黄海南部和东海小黄鱼渔业生物学及其管理策略研究
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摘要
20世纪50年代至今,小黄鱼渔业经历兴盛期、衰退期、严重衰退期和恢复期,近十年来,全国渔业统计产量一直维持在历史高位。但与此同时,小黄鱼渔获物个体出现小型化、低龄化和性成熟提前等现象,资源处于生长型捕捞过度状态。
为研究小黄鱼如何在捕捞过度状态中仍然维持较高的资源量水平,以及如何在当前的渔业资源状态下合理利用和管理小黄鱼渔业资源,本论文利用1999年4月～2008年9月黄海南部和东海渔业资源定点调查和常规监测调查资料以及历史资料,对小黄鱼渔业现状、种群动力学、空间分布和环境特征、产卵场分布及其环境特征、繁殖生物学、摄食生物学、渔业管理策略等进行了研究。
黄海南部和东海小黄鱼渔业利用现状和资源现存状况研究结果表明,小黄鱼广泛分布于黄海南部和东海海域,在588种游泳动物中其渔获重量占17.01%,渔获尾数占14.17%,均仅次于带鱼,为重要优势种,在该海域中具有重要地位。
种群动力学研究结果表明,小黄鱼渔获物个体小型化、低龄化现象非常明显;生长参数逐渐增大,而渐进体长逐渐变小;产卵亲体小型化和低龄化以及性成熟提前趋势加重的现象也非常明显。
空间分布和环境特征与生长相关关系研究结果表明,黄海南部和东海小黄鱼资源密度指数分布除秋季外其他三个季节均无显著差异;水温是影响两个海域小黄鱼资源分布的主要环境因子;两个海域的小黄鱼在不同生长阶段的生长条件因子均表现为明显的月份变化,尚未性成熟小黄鱼的生长条件因子差异并不显著,已达到初次性成熟小黄鱼的生长条件因子差异则较为显著;东海的生长性能指数优于黄海南部。
产卵场分布及其环境特征和繁殖力研究结果表明,目前小黄鱼产卵场范围较过去有所扩大,范围已经扩展到外海海域,黄海南部和东海的主要产卵场分布区具有不同的海洋环境特征;相对繁殖力较过去有显著提高,但卵径变小。
摄食习性及其营养级研究结果表明,当前小黄鱼食物组成以甲壳类为主,其次为鱼类、头足类等,优势种类为糠虾、磷虾、七星底灯鱼、脊腹褐虾和鹰爪虾等,小黄鱼的营养级为2.72级,属于第三营养级中的低级肉食性动物。与过去相关研究结果相比,小黄鱼食物组成已经发生了较大变化。
渔业管理策略研究结果结果表明,当前小黄鱼渔业资源利用状况不合理,现有捕捞规格有待进一步调整;目前资源状态下其最大持续产量(MSY)为12.62×104t,总允许渔获量TACMSY为9.52×104t,TAC0.1为7.98×104t,最小可捕标准为150mm。
论文最后建议采取限制相关作业类型的网具网目尺寸、规定小黄鱼最小可捕标准为150mm、限定上市鱼低于最小可捕标准的比例不得高于20%、建立相互监督机制、在主要产卵场建立禁渔区、延长伏季休渔期为6月1日～10月1日、限制捕捞努力量、规定捕捞限额指标为8.0×104t和采取经济手段来调整渔业等相关措施优化小黄鱼渔业管理。
Since the 1950s, the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) fishery in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea has undergone four phases: prosperity (1950-1960), decline (1961-1976), nearly collapse (1977-1989), and recovery (1990-2008). During the recent 10 years, the nation wide catch landing of small yellow croaker has been reaching a historical peak in China. On the other hand, some distinctive phenomena in their population biology have been observed, which are characterized with individual miniaturization, low age composition and advanced first maturity.
In order to elucidate the mechanism underlying the chronological development of this fishery, especially why the fishery resources could remain at a relatively high level even under heavy fishing pressure, we employ population analysis to investigate the changes of the biology and ecology of this fish in the past 50 years, which include their population dynamics, spatial and temporal distribution patterns, reproductive biology, feeding, distribution and environmental characteristics of their spawning grounds, and fishery management strategy etc. The data used for this study are obtained from the fixed-point surveys of fishery resources (Apr., Jun., Sep., Dec.) and the annual monitoring surveys (every months), in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea from April 1999 to September 2008 by East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Research.
