, on the basis of which to carry on studies on processed Epimedium.
In addition, famous rare books in past dynasties have many records about wine processed E.wushanense T.S.Ying which was mentioned in dozens of books and literatures used extensively as a medicine, only second to the one processed by mutton oil. But this class of E.wushanense T.S.Ying products was rarely used any longer and was replaced in principle. To avoid abandoning the valuable experience of our predecessors, it should be after considerate research on the wine processed E.wushanense T.S.Ying before making the conclusion whether it is reasonable to reject this wine processing technology and having clinical effects or not. On the other hand, because of the little research on the the processing mechanism of Epimedium, it is of great importance to do further study on it.
Therefore, based on the reasons mentioned above, this research was carried out from the following aspects:
1. studies on the chemical constituents of E.wushanense T.S.Ying: proper solvent method was applied in the extraction of E.wushanense T.S.Ying, whose chemical components was isolated and identified by integrating several chromatographic separation methods and modern spectral analysis methods, and 11 chemical compounds were obtained, among which 8 compounds was recognized. And 6 out of these 8 were flavonoids, which are Epimedin A isolated from E.wushanense T.S.Ying for the first time、Epimedin B、Epimedin C、Icariin、IcarisideⅠand IcarisideⅡ, besides the 6 mentioned above, the other 2 wereβ-sitosterol and daucosterol. The content of Epimedin C in E.wushanense T.S.Ying is quite high, even higher than that of Icariin, and with similar chemical structure, Epimedium C has just one more rhamnose than Icariin. Therefore, with so many similarities to each other, it is suggested that Epimedin C might have similar medical effects to Icariin, and from this point of view, the content of Epimedin C should be adopted as one of the quality indicating indexes. Meanwhile the essential oil in leaves of E.wushanense T.S.Ying was analyzed by GC/MS, and the result showed it consisted of acids、ketones、alkanes、alcohols、alkyne and other compounds.
2. The value and importance of wine processed E.wushanense T.S.Ying was explored by applying modern scientific analysis technology. Firstly, the yellow rice wine made in Shaoshing was selected as best menstruum by integrating the two indexes which were icariin and total flavonoids set by Chinese Pharmacopeia; secondly, by referring to the ancient and modern literatures and integrating the relevant modern processing specifications, several wine processed products of E.wushanense T.S.Ying and E.brevicornu Maxim. were produced with the yellow rice wine, such as: wine-boiled product、wine-soaked product、wine-moistened product、wine- steamed product、wine-stir-fried product、wine-mutton -oil processed product. At the same time, the simple stir-fried product and the mutton oil processed product were used as the comparison group. Then, scientific indexes, namely Epimedin C、Icariin、total flavorins and polysaccharide, were chosen by combination with relevant pharmacological results. After content determination of the selected indexes, comparison was made between the decoction pieces of crude epimedium and that of the processed epimedium, furthermore the dissolution cases was also under investigation between them. Through Multifactorial Analysis, conclusion has been made: although variation law of different species of Epimedium differed to each other, wine processed Epimedium (including wine- steamed product、wine-stir-fried product、wine-mutton -oil processed product ) had displayed many advantages over the rest, even better than the mutton -oil processed product which is broadly being use in clinic. All the results showed that wine processed Epimedium was reasonable and of great value for medical usage, which accounted for its popularity in past dynasties, so it remained to be discussed whether this process method should be discarded or not. The primarily selected wine processed products need deeper study till the best one is determined which will raise the medical valuation of Epimedium and add one more processed product to the clinical practice. 3. the fingerprints of the processed epimedium was primarily explored by following steps: firstly, the fingerprints of flavonoids in E.wushanense T.S.Ying、crude epimedium and several varieties of other processed products was primarily established through HPLC gradient methods. Then, most of the common peaks, such as:Epimedin A、Epimedin B、Epimedin C、Icariin、Ikarisoside F、SagittatosideB and IcariinⅡ, in the fingerprints was recognized which accounts for nearly more than 75% of the gross peak area. By comparison: the fingerprints of E.wushanense T.S.Ying and E.brevicornu Maxim. had lots of peaks in common, but there were big differences between the peak area of both the peaks in common and peaks that were not in common, which indicated that the content of the flavonoids in different species differed greatly and corresponding HPLC fingerprints should be established respectively. In addition, the similarity of the fingerprints of 3 different batches of same decoction pieces from the same habitat which were processed by identical method was above 99%. And the result showed that decoction pieces of epimedium from the same habitat had stable quality, and the processing technology had excellent stability and reproducibility. Meanwhile, by comparing to the decoction pieces of the crude herbs, the peak area variation law of the processec products of E.wushanense T.S.Ying and E.brevicornu Maxim.was not completely the same, which also varied between the two species processed by the same way. It is also expected that further study should be made to illuminate variation mechanism of the chemical compositions in epimedium during the processing .
we founded that there was obvious difference in the content and components-rate of change- discipline after precessed, and so was in water. So we advised that it shoud be established corresponding quality standard for several-origins Chinese Traditio and Medicine, in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005 edition) ,to ensure the quality stable and controllable, more to progress the clinical effect of Chinese Tradition and Medicine.
鉴于目前巫山淫羊藿药材运用广泛、疗效显著而其淫羊藿苷的含量远远达不到药典标准的情况下,有必要对目前研究较少的巫山淫羊藿化学成分进行研究,选择适合作为其质量控制指标的化学成分,并且期望以所分离得出的化合物单体作为物质基础,开展淫羊藿炮制品的相关研究。
此外,历代关于淫羊藿酒制品的记载有很多,十余部书籍及文献均有所提及淫羊藿酒制品,仅次于羊油制品,是古代淫羊藿药用的第二大炮制品,历代关于淫羊藿酒制品的运用比较广泛。但是以酒为辅料炮制,近代已经很少应用,目前已基本上被淘汰。酒制淫羊藿究竟有无道理,临床有无实效,应该经过研究证实之后再作肯定或否定的结论,必须持慎重态度,不要轻易抛弃前人的宝贵经验。因此,有必要对淫羊藿酒制品进行研究,再决定取舍。
同时,关于淫羊藿炮制的相关原理目前探讨较少,有必要进行深一步研究。
基于以上原因,我们主要从以下几个方面进行了研究:
1巫山淫羊藿化学成分的研究:采用溶剂法对巫山淫羊藿药材进行提取,使用多种色谱分离法和现代波谱分析方法进行化合物的分离和鉴定,从中分离得到11个化合物,鉴定了其中的8个,其中黄酮类有6个,分别为:朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ,另外两个为β-谷甾醇、胡萝卜苷。其中朝藿定A为首次从巫山淫羊藿药材中分离得到。朝藿定C的含量在巫山淫羊藿药材中含量较高,甚至高于淫羊藿苷,并且在结构上淫羊藿苷多一个鼠李糖,二者结构十分相似,推测朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷在药效活性上可能有相似之处,可以考虑把朝藿定C作为评价巫山淫羊藿药材及饮片质量的指标之一。此外,首次对巫山淫羊藿叶中挥发油成份进行GC/MS分析。可知:巫山淫羊藿叶中的挥发油成分主要有酸类,酮类,烷类,醇类,炔类,其他化合物等组成。
2采用现代科学分析技术进行淫羊藿酒制品价值和意义的探索:首先结合药典规定的两个指标(淫羊藿苷、总黄酮)筛选出最佳酒溶媒为传统常用的绍兴黄酒,再参考古今文献中各种关于淫羊藿酒制品的炮制方法,结合现代相关炮制规范,用同一溶媒模拟炮制两个品种淫羊藿(巫山淫羊藿、淫羊藿)的多种酒制品:酒煮品、酒浸品、酒润品、酒蒸品、酒炙品、酒油共制品、同时炮制清炒品、目前运用广泛的羊脂油制品作为对照比较。然后,结合现代淫羊藿相关药理研究成果及实验中化学分离结果选用科学指标(朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、总黄酮、多糖),对炮制后所得的各种炮制品饮片中指标成分的含量与生品饮片进行比较,进一步比较各炮制饮片与生品饮片水煎液中有效成分的溶出情况,综合分析可知:虽然淫羊藿品种不同所呈现出来的变化规律不同,但是酒制淫羊藿(酒蒸品、酒炙品、酒油共制品)与其他炮制品相比都显示出了优势,多个指标的评价均优于现行的油炙品。所得结果证明历代以淫羊藿酒制品用药确实有一定的科学道理,淫羊藿酒制品具有一定的意义和价值,现代抛弃淫羊藿酒制品的做法有待商榷,前人的宝贵经验应该继承下来,酒制淫羊藿具有恢复使用的意义。本课题初步筛选的几种酒制品(酒炙品、酒蒸品、酒油共制品)还有待深入探讨,最终期望确定一种酒制品,为淫羊藿临床运用增加一种炮制品,提高淫羊藿的药用价值。
3淫羊藿炮制品指纹图谱初探:利用HPLC梯度法初步建立了巫山淫羊藿及淫羊藿生品和多种炮制品黄酮类成分的指纹图谱。再对照巫山淫羊藿化学成分分析时得到的多个黄酮类单体,参考相关文献,指认出多个共有峰:朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、大叶淫羊藿苷F、箭藿苷B、次苷Ⅱ,占总面积的75%以上。比较发现:两个品种淫羊藿(巫山淫羊藿、淫羊藿)的指纹图谱有相似的地方-具有多个共同的峰,但是峰面积差别较大,其他多个非共有峰差别也较大,即不同品种之间黄酮类成分的组成和含量差异较大,所以应该针对不同品种淫羊藿建立相应的HPLC指纹图谱。此外,同法炮制来自同一产地同一品种,所得到的三个批次相同炮制品饮片的指纹图谱,通过相似度软件分析可知整体相似度在99%以上,说明同一产地的淫羊藿质量比较稳定,所用炮制工艺稳定性和重现性较好。此外,巫山淫羊藿、淫羊藿各炮制品与各自生品饮片相比,炮制前后多个共有峰的峰面积变化规律不完全相同,两种淫羊藿相同炮制品饮片间峰面积变化规律也不一。淫羊藿化学成分在炮制过程中的变化规律有待进一步深入研究。
对于多来源的中药,其内在成分的组成和含量存在明显差异,且炮制过程中化学成分的变化情况也不同,使得炮制所得饮片中及水煎液中主要成分的变化规律也有差别,指纹图谱峰数、共有峰峰面积等都有所不同,药典对不同品种、不同炮制饮片采用同一各质量标准似有不妥,建议药典针对不同品种、不同炮制饮片建立相应的质量标准,保证饮片质量的稳定、可控,提高中医临床的疗效。
As a group of traditional chinese herbs owning a long history and first recorded in Shennong's Canon of Herbal Materia Medica, Epimedium (Herba Epimedii) are characterized by bitter and acrid in taste and cold in nature, having significant effects on tonifying the liver and kidney、strengthening the bones and muscles、expelling wind and removing dampness. 5 varieties of Epimediums has been recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005 Edition). By comparison to others, E.wushanense T.S.Ying is relatively easy to be distinguished: With hard and crispy texture of leaves, it has narrow-long blade profile, whose length is as long as 6 times than the width, and 7 vascular bundles in its midrib. Meanwhile, with broad cultivation planting bases, this one is used as the mainstream variety in clinical practice.
However E.wushanense T.S.Ying is widely in use and has significant medical effects, its content of Icariin is far below the Pharmacopoeia standard. Under such circumstances, it is of great necessity to study its chemical ingredients, which has not been appropriately studied yet. Through this research, it is expected to choose some proper chemical compositions as its quality control index and to isolated such compounds as its material foundation, on the basis of which to carry on studies on processed Epimedium.
In addition, famous rare books in past dynasties have many records about wine processed E.wushanense T.S.Ying which was mentioned in dozens of books and literatures used extensively as a medicine, only second to the one processed by mutton oil. But this class of E.wushanense T.S.Ying products was rarely used any longer and was replaced in principle. To avoid abandoning the valuable experience of our predecessors, it should be after considerate research on the wine processed E.wushanense T.S.Ying before making the conclusion whether it is reasonable to reject this wine processing technology and having clinical effects or not. On the other hand, because of the little research on the the processing mechanism of Epimedium, it is of great importance to do further study on it.
