宁夏灌区渠道衬砌工程防冻胀试验研究
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摘要
长期以来，宁夏灌区渠道衬砌工程一直受冻胀危害，使得渠道衬砌发展不快，每年大量资金都用在原有衬砌渠道的维修改造上，不仅严重影响了水利工程效益的发挥，而且大大地影响了灌区的发展。因此，亟待研究解决冻胀破坏问题。
宁夏引黄灌区是我国著名的大型古老灌区，具有两千多年的灌溉历史。现有干渠17条，长1540km，实际灌溉面积645万亩，是自治区经济和社会发展的重要基础。自七十至八十年代，开始对干渠进行防渗衬砌，进入九十年代特别是1995年以后，国家加大了节水改造的投入，灌区开始了较大规模的渠道衬砌工程。但由于缺乏对干渠衬砌工程防冻胀的系统研究，在工程建设中出现了一些难点。为了指导工程实践，为灌区干渠防冻胀提供理论支撑，为进一步优化工程设计方案提供帮助，结合工程建设，进行防冻胀试验研究。
本次试验以“削减、适应基土冻胀和增强混凝土板刚度”为主导思想，通过大量灌区现状调查，选取具有代表性的汉渠做为试验段。分析现有衬砌型式冻胀破坏现状，收集不同结构型式的渠道衬砌工程冻胀指标，借鉴区内外和国外渠道防冻胀先进技术和成功经验，采用新材料，进行试验方案设计。试验观测内容包括气温、地温、基土含水量、冻深、冻胀量、冻胀剩余量、地下水位和砌体外观变化等项目。
通过系统的观测，分析各因素对基土冻胀量的影响，评价各种衬砌型式的防冻
西安理工大学工程硕士专业学位论文
胀效果，并进行技术和经济综合分析比较，推荐出了适合我区特点、满足干渠安全
运行、经济实用、防冻胀效果好的干渠防渗衬砌型式，即混凝土板下铺设聚苯乙烯
板和砂砾石换填层结构型式，加以优化设计，用于工程实践。同时，提出了增加混
凝土板下铺设聚苯乙烯板厚度并进行优化设计的方案，需进一步试验研究;指出了
利用高分子材料研制技术可靠、结构简单、经济合理的刚柔混合结构或纯柔性结构
作为渠道的衬砌结构，是今后渠道衬砌发展的方向。
Canal lining project have been suffered from freeze for a long time at Ningxia irrigation area and cause some serious results. A great deal of capital has been spent in convinence and rebulid of old canal lining every year, it affects badly positive benefit of hydraulic project and delays the development speed of irrigation area. So, it is very urgent to resolve the problem of freeze of canal lining project.
Ningxia Yellow river irrigation area is a big famous irrigation area in China and has over 2,000 years history, there are 17 main canals(1540 km length) and 6,450,000 mu area, it plays a very important role in development of ecnomic and social of Ningxia autonomous region. During 1970s-1980s, irrigation management department launched canal lining for main canal. Irrigation management department initiated large scale canal lining project because of great government finacial investment on water saving project resconstruction since 1995. But some difficult problems occurred, in construction due to shortage of system experiment on anti freeze of main canal lining project, it is very essential to carry out related experiment research for providing instruction of engineering practice and theory surppot of anti freeze of main canal lining project.
The experiment follows out leading thought on cutting and siutting freeze of fundation and enforcing inflexibility of concrete slate, choose Han canal as typical experiment segment, collect freeze index of various canal lining framework, refer the advaced method at home and abroad,
adapt new material to make experiment design. The test obsvervation include air temperature, ground temperature, foundation moisture, freeze depth, freeze capicity, freeze residual capicity, groundwater table and shape transform of canal lining, etc.
Throught systemic observation, analysis of impact about each factor on fundation freeze capicity, evaluate effect on anti freeze of various canal lining, comparison on technology and ecnomic of different method, a kind of main canal lining format is been recommended to
engineering practice with siutable to Ningxia local feature, fufilling the need of main canal safey
i application, economic and practical, that is using polystyrene plate laying under concrete slate
and grit taking replace of filling layer and optimizing design. At the same time, this paper point out it is a development direction making use of macromolecule material to develop flexible and inflexible mixed canal lining frame or flexible frame with credible technology, simple configuration and rational price.
宁夏引黄灌区是我国著名的大型古老灌区，具有两千多年的灌溉历史。现有干渠17条，长1540km，实际灌溉面积645万亩，是自治区经济和社会发展的重要基础。自七十至八十年代，开始对干渠进行防渗衬砌，进入九十年代特别是1995年以后，国家加大了节水改造的投入，灌区开始了较大规模的渠道衬砌工程。但由于缺乏对干渠衬砌工程防冻胀的系统研究，在工程建设中出现了一些难点。为了指导工程实践，为灌区干渠防冻胀提供理论支撑，为进一步优化工程设计方案提供帮助，结合工程建设，进行防冻胀试验研究。
本次试验以“削减、适应基土冻胀和增强混凝土板刚度”为主导思想，通过大量灌区现状调查，选取具有代表性的汉渠做为试验段。分析现有衬砌型式冻胀破坏现状，收集不同结构型式的渠道衬砌工程冻胀指标，借鉴区内外和国外渠道防冻胀先进技术和成功经验，采用新材料，进行试验方案设计。试验观测内容包括气温、地温、基土含水量、冻深、冻胀量、冻胀剩余量、地下水位和砌体外观变化等项目。
通过系统的观测，分析各因素对基土冻胀量的影响，评价各种衬砌型式的防冻
西安理工大学工程硕士专业学位论文
胀效果，并进行技术和经济综合分析比较，推荐出了适合我区特点、满足干渠安全
运行、经济实用、防冻胀效果好的干渠防渗衬砌型式，即混凝土板下铺设聚苯乙烯
板和砂砾石换填层结构型式，加以优化设计，用于工程实践。同时，提出了增加混
凝土板下铺设聚苯乙烯板厚度并进行优化设计的方案，需进一步试验研究;指出了
利用高分子材料研制技术可靠、结构简单、经济合理的刚柔混合结构或纯柔性结构
作为渠道的衬砌结构，是今后渠道衬砌发展的方向。
Canal lining project have been suffered from freeze for a long time at Ningxia irrigation area and cause some serious results. A great deal of capital has been spent in convinence and rebulid of old canal lining every year, it affects badly positive benefit of hydraulic project and delays the development speed of irrigation area. So, it is very urgent to resolve the problem of freeze of canal lining project.
Ningxia Yellow river irrigation area is a big famous irrigation area in China and has over 2,000 years history, there are 17 main canals(1540 km length) and 6,450,000 mu area, it plays a very important role in development of ecnomic and social of Ningxia autonomous region. During 1970s-1980s, irrigation management department launched canal lining for main canal. Irrigation management department initiated large scale canal lining project because of great government finacial investment on water saving project resconstruction since 1995. But some difficult problems occurred, in construction due to shortage of system experiment on anti freeze of main canal lining project, it is very essential to carry out related experiment research for providing instruction of engineering practice and theory surppot of anti freeze of main canal lining project.
The experiment follows out leading thought on cutting and siutting freeze of fundation and enforcing inflexibility of concrete slate, choose Han canal as typical experiment segment, collect freeze index of various canal lining framework, refer the advaced method at home and abroad,
adapt new material to make experiment design. The test obsvervation include air temperature, ground temperature, foundation moisture, freeze depth, freeze capicity, freeze residual capicity, groundwater table and shape transform of canal lining, etc.
Throught systemic observation, analysis of impact about each factor on fundation freeze capicity, evaluate effect on anti freeze of various canal lining, comparison on technology and ecnomic of different method, a kind of main canal lining format is been recommended to
engineering practice with siutable to Ningxia local feature, fufilling the need of main canal safey
i application, economic and practical, that is using polystyrene plate laying under concrete slate
and grit taking replace of filling layer and optimizing design. At the same time, this paper point out it is a development direction making use of macromolecule material to develop flexible and inflexible mixed canal lining frame or flexible frame with credible technology, simple configuration and rational price.
