用于海水源热泵系统的抛管式换热器优化研究
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摘要
海洋是一个巨大的可再生能源库，海水的比热容比空气大，非常适合作为热源使用，采用海水作为热泵系统的热源/热汇能大大缓解沿海城市的空调用电压力，同时可以带来巨大的经济效益和环保效益。因此，随着热泵技术在我国的发展，以海水作为冷热源代替传统的锅炉供热和冷水机组供冷在技术上已经成为可能，可以实现可再生能源的利用。在此研究背景下，本文对用于海水源热泵系统的抛管式换热器的性能及结构优化设计进行了研究。
首先，通过对天津海域海水和空气温度现场测试可知，天津港冬季海水温度接近冰点导致海水源热泵系统无法运行，因此，提出了将抛管式换热器用于海水源热泵系统的设计理念；对抛管式换热器换热过程进行传热分析，建立了抛管式换热器在夏季工况和冬季结冰工况的数学模型。利用托马斯算法将抛管式换热器内各控制体内的温度分布计算出来，由此计算得到的每一控制体的温度作为下一个控制体传热计算的初始条件，最终，通过计算可以得出抛管式换热器的出口温度分布情况。
其次，为了验证抛管式换热器的数学模型，搭建了抛管式换热器的实验台，并对抛管式换热器在不同工况下的换热性能进行了测试，通过比较模拟结果与测试结果，表明建立的抛管式换热器数学模型是正确的。并利用数学模型，对换热器的换热性能进行数值模拟，分析了换热器管径、管长、载冷剂溶液流速和进口温度对换热性能的影响。在冬季最冷月时，分别对抛管式换热器管外壁结冰和不结冰时换热器换热情况进行了模拟研究，分析在抛管式换热器管外壁结冰后，冰层对换热器换热性能的影响。
然后，在冬季最不利工况下，以抛管式换热器的年总费用值为目标函数，以抛管式换热器管径、管长和管数为设计变量，对抛管式换热器进行优化设计。
最后，结合天津港30万吨级原油码头前方作业楼（办公楼）改造方案，对采用抛管式换热器海水源热泵系统的改造方案进行了经济、节能分析。结果表明，改造后的方案具有较好的经济效益和环保节能效益，对海水源热泵系统在沿海城市的推广应用可以起到很好的示范作用。
The ocean is a huge repository of renewable energy. The specific heat capacity ofseawater is larger than air, so seawater is very suitable as a heat source. In a heatpump system, using seawater as heat source/sink can greatly alleviate the pressure ofthe air conditioning electricity consumption in the coastal cities, and bring hugeeconomic and environmental benefits. Therefore, with the development of the heatpump technology in our country, seawater source heat pump (SWHP) can replace thetraditional boiler heating and chiller cooling from a technical point. The use ofrenewable energy could be realized. For this, performance and optimization structuraldesign of casted heat exchanger (CHE) used in SWHP are studied in this thesis.
Firstly, via the site test of seawater and air temperature in Tianjin coastal areas,seawater temperature distribution along the different depths in summer and winter inTianjin is got. The direct SWHP system can’t be run in the icing condition in winterdue to the low seawater temperature, so CHE used in SWHP is presented in thispaper.According to heat transfer analysis of CHE, mathematical models were built insummer condition and winter icing condition. Using Thomas algorithm, thedistribution of temperature along the CHE can be calculated. The fluid temperaturedistribution along the CHE might be calculated by dividing the whole pipe into smallparts in order to calculate fluid inlet and outlet temperature profile along the pipe canbe calculated.
Secondly, in order to validate the mathematical model of CHE, an experimentalrig was established to measure the heat transfer performance. The calculatedtemperature distribution along CHE and corresponding test data in summer operationis compared. The simulation results show great agreement with experimental data.Using the mathematical model, the heat transfer performance of CHE was calculatedand analyzed at different pipe length and diameter, inlet temperature and flow rate ofsecondary refrigerant as well as seawater temperature. In winter，when the seawatertemperature was so low, the outside of the pipe may freeze. The heat transferperformance of CHE in the icing and no-icing condition was studied. It is observedthat icing outside the pipes is the most influential factor on the heat transferperformance.