Therefore, based on the reasons mentioned above, this research was carried out from the following aspects:
1. studies on the chemical constituents of E.wushanense T.S.Ying: proper solvent method was applied in the extraction of E.wushanense T.S.Ying, whose chemical components was isolated and identified by integrating several chromatographic separation methods and modern spectral analysis methods, and 11 chemical compounds were obtained, among which 8 compounds was recognized. And 6 out of these 8 were flavonoids, which are Epimedin A isolated from E.wushanense T.S.Ying for the first time、Epimedin B、Epimedin C、Icariin、IcarisideⅠand IcarisideⅡ, besides the 6 mentioned above, the other 2 wereβ-sitosterol and daucosterol. The content of Epimedin C in E.wushanense T.S.Ying is quite high, even higher than that of Icariin, and with similar chemical structure, Epimedium C has just one more rhamnose than Icariin. Therefore, with so many similarities to each other, it is suggested that Epimedin C might have similar medical effects to Icariin, and from this point of view, the content of Epimedin C should be adopted as one of the quality indicating indexes. Meanwhile the essential oil in leaves of E.wushanense T.S.Ying was analyzed by GC/MS, and the result showed it consisted of acids、ketones、alkanes、alcohols、alkyne and other compounds.
2. The value and importance of wine processed E.wushanense T.S.Ying was explored by applying modern scientific analysis technology. Firstly, the yellow rice wine made in Shaoshing was selected as best menstruum by integrating the two indexes which were icariin and total flavonoids set by Chinese Pharmacopeia; secondly, by referring to the ancient and modern literatures and integrating the relevant modern processing specifications, several wine processed products of E.wushanense T.S.Ying and E.brevicornu Maxim. were produced with the yellow rice wine, such as: wine-boiled product、wine-soaked product、wine-moistened product、wine- steamed product、wine-stir-fried product、wine-mutton -oil processed product. At the same time, the simple stir-fried product and the mutton oil processed product were used as the comparison group. Then, scientific indexes, namely Epimedin C、Icariin、total flavorins and polysaccharide, were chosen by combination with relevant pharmacological results. After content determination of the selected indexes, comparison was made between the decoction pieces of crude epimedium and that of the processed epimedium, furthermore the dissolution cases was also under investigation between them. Through Multifactorial Analysis, conclusion has been made: although variation law of different species of Epimedium differed to each other, wine processed Epimedium (including wine- steamed product、wine-stir-fried product、wine-mutton -oil processed product ) had displayed many advantages over the rest, even better than the mutton -oil processed product which is broadly being use in clinic. All the results showed that wine processed Epimedium was reasonable and of great value for medical usage, which accounted for its popularity in past dynasties, so it remained to be discussed whether this process method should be discarded or not. The primarily selected wine processed products need deeper study till the best one is determined which will raise the medical valuation of Epimedium and add one more processed product to the clinical practice. 3. the fingerprints of the processed epimedium was primarily explored by following steps: firstly, the fingerprints of flavonoids in E.wushanense T.S.Ying、crude epimedium and several varieties of other processed products was primarily established through HPLC gradient methods. Then, most of the common peaks, such as:Epimedin A、Epimedin B、Epimedin C、Icariin、Ikarisoside F、SagittatosideB and IcariinⅡ, in the fingerprints was recognized which accounts for nearly more than 75% of the gross peak area. By comparison: the fingerprints of E.wushanense T.S.Ying and E.brevicornu Maxim. had lots of peaks in common, but there were big differences between the peak area of both the peaks in common and peaks that were not in common, which indicated that the content of the flavonoids in different species differed greatly and corresponding HPLC fingerprints should be established respectively. In addition, the similarity of the fingerprints of 3 different batches of same decoction pieces from the same habitat which were processed by identical method was above 99%. And the result showed that decoction pieces of epimedium from the same habitat had stable quality, and the processing technology had excellent stability and reproducibility. Meanwhile, by comparing to the decoction pieces of the crude herbs, the peak area variation law of the processec products of E.wushanense T.S.Ying and E.brevicornu Maxim.was not completely the same, which also varied between the two species processed by the same way. It is also expected that further study should be made to illuminate variation mechanism of the chemical compositions in epimedium during the processing .
we founded that there was obvious difference in the content and components-rate of change- discipline after precessed, and so was in water. So we advised that it shoud be established corresponding quality standard for several-origins Chinese Traditio and Medicine, in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005 edition) ,to ensure the quality stable and controllable, more to progress the clinical effect of Chinese Tradition and Medicine.
引文
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