面向虚拟设计的分布式并行绘制系统中若干关键技术研究
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摘要
对多投影面沉浸式虚拟环境的研究一直是虚拟现实领域一个重要的研究方向。但是,由于此类系统的构建大多基于专业图形工作站和高端投影设备,高昂的成本使其应用范围受到很大限制。近年来,随着PC性能的快速发展,构建以PC集群驱动的多投影面沉浸式虚拟环境成为新的研究热点。但是,现有的并行绘制系统多应用于可视化仿真,并不适于虚拟设计制造等动态变化的交互式应用,这也影响了虚拟现实技术在制造业的发展和推广。
本文从虚拟设计的特点和需求出发,对分布式并行绘制系统中LOD(Level of detail)及渐进式传输技术进行了研究。论文对面向虚拟设计的多投影面沉浸式虚拟环境的软件体系结构、并行绘制系统中LOD技术和渐进式传输等问题进行了深入的研究,论文的主要研究工作如下:
首先,在分析比较了国内外虚拟环境系统研究基础之上,针对虚拟设计的特点,研究了面向虚拟设计的虚拟环境体系结构,并对Client-Server和Master-Slave两种常见的分布式并行绘制体系结构进行了比较,重点研究了北京邮电大学的五通道环幕立体显示系统,并给出了基于环幕的并行绘制系统设计方案。
其次,在研究了二次误差度量模型简化算法基础上,提出了一种基于协方差度量的改进算法,针对两种算法设计开发了相应的三维模型简化软件,并对模型简化的结果进行了分析比较。同时,研究了LOD结构分类、动态管理及模型间平滑过渡等技术。
再次,对三维模型渐进式传输技术进行了研究,给出了渐进网格的定义及实现步骤,重点研究了Client-Server并行绘制体系结构,提出了一种基于Client-Server模型的渐进式传输方案,在基于联网PC的分布式并行绘制系统中实现模型的渐近传输并进行实时绘制。
在五通道环幕立体显示系统上,基于Master-Slave和Client-Server模型,搭建了面向虚拟设计的分布式并行绘制平台。基于Master-Slave,结合LOD技术,开发了虚拟装配应用实例;基于Client-Server,利用渐进式传输技术,开发了虚拟设计应用环境。
最后对全文进行了总结和展望。
The research of Multi-Projector immersive virtual environment of virtual reality has been an important area. However, because such systems are based on the construction of professional graphics workstations and high-end projection equipment, the high cost makes its scope of application are largely limited. In recent years, with the rapid development of PC's performance, to establish a PC Cluster driven Multi-Projector immersive virtual environment as a hot spot of study. However, the existing parallel rendering systems are used in visual simulation, but unsuitable for dynamic interactive applications like virtual design and manufacturing, which has also affected the virtual reality technology in the development and promotion of the manufacturing sector.
Combining the features and needs of virtual design, bring forward to the research on LOD and progressive transmission technology of parallel rendering system for virtual design. The paper on virtual design-oriented multi-Projector immersive virtual environment software architecture, Parallel Rendering System LOD technology and progressive transmission issues an in-depth study, the main research work are as follows:
Firstly, based on the analysis and comparison of the research of virtual environment systems at home and abroad, in view of the characteristics of virtual design, researched of virtual design-oriented virtual environment architecture, and compared Client-Server and Master-Slave two common distributed parallel rendering architecture, focused on the five-channel cylinder screen stereoscopic display system of the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, and gave the parallel rendering system design scheme based on cylinder screen.
Secondly, based on the research of quadric error metric model simplification algorithm, put forward the covariance-based improved algorithm, for two algorithms designed and developed relevant model simplification software, and the results of the model simplification were compared. In addition, we studied the classification, dynamic management of LOD model and smooth transition techniques between models.
Thirdly, raised the research of the model progressive transmission technology, given the progressive meshes' definition and realization, focus on the research of Client-Server parallel rendering architecture, based on Client-Server, and presented a scheme of progressive transmission. Based on distributed parallel rendering system of PC Cluster, implemented the progressive transmission of 3D model and real-time rendering.
On the five-channel cylinder screen stereoscopic display system, based on Master-Slave and Client-Server, we constructed virtual design-oriented distributed parallel rendering platform. Based on Master-Slave, combining LOD technology, developed the virtual assembly application instance. Based on Client-Server, take use of progressive transmission technology, developed a virtual design application platform.
Finally, make a summary and outlook for this paper.