Results indicate that the small yellow croaker is dominant species which is widely distributed in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. The catch accounted for 17.01% in weight and 14.17% in number of 588 species of nektons, second to hairtail (Trichiurus japonicus), the No. 1 fishery catch in the sea. In the past 50 years, population changes are characterized with individual miniaturization, domination of low age groups, increases in growth parameters but decreases in approximate length and weight. The parent stocks are characterized with obvious advances in age and size at first maturation.
Based on the relationship between environmental factors and fish growth, it is concluded that there are no significant differences in stock-density index between the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in either season except in autumn. Water temperature is the key factor influencing the small yellow croaker resources in these areas. Its growth condition factor varied monthly with growth stages. For the immature fish, it exhibits no significant difference between theses two regions, but the difference for the mature ones is statistically significant, with growth performance index in the East China Sea being superior to that in the southern Yellow Sea.
It is found in this study that the spawning grounds of the small yellow croaker have obviously expanded from nearshore in the past to offshore at present. Moreover, the major spawning grounds in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea had different ocean environmental characteristics. Although the relative fecundity has obviously increased compared to the past, their yolk diameter was getting smaller.
Results show that the small yellow croaker mainly feed on crustaceans, followed by fishes and cephalopods. A total of food species have been identified in their stomach contents. Among them, the dominant species are Mysidacea sp., Euphausia sp., Benthosema pterotum, Crangon affinis and Trachypenaeus curvirostris. The average trophic level of small yellow croaker is 2.72. Compared to the results of previous studies, the diet composition of small yellow croaker has undergone great changes.
Population dynamics and fishery management studies indicate that the size at fishing for small yellow croaker at present is not reasonable and should be modified. At the current resources status, the maximum sustainable yield (MSY), the total allowable catch (TACMSY) and the total allowable catch (TAC0.1) of small yellow croaker in this region are estimated about 12.62×104, 9.52×104 and 7.98×104 tons, respectively. The minimum size at fishing is limited to 150 mm in body length.
As for fishery management, the following measurements are suggested: The net mesh size of relevant fishery gears should be restricted. The proportion of the market fish with the size lower than 150 mm in body length should not exceed 20%. Closed fishing grounds should be established in major spawning grounds. The summer closed fishing seasons should be prolonged to June 1-- October, 1. The fishing effort should be restricted with the defined catch quota limited to 8.00×104tons. In addition, economic means should also be implemented to adapt fishery-related measures to regulate small yellow croaker fishery in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.
为研究小黄鱼如何在捕捞过度状态中仍然维持较高的资源量水平,以及如何在当前的渔业资源状态下合理利用和管理小黄鱼渔业资源,本论文利用1999年4月～2008年9月黄海南部和东海渔业资源定点调查和常规监测调查资料以及历史资料,对小黄鱼渔业现状、种群动力学、空间分布和环境特征、产卵场分布及其环境特征、繁殖生物学、摄食生物学、渔业管理策略等进行了研究。
黄海南部和东海小黄鱼渔业利用现状和资源现存状况研究结果表明,小黄鱼广泛分布于黄海南部和东海海域,在588种游泳动物中其渔获重量占17.01%,渔获尾数占14.17%,均仅次于带鱼,为重要优势种,在该海域中具有重要地位。
种群动力学研究结果表明,小黄鱼渔获物个体小型化、低龄化现象非常明显;生长参数逐渐增大,而渐进体长逐渐变小;产卵亲体小型化和低龄化以及性成熟提前趋势加重的现象也非常明显。
空间分布和环境特征与生长相关关系研究结果表明,黄海南部和东海小黄鱼资源密度指数分布除秋季外其他三个季节均无显著差异;水温是影响两个海域小黄鱼资源分布的主要环境因子;两个海域的小黄鱼在不同生长阶段的生长条件因子均表现为明显的月份变化,尚未性成熟小黄鱼的生长条件因子差异并不显著,已达到初次性成熟小黄鱼的生长条件因子差异则较为显著;东海的生长性能指数优于黄海南部。
产卵场分布及其环境特征和繁殖力研究结果表明,目前小黄鱼产卵场范围较过去有所扩大,范围已经扩展到外海海域,黄海南部和东海的主要产卵场分布区具有不同的海洋环境特征;相对繁殖力较过去有显著提高,但卵径变小。
摄食习性及其营养级研究结果表明,当前小黄鱼食物组成以甲壳类为主,其次为鱼类、头足类等,优势种类为糠虾、磷虾、七星底灯鱼、脊腹褐虾和鹰爪虾等,小黄鱼的营养级为2.72级,属于第三营养级中的低级肉食性动物。与过去相关研究结果相比,小黄鱼食物组成已经发生了较大变化。
渔业管理策略研究结果结果表明,当前小黄鱼渔业资源利用状况不合理,现有捕捞规格有待进一步调整;目前资源状态下其最大持续产量(MSY)为12.62×104t,总允许渔获量TACMSY为9.52×104t,TAC0.1为7.98×104t,最小可捕标准为150mm。
论文最后建议采取限制相关作业类型的网具网目尺寸、规定小黄鱼最小可捕标准为150mm、限定上市鱼低于最小可捕标准的比例不得高于20%、建立相互监督机制、在主要产卵场建立禁渔区、延长伏季休渔期为6月1日～10月1日、限制捕捞努力量、规定捕捞限额指标为8.0×104t和采取经济手段来调整渔业等相关措施优化小黄鱼渔业管理。
Since the 1950s, the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) fishery in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea has undergone four phases: prosperity (1950-1960), decline (1961-1976), nearly collapse (1977-1989), and recovery (1990-2008). During the recent 10 years, the nation wide catch landing of small yellow croaker has been reaching a historical peak in China. On the other hand, some distinctive phenomena in their population biology have been observed, which are characterized with individual miniaturization, low age composition and advanced first maturity.
In order to elucidate the mechanism underlying the chronological development of this fishery, especially why the fishery resources could remain at a relatively high level even under heavy fishing pressure, we employ population analysis to investigate the changes of the biology and ecology of this fish in the past 50 years, which include their population dynamics, spatial and temporal distribution patterns, reproductive biology, feeding, distribution and environmental characteristics of their spawning grounds, and fishery management strategy etc. The data used for this study are obtained from the fixed-point surveys of fishery resources (Apr., Jun., Sep., Dec.) and the annual monitoring surveys (every months), in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea from April 1999 to September 2008 by East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Research.
Results indicate that the small yellow croaker is dominant species which is widely distributed in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. The catch accounted for 17.01% in weight and 14.17% in number of 588 species of nektons, second to hairtail (Trichiurus japonicus), the No. 1 fishery catch in the sea. In the past 50 years, population changes are characterized with individual miniaturization, domination of low age groups, increases in growth parameters but decreases in approximate length and weight. The parent stocks are characterized with obvious advances in age and size at first maturation.
Based on the relationship between environmental factors and fish growth, it is concluded that there are no significant differences in stock-density index between the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in either season except in autumn. Water temperature is the key factor influencing the small yellow croaker resources in these areas. Its growth condition factor varied monthly with growth stages. For the immature fish, it exhibits no significant difference between theses two regions, but the difference for the mature ones is statistically significant, with growth performance index in the East China Sea being superior to that in the southern Yellow Sea.
It is found in this study that the spawning grounds of the small yellow croaker have obviously expanded from nearshore in the past to offshore at present. Moreover, the major spawning grounds in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea had different ocean environmental characteristics. Although the relative fecundity has obviously increased compared to the past, their yolk diameter was getting smaller.
Results show that the small yellow croaker mainly feed on crustaceans, followed by fishes and cephalopods. A total of food species have been identified in their stomach contents. Among them, the dominant species are Mysidacea sp., Euphausia sp., Benthosema pterotum, Crangon affinis and Trachypenaeus curvirostris. The average trophic level of small yellow croaker is 2.72. Compared to the results of previous studies, the diet composition of small yellow croaker has undergone great changes.
Population dynamics and fishery management studies indicate that the size at fishing for small yellow croaker at present is not reasonable and should be modified. At the current resources status, the maximum sustainable yield (MSY), the total allowable catch (TACMSY) and the total allowable catch (TAC0.1) of small yellow croaker in this region are estimated about 12.62×104, 9.52×104 and 7.98×104 tons, respectively. The minimum size at fishing is limited to 150 mm in body length.
As for fishery management, the following measurements are suggested: The net mesh size of relevant fishery gears should be restricted. The proportion of the market fish with the size lower than 150 mm in body length should not exceed 20%. Closed fishing grounds should be established in major spawning grounds. The summer closed fishing seasons should be prolonged to June 1-- October, 1. The fishing effort should be restricted with the defined catch quota limited to 8.00×104tons. In addition, economic means should also be implemented to adapt fishery-related measures to regulate small yellow croaker fishery in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.
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严利平,胡芬,凌建忠,等.东海北部和黄海南部小黄鱼年龄与生长的研究.中国海洋大学学报,2006,36 (1):95-100
严利平,李圣法,丁峰元.东海、黄海大型水母类资源动态及其与渔业关系的初探.海洋渔业,2004,26(1):9-12
杨钧标.小黄鱼洄游若干问题的探讨.海洋渔业资源论文选集.北京:农业出版社,1965.1-8
曾玲,金显仕,李富国,等.渤海小黄鱼生殖力及其变化.海洋科学,2005.29(5):80-83
詹秉义.渔业资源评估.北京:中国农业出版社,1993.121-166
张秋华,程家骅,徐汉祥,等.东海区渔业资源及其可持续利用.上海,复旦大学出版社.2007.170-182
张其永,林秋眠,林尤通,等.闽南-台湾浅滩渔场鱼类食物网研究.海洋学报,1981,3(2):275-290
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赵传絪,陈永法,洪港船,等.东海区渔业资源调查和区划.上海,华东师范大学出版社.1987
赵传絪,张仁斋.中国近海鱼卵仔鱼.上海,上海科学技术出版社.1983
郑元甲,陈雪忠,程家骅,等.东海大陆架生物资源与环境.上海,上海科学技术出版社.2003
Andrew C, Elizabeth P T. Growth in the limpet Nacella concinna from contrasting sites in Antarctica. Polar Biology, 2004, 28 (1): 62-71
Bellido J M, Pierce G I, Romero J L, et al. Use of frequency analysis methods to estimate growth of anchovy in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain). Fisheries Research, 2000, 48 : 107-115
FishBase. Croatian Rivers. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 2005, 65 (3): 175-180
FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org/home.htm. Accessed in November 2008
Getabu A. Growth parameters and total mortality in Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) from Nyanza Gulf, Lake Victoria Hydrobiologia, 1992, 232 :91-97
Goonetilleke H, Sivasubramaniam K. Separating mixtures of normal distribution:basic programs for Bhattacharya's method and their applications to fish population analysis. Bay of Bengal Programme: 1987. 1-17
Gordon H C, Michael G F, Miroslaw P,et al., Life-time growth patterns of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus introduced to Europe, relative to native NorthAmerican populations Folia Zool, 2004, 53 (3): 237-254
Hwang B N. Stock assessment of yellow croaker in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea Bull. Fish. Res, 1977, (17): 87-98
Kim S,Jung S, Zhang C I. The effect of seasonal anomalies of seawater temperature and salinity on the fluctuation in yields of small yellow croaker,Pseudosciaena polyactis, in the Yellow Sea.Fisheries Oceanography,1997, 6(1): 1-9
MacPherson E,Duarte C M. Bathymetric trends in demersal fish size:is there a general relationship. Mar Eco Pro Ser, 1991, 71: 103-112
Moreau J, Pauly D. A comarative analysis of growth performance in aquaculture of tilapia hybrids and their parent species. Asian Fisheries Science. 1999, 12 (1): 91-103
Oh C W, Suh H L, Park K Y et al., Growth and reproductive biology of the freshwater shrimp exopalaemon (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in a lake of Korea. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 2002, 22 (2): 357-366
Pajuelo J G, Lorenzo J M. Life history of Black sea bream, Spondyliosoma cantharus, of the Canary Islands, Central-east Atlantic. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 1999, 54 (3): 325-336
Pauly D. On the interrelationships between natural mortality,growth parameters and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. J Cons int Explor Mer. 1980, 39(2): 175-192
Pauly D. Fish population dynamics in tropical waters: a manual for use with programmable calculators ICLARM Stud. Rev. 1984. 8: 325
Pauly D, Morgan G R. Length-based methods in fisheries research. ICLARM Conference proceedings, international center for living aquatic resources management, Manila, and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, 1987, (13): 468
Pauly D, Munro J L. Once more on the comparison of growth in fish and invertebrates. ICLARM Fishbyte, 1984, 2 (1): 21
Pinkas L, Oliphant M S, Iverson I L K. Food habits of albacore,bluefin tuna, and bonito in California waters. Calif Dep Fish Game Fish Bull, 1971, (152): 1-105
Ricker W E. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Bull. Fish Res. Bd. Can. 1975,(191): 209-210
Salvanes A G V, Skj?aasen J E, Nilsen T. Sub-populations of coastal cod with different behaviour and life-history strategies. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2004,(267) : 241-251
Schafer L N, Platell M E, Valesinni F J, et al., Comparisons between the influence of habits type,season and body size on the dietary compositions of fish species in nearshore marine waters. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 2002, (278):67-92
Suam K, Sukgeun J, Chang I Z. The effect of seasonal anomalies of seawater temperature and salinity on the fluctuation in yields of small yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena polyactis, in the Yellow Sea. Fisheries Oceanography, 1997, 6(1):1-9
Treer T, HabekovióD, Anicic I, et al., Growth of five spirlin (Alburnoides bipunctatus) populations from the Croatian Rivers.ACS,Agric.conspec.sci., 2000, 65(3): 175-180
Zuur A F, Ieno E N, Smith G M. Analysing Ecological Data, New York. Springer. 2007.