引文
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【1】水电部东北勘测设计院科研所，黑龙江水科所，西北水科所．水工建筑物冻害及其防止．吉林科学技术出版社．1990
【2】何武全．我国渠道防渗工程技术的发展现状与研究方向．防渗技术．2002．3(1)
【3】李国安，建功，曲强．渠道防渗工程技术．北京：中国水利水电出版社．1997．12
【4】郭慧滨，李振海等．渠道防渗工程．节水灌溉．1999．6
【5】中华人民共和国水利部．渠道防渗工程技术规范SL18-91．北京：水利水电出版社．1991
【6】中华人民共和国水利部．渠系工程抗冻胀设计规范SL-91．北京：水利水电出版社．1991
【7】刘鸿绪，朱广祥等．地基土冻胀的宏观分析．冰川冻土．2003．3(3)
【8】徐学祖，邓友生．冻土中水分迁移的实验研究．北京：科学出版社．1991．1-113
【9】徐学祖，王家澄，张立新等．土体冻胀和盐胀机理．北京：科学出版社．1995．1-118
【10】程国栋，马巍．国际冻土工程研究进展．冰川冻土．2003．6(3)
【11】中华人民共和国电力工业部．水工建筑物抗冰冻设计规范．DL／T5082-1998．北京：中国电力出版社．1998
【12】冯恩民，王金芝，李洪升．冻土温度场的参数辩识．冰川冻土．2002．7(3)
【13】刘鸿绪．冻胀量与冻胀力关系分析．低温建筑技术．1982．1
【14】刘鸿绪，朱卫中，朱广祥等．再论冻胀量与冻胀力之关系．冰川冻土．2001．3(1)
【15】建功．水在渠道防渗工程冻害中的作用及防治冻害对策．防渗技术．1996．2(2)
【16】建功．旧混凝土防渗渠道破坏原因及修补改建措施．防渗技术．2001．7(2)
【17】陈淑敏．河渠护坡保温防冻害技术的研究．防渗技术．1996．2(4)
【18】李书民．河北省渠道衬砌冻害调查及分析．防渗技术．2000．6(4)
【19】建功．我国渠道防渗工程的冻害及其防治措施．防渗技术．2002．6(2)
【20】张伯平，牟过斌等．渠道衬砌体冻胀破坏机理与防治对策．水利与建筑工程学报．2003．3(1)
【21】张海燕．混凝土的抗冻融破坏试验研究．西北水资源与水工程．2001．3(1)
【22】张守杰，李继深，吕丽华．水工抗冻混凝土施工中应注意的几个问题．黑龙江水专学报．2002．9(3)
【23】于雪梅，曹奎，赵泽斌．寒区河渠土质岸坡破坏类型及防治措施．黑龙江水专学报．2002．9(3)
【24】谢荫琦，王建国．季节冻土区水工建筑物地基土冻胀性的工程分类．第二届全国冻土学术会议论文集．科学出版社．1989
【25】清华大学施熙灿，郑州工学院蒋水心，北京水电经济管理学院赵宝璋．水利工程经济．水利电力出版社．1985
【26】刘新梅主编．工程经济学．西安交通大学出版社．1998
【27】李萍，徐学祖，陈峰峰．冻结缘和冻胀模型的研究现状与进展．冰川冻土．2000，23(1)：92-97
【28】内蒙古自治区水利厅．加快改造创新机制开创灌区发展新局面．全国大型灌区工作会议文件汇编．2003．7
【29】吉林省水利厅．大型灌区建设管理工作总结．全国大型灌区工作会议文件汇编．2003．7
【30】王慧，朱步祥等．渠道防渗新材料-土壤固化剂及其应用．节水灌溉．2000，6
【31】陈建奎．混凝土外加剂的原理与应用[M]．北京：科学出版社．1997
【32】王家澄等．单向冻结时土颗粒位移的热筛效应及对流迁移[R]．冻土工程国家重点实验室年报．1994．37-40
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【1】水电部东北勘测设计院科研所，黑龙江水科所，西北水科所．水工建筑物冻害及其防止．吉林科学技术出版社．1990
【2】何武全．我国渠道防渗工程技术的发展现状与研究方向．防渗技术．2002．3(1)
【3】李国安，建功，曲强．渠道防渗工程技术．北京：中国水利水电出版社．1997．12
【4】郭慧滨，李振海等．渠道防渗工程．节水灌溉．1999．6
【5】中华人民共和国水利部．渠道防渗工程技术规范SL18-91．北京：水利水电出版社．1991
【6】中华人民共和国水利部．渠系工程抗冻胀设计规范SL-91．北京：水利水电出版社．1991
【7】刘鸿绪，朱广祥等．地基土冻胀的宏观分析．冰川冻土．2003．3(3)
【8】徐学祖，邓友生．冻土中水分迁移的实验研究．北京：科学出版社．1991．1-113
【9】徐学祖，王家澄，张立新等．土体冻胀和盐胀机理．北京：科学出版社．1995．1-118
【10】程国栋，马巍．国际冻土工程研究进展．冰川冻土．2003．6(3)
【11】中华人民共和国电力工业部．水工建筑物抗冰冻设计规范．DL／T5082-1998．北京：中国电力出版社．1998
【12】冯恩民，王金芝，李洪升．冻土温度场的参数辩识．冰川冻土．2002．7(3)
【13】刘鸿绪．冻胀量与冻胀力关系分析．低温建筑技术．1982．1
【14】刘鸿绪，朱卫中，朱广祥等．再论冻胀量与冻胀力之关系．冰川冻土．2001．3(1)
【15】建功．水在渠道防渗工程冻害中的作用及防治冻害对策．防渗技术．1996．2(2)
【16】建功．旧混凝土防渗渠道破坏原因及修补改建措施．防渗技术．2001．7(2)
【17】陈淑敏．河渠护坡保温防冻害技术的研究．防渗技术．1996．2(4)
【18】李书民．河北省渠道衬砌冻害调查及分析．防渗技术．2000．6(4)
【19】建功．我国渠道防渗工程的冻害及其防治措施．防渗技术．2002．6(2)
【20】张伯平，牟过斌等．渠道衬砌体冻胀破坏机理与防治对策．水利与建筑工程学报．2003．3(1)
【21】张海燕．混凝土的抗冻融破坏试验研究．西北水资源与水工程．2001．3(1)
【22】张守杰，李继深，吕丽华．水工抗冻混凝土施工中应注意的几个问题．黑龙江水专学报．2002．9(3)
【23】于雪梅，曹奎，赵泽斌．寒区河渠土质岸坡破坏类型及防治措施．黑龙江水专学报．2002．9(3)
【24】谢荫琦，王建国．季节冻土区水工建筑物地基土冻胀性的工程分类．第二届全国冻土学术会议论文集．科学出版社．1989
【25】清华大学施熙灿，郑州工学院蒋水心，北京水电经济管理学院赵宝璋．水利工程经济．水利电力出版社．1985
【26】刘新梅主编．工程经济学．西安交通大学出版社．1998
【27】李萍，徐学祖，陈峰峰．冻结缘和冻胀模型的研究现状与进展．冰川冻土．2000，23(1)：92-97
【28】内蒙古自治区水利厅．加快改造创新机制开创灌区发展新局面．全国大型灌区工作会议文件汇编．2003．7
【29】吉林省水利厅．大型灌区建设管理工作总结．全国大型灌区工作会议文件汇编．2003．7
【30】王慧，朱步祥等．渠道防渗新材料-土壤固化剂及其应用．节水灌溉．2000，6
【31】陈建奎．混凝土外加剂的原理与应用[M]．北京：科学出版社．1997
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