本文从虚拟设计的特点和需求出发,对分布式并行绘制系统中LOD(Level of detail)及渐进式传输技术进行了研究。论文对面向虚拟设计的多投影面沉浸式虚拟环境的软件体系结构、并行绘制系统中LOD技术和渐进式传输等问题进行了深入的研究,论文的主要研究工作如下:
首先,在分析比较了国内外虚拟环境系统研究基础之上,针对虚拟设计的特点,研究了面向虚拟设计的虚拟环境体系结构,并对Client-Server和Master-Slave两种常见的分布式并行绘制体系结构进行了比较,重点研究了北京邮电大学的五通道环幕立体显示系统,并给出了基于环幕的并行绘制系统设计方案。
其次,在研究了二次误差度量模型简化算法基础上,提出了一种基于协方差度量的改进算法,针对两种算法设计开发了相应的三维模型简化软件,并对模型简化的结果进行了分析比较。同时,研究了LOD结构分类、动态管理及模型间平滑过渡等技术。
再次,对三维模型渐进式传输技术进行了研究,给出了渐进网格的定义及实现步骤,重点研究了Client-Server并行绘制体系结构,提出了一种基于Client-Server模型的渐进式传输方案,在基于联网PC的分布式并行绘制系统中实现模型的渐近传输并进行实时绘制。
在五通道环幕立体显示系统上,基于Master-Slave和Client-Server模型,搭建了面向虚拟设计的分布式并行绘制平台。基于Master-Slave,结合LOD技术,开发了虚拟装配应用实例;基于Client-Server,利用渐进式传输技术,开发了虚拟设计应用环境。
最后对全文进行了总结和展望。
The research of Multi-Projector immersive virtual environment of virtual reality has been an important area. However, because such systems are based on the construction of professional graphics workstations and high-end projection equipment, the high cost makes its scope of application are largely limited. In recent years, with the rapid development of PC's performance, to establish a PC Cluster driven Multi-Projector immersive virtual environment as a hot spot of study. However, the existing parallel rendering systems are used in visual simulation, but unsuitable for dynamic interactive applications like virtual design and manufacturing, which has also affected the virtual reality technology in the development and promotion of the manufacturing sector.
Combining the features and needs of virtual design, bring forward to the research on LOD and progressive transmission technology of parallel rendering system for virtual design. The paper on virtual design-oriented multi-Projector immersive virtual environment software architecture, Parallel Rendering System LOD technology and progressive transmission issues an in-depth study, the main research work are as follows:
Firstly, based on the analysis and comparison of the research of virtual environment systems at home and abroad, in view of the characteristics of virtual design, researched of virtual design-oriented virtual environment architecture, and compared Client-Server and Master-Slave two common distributed parallel rendering architecture, focused on the five-channel cylinder screen stereoscopic display system of the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, and gave the parallel rendering system design scheme based on cylinder screen.
Secondly, based on the research of quadric error metric model simplification algorithm, put forward the covariance-based improved algorithm, for two algorithms designed and developed relevant model simplification software, and the results of the model simplification were compared. In addition, we studied the classification, dynamic management of LOD model and smooth transition techniques between models.
Thirdly, raised the research of the model progressive transmission technology, given the progressive meshes' definition and realization, focus on the research of Client-Server parallel rendering architecture, based on Client-Server, and presented a scheme of progressive transmission. Based on distributed parallel rendering system of PC Cluster, implemented the progressive transmission of 3D model and real-time rendering.
On the five-channel cylinder screen stereoscopic display system, based on Master-Slave and Client-Server, we constructed virtual design-oriented distributed parallel rendering platform. Based on Master-Slave, combining LOD technology, developed the virtual assembly application instance. Based on Client-Server, take use of progressive transmission technology, developed a virtual design application platform.
Finally, make a summary and outlook for this paper.
引文
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[29]Schmalstieg D.The Remote Rendering Pipeline[D].Technical University of Vienna,1997.
[30]马志刚,张凯,汪国平等.三维地形场景流式传输[J].北京大学学报,2006,42(1):116-120
[31]王晓霞,张奇.地形模型压缩与流式渐进传输[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2006,29(2):87-89
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[35]H.Chen,Y.Chen,A.Finkelstein,and et al."Data Distribution Strategies for High Resolution Displays." Computers and Graphics Vol.25,811-818,2001.
[36]杨建.AnyGL:一个大规模混合分布图形系统:[博士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2001
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[2]Zhang W,Dieter R,Zuo H.Virtual Reality as Design Tool[A].In:Proceedings of TMCE 2004[C].Lausanne,Switzerland,2004:1121-1122
[3]严隽琪,范秀敏,蒋祖华等.虚拟制造的理论与技术基础研究[J].中国机械工程,1999,10(9):1068-1071
[4]刘战强,艾兴.虚拟制造技术及其应用的现状与发展展望[J].山东大学学报,2002,32(3):211-217
[5]Vahl,Matthias,Lukas,Uwe von.Integration of CAD and Virtual Reality based on OMG's CAD Services Interface[A].In:European Multidisciplinary Society for Modeling and Simulation Technology(EUROSIS):European Concurrent Engineering Conference.Proceedings[C].2003:54-61
[6]石教英.虚拟现实基础及实用算法[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:33-68
[7]James S,Lipscomb S.Experience with Stereoscopic Device and Output Algorithms[A].In:Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers(SPIE)[C].1989,vol.1083,Three-Dimensional Visualization and Display Technologies:28-34
[8]Sutherland I.A head-mounted Three Dimensional Display[A].In:Proceedings of Joint Computer Conference[C].1968:755-764
[9]L.Renambot,A.Johnson,and et.al.Lambdavision:Building a 100 Mpixel Display[EB/OL].http://www.evl.uic.edu/cavern/sage/pubs,2006-06-08
[10]C.Krumbholz,J.Leigh,A.Johnson,and et al.Lambda Table:High Resolution Tiled Display Table for Interacting with Large Visualizations[A].In Workshop on Advanced Collaborative Environments[C].2005:66-72
[11]Carolina Cruz-Neira,Daniel J Sandin,Thomas A De Fanti.Surrounding-screen Projection-based Virtual Reality:The Design and Implementation of the CAVE[A].Computer Graphics Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'93[C].1993:135-142
[12]Fakespace Delivers World's Highest Resolution Visualization Room to Los Alamos National Laboratory[EB/OL],http://www.fakespace.com,2006-06-22
[13]Czernuszenko,Pape,et al.The ImmersaDesk and Infinity Wall Projection-Based Virtual Reality Displays[J].Computer Graphics,May 1997,31(2):46-49
[14]N.Hashimoto,T.Iwata.Ensphered Vision:Spherical Immersive Display using Convex Mirror[A].Transaction of the Virtual Reality Society of Japan[C].1999,4(3):549-554
[15]Luebke,D.,Reddy,M.,Cohen,J.and et al.2003.Level of Detail for 3D Graphics.San Francisco:Morgan Kaufman Publishers.
[16]G.Humphreys,M.Eldridge,I.Buck,and et al.WireGL:A Scalable Graphics System for Clusters[A].Computer Graphics,ACM SIGGRAPH2001.2002,129-140
[17]Tan Kim Heok,Daut Daman.A Review on Level of Detail.Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics,Imaging and Visualization (CGIV'04),2004 IEEE
[18]Rossignac.J and P Borrel.Multi-Resolution 3D Approximations for Rendering Complex Scenes.Technical Report RC 17687-77951.IBM Research Division,T J Watson Research Center,Yorktown Heights,NY.1992.
[19]周昆,潘志庚,石教英.一种新的基于顶点聚类的网格简化算法[J].自动化学报,1999,25(1):1-8
[20]Schroeder,W J,J A Zarge,and W E Lorensen.Decimation of Triangle Meshes.Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 92,pp.65-70.1992.
[21]Cohen,J,A Varshney,D Manocha,and et al.Simplification Envelopes.Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 96.pp.119-128.1996.
[22]Garland,M and P Heckbert.Surface Simplification Using Quadric Error Metrics.Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 97.pp.209-216.1997.
[23]马小虎,潘志庚,石教英.基于三角形移去准则的多面体简化模型[J].计算机学报,1998,21(6):492-498
[24]周昆,潘志庚,石教英.基于三角形折叠的网格简化算法[J].计算机报,1998,21(6):506-513
[25]Muhammad Hussain,Yoshihiro Okada,and Koichi Niijima.Lod Modeling of Polygonal Models Based on Multiple Choice Optimization.Proceedings of the 10th International Multimedia Modelling Conference(MMM'04),2004 IEEE
[26]Hoppe,H.Progressive Meshes.Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 96.pp.99-108.1996.
[27]郭阳明,翟正军,陆艳红.虚拟场景生成中的LOD技术综述[J].计算机仿真,2005,22(12):180-184
[28]李起成,汪国平.数字博物馆中的三维模型渐进传输方法[J].计算机工程,2006,32(19):221-223
[29]Schmalstieg D.The Remote Rendering Pipeline[D].Technical University of Vienna,1997.
[30]马志刚,张凯,汪国平等.三维地形场景流式传输[J].北京大学学报,2006,42(1):116-120
[31]王晓霞,张奇.地形模型压缩与流式渐进传输[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2006,29(2):87-89
[32]金哲凡.保留模式图形并行绘制研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2003:33-36
[33]Thomas W.Crocket.Parallel Rendering.NASA Contr-actor Report 195080 ICASE Report No.95-31.1995.http://www.icase.edu/～tom/95-31.pdf
[34]Steven Molnar,Michael Cox,et al.A Sorting Classification of Parallel Rendering.IEEE Comp.Graph.and Appl.,pp:23-31,1994.
[35]H.Chen,Y.Chen,A.Finkelstein,and et al."Data Distribution Strategies for High Resolution Displays." Computers and Graphics Vol.25,811-818,2001.
[36]杨建.AnyGL:一个大规模混合分布图形系统:[博士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2001
[37]Matthew Eldridge Homan Igehy Pat Hanrahan[2000].Pomegranate:A Fully Scalable Graphics Architecture.In:Proceeding of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000
[38]G.Humphreys,M.Eldridge,I.Buck,and et al.WireGL:A Scalable Graphics System for Clusters[A].Computer Graphics,ACM SIGGRAPH2001
[39]G.Humphreys,M.Houston,R.Ng,and et al.Chromium:A stream processing framework for interactive rendering on clusters[A].In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2002.2002,129-140
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