池田郁夫.キグチ資源の研究(1),生殖巣を中心として,西海区水产研究所报告, 1954, (4): 35-61
池田郁夫.東海.黄海におけるキグチの漁獲生物学の研究.西海区水产研究所报告, 1964, (31): 1-81
堀川博史,郑元甲,孟田湘,等.東シナ海.黄海主要資源の生物、生態特性. 西海区水産研究所研究. 2001. 145-164
裴東焕.韓国近海におけるキグチ漁業の資源生物学の研究.水産局中央水産試験場水産資源調査報告, 1960. (4): 1-106
山田梅芳,田川勝,岸田周三,等.東シナ海.黄海のさかな.长崎,日本纸工印刷, 1986. 2-491
矢部博.朝鲜近海におけるキグチの産卵習性.魚類学雑誌. 1951, 1(5): 285-291
松井魁,高田.東シナ海.黄海における重要魚類の生態学の研究.第1報,キグチの生態学の研究.第二水産講習所研究報告, 1949,(1): 65-89
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王尧耕,熊国强,钱世勤.黄海南部、东海北部小黄鱼生长特性的研究.海洋渔业资源论文选集,北京:农业出版社.1962.72-80
严利平,胡芬,凌建忠,等.东海北部和黄海南部小黄鱼年龄与生长的研究.中国海洋大学学报,2006,36 (1):95-100
严利平,李圣法,丁峰元.东海、黄海大型水母类资源动态及其与渔业关系的初探.海洋渔业,2004,26(1):9-12
杨钧标.小黄鱼洄游若干问题的探讨.海洋渔业资源论文选集.北京:农业出版社,1965.1-8
曾玲,金显仕,李富国,等.渤海小黄鱼生殖力及其变化.海洋科学,2005.29(5):80-83
詹秉义.渔业资源评估.北京:中国农业出版社,1993.121-166
张秋华,程家骅,徐汉祥,等.东海区渔业资源及其可持续利用.上海,复旦大学出版社.2007.170-182
张其永,林秋眠,林尤通,等.闽南-台湾浅滩渔场鱼类食物网研究.海洋学报,1981,3(2):275-290
赵传絪.渤海小黄鱼鱼卵、幼鱼生态学几个问题的初步研究.海洋渔业资源论文选集.北京:农业出版社,1965.12-19
赵传絪,陈永法,洪港船,等.东海区渔业资源调查和区划.上海,华东师范大学出版社.1987
赵传絪,张仁斋.中国近海鱼卵仔鱼.上海,上海科学技术出版社.1983
郑元甲,陈雪忠,程家骅,等.东海大陆架生物资源与环境.上海,上海科学技术出版社.2003
Andrew C, Elizabeth P T. Growth in the limpet Nacella concinna from contrasting sites in Antarctica. Polar Biology, 2004, 28 (1): 62-71
Bellido J M, Pierce G I, Romero J L, et al. Use of frequency analysis methods to estimate growth of anchovy in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain). Fisheries Research, 2000, 48 : 107-115
FishBase. Croatian Rivers. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 2005, 65 (3): 175-180
FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org/home.htm. Accessed in November 2008
Getabu A. Growth parameters and total mortality in Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) from Nyanza Gulf, Lake Victoria Hydrobiologia, 1992, 232 :91-97
Goonetilleke H, Sivasubramaniam K. Separating mixtures of normal distribution:basic programs for Bhattacharya's method and their applications to fish population analysis. Bay of Bengal Programme: 1987. 1-17
Gordon H C, Michael G F, Miroslaw P,et al., Life-time growth patterns of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus introduced to Europe, relative to native NorthAmerican populations Folia Zool, 2004, 53 (3): 237-254
Hwang B N. Stock assessment of yellow croaker in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea Bull. Fish. Res, 1977, (17): 87-98
Kim S,Jung S, Zhang C I. The effect of seasonal anomalies of seawater temperature and salinity on the fluctuation in yields of small yellow croaker,Pseudosciaena polyactis, in the Yellow Sea.Fisheries Oceanography,1997, 6(1): 1-9
MacPherson E,Duarte C M. Bathymetric trends in demersal fish size:is there a general relationship. Mar Eco Pro Ser, 1991, 71: 103-112
Moreau J, Pauly D. A comarative analysis of growth performance in aquaculture of tilapia hybrids and their parent species. Asian Fisheries Science. 1999, 12 (1): 91-103
Oh C W, Suh H L, Park K Y et al., Growth and reproductive biology of the freshwater shrimp exopalaemon (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in a lake of Korea. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 2002, 22 (2): 357-366
Pajuelo J G, Lorenzo J M. Life history of Black sea bream, Spondyliosoma cantharus, of the Canary Islands, Central-east Atlantic. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 1999, 54 (3): 325-336
Pauly D. On the interrelationships between natural mortality,growth parameters and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. J Cons int Explor Mer. 1980, 39(2): 175-192
Pauly D. Fish population dynamics in tropical waters: a manual for use with programmable calculators ICLARM Stud. Rev. 1984. 8: 325
Pauly D, Morgan G R. Length-based methods in fisheries research. ICLARM Conference proceedings, international center for living aquatic resources management, Manila, and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, 1987, (13): 468
Pauly D, Munro J L. Once more on the comparison of growth in fish and invertebrates. ICLARM Fishbyte, 1984, 2 (1): 21
Pinkas L, Oliphant M S, Iverson I L K. Food habits of albacore,bluefin tuna, and bonito in California waters. Calif Dep Fish Game Fish Bull, 1971, (152): 1-105
Ricker W E. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Bull. Fish Res. Bd. Can. 1975,(191): 209-210
Salvanes A G V, Skj?aasen J E, Nilsen T. Sub-populations of coastal cod with different behaviour and life-history strategies. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2004,(267) : 241-251
Schafer L N, Platell M E, Valesinni F J, et al., Comparisons between the influence of habits type,season and body size on the dietary compositions of fish species in nearshore marine waters. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 2002, (278):67-92
Suam K, Sukgeun J, Chang I Z. The effect of seasonal anomalies of seawater temperature and salinity on the fluctuation in yields of small yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena polyactis, in the Yellow Sea. Fisheries Oceanography, 1997, 6(1):1-9
Treer T, HabekovióD, Anicic I, et al., Growth of five spirlin (Alburnoides bipunctatus) populations from the Croatian Rivers.ACS,Agric.conspec.sci., 2000, 65(3): 175-180
Zuur A F, Ieno E N, Smith G M. Analysing Ecological Data, New York. Springer. 2007.
池田郁夫.キグチ資源の研究(1),生殖巣を中心として,西海区水产研究所报告, 1954, (4): 35-61
池田郁夫.東海.黄海におけるキグチの漁獲生物学の研究.西海区水产研究所报告, 1964, (31): 1-81
堀川博史,郑元甲,孟田湘,等.東シナ海.黄海主要資源の生物、生態特性. 西海区水産研究所研究. 2001. 145-164
裴東焕.韓国近海におけるキグチ漁業の資源生物学の研究.水産局中央水産試験場水産資源調査報告, 1960. (4): 1-106
山田梅芳,田川勝,岸田周三,等.東シナ海.黄海のさかな.长崎,日本纸工印刷, 1986. 2-491
矢部博.朝鲜近海におけるキグチの産卵習性.魚類学雑誌. 1951, 1(5): 285-291
松井魁,高田.東シナ海.黄海における重要魚類の生態学の研究.第1報,キグチの生態学の研究.第二水産講習所研究報告, 1949,(1): 65-89
最首光三,池本麗子,山田梅芳.キグチ加入期前の分布について.底魚資源調査研究連絡. 1979, (72): 75-81