Thirdly, in the icing condition in winter, taking the pipe diameter, length andnumber of pipes as variables, the objective function was established, aimed at minimizing the total cost that including the initial investment cost and operation cost.
Finally, a SWHP system with CHE was applied as a rehabilitation program of theproject in front of a wharf in Tianjin Port was introduced. Three programs includingthe existing system, a seawater source heat pump system with the casted heatexchanger and direct seawater source heat pump system were compared and resultsshowed the adoption of seawater source heat pump system with the casted heatexchanger for heating and cooling could save the operation cost, and reduce theemission of pollutants. So it has not only environmental protection but also economyprofit.
首先，通过对天津海域海水和空气温度现场测试可知，天津港冬季海水温度接近冰点导致海水源热泵系统无法运行，因此，提出了将抛管式换热器用于海水源热泵系统的设计理念；对抛管式换热器换热过程进行传热分析，建立了抛管式换热器在夏季工况和冬季结冰工况的数学模型。利用托马斯算法将抛管式换热器内各控制体内的温度分布计算出来，由此计算得到的每一控制体的温度作为下一个控制体传热计算的初始条件，最终，通过计算可以得出抛管式换热器的出口温度分布情况。
其次，为了验证抛管式换热器的数学模型，搭建了抛管式换热器的实验台，并对抛管式换热器在不同工况下的换热性能进行了测试，通过比较模拟结果与测试结果，表明建立的抛管式换热器数学模型是正确的。并利用数学模型，对换热器的换热性能进行数值模拟，分析了换热器管径、管长、载冷剂溶液流速和进口温度对换热性能的影响。在冬季最冷月时，分别对抛管式换热器管外壁结冰和不结冰时换热器换热情况进行了模拟研究，分析在抛管式换热器管外壁结冰后，冰层对换热器换热性能的影响。
然后，在冬季最不利工况下，以抛管式换热器的年总费用值为目标函数，以抛管式换热器管径、管长和管数为设计变量，对抛管式换热器进行优化设计。
最后，结合天津港30万吨级原油码头前方作业楼（办公楼）改造方案，对采用抛管式换热器海水源热泵系统的改造方案进行了经济、节能分析。结果表明，改造后的方案具有较好的经济效益和环保节能效益，对海水源热泵系统在沿海城市的推广应用可以起到很好的示范作用。
The ocean is a huge repository of renewable energy. The specific heat capacity ofseawater is larger than air, so seawater is very suitable as a heat source. In a heatpump system, using seawater as heat source/sink can greatly alleviate the pressure ofthe air conditioning electricity consumption in the coastal cities, and bring hugeeconomic and environmental benefits. Therefore, with the development of the heatpump technology in our country, seawater source heat pump (SWHP) can replace thetraditional boiler heating and chiller cooling from a technical point. The use ofrenewable energy could be realized. For this, performance and optimization structuraldesign of casted heat exchanger (CHE) used in SWHP are studied in this thesis.
Firstly, via the site test of seawater and air temperature in Tianjin coastal areas,seawater temperature distribution along the different depths in summer and winter inTianjin is got. The direct SWHP system can’t be run in the icing condition in winterdue to the low seawater temperature, so CHE used in SWHP is presented in thispaper.According to heat transfer analysis of CHE, mathematical models were built insummer condition and winter icing condition. Using Thomas algorithm, thedistribution of temperature along the CHE can be calculated. The fluid temperaturedistribution along the CHE might be calculated by dividing the whole pipe into smallparts in order to calculate fluid inlet and outlet temperature profile along the pipe canbe calculated.
Secondly, in order to validate the mathematical model of CHE, an experimentalrig was established to measure the heat transfer performance. The calculatedtemperature distribution along CHE and corresponding test data in summer operationis compared. The simulation results show great agreement with experimental data.Using the mathematical model, the heat transfer performance of CHE was calculatedand analyzed at different pipe length and diameter, inlet temperature and flow rate ofsecondary refrigerant as well as seawater temperature. In winter，when the seawatertemperature was so low, the outside of the pipe may freeze. The heat transferperformance of CHE in the icing and no-icing condition was studied. It is observedthat icing outside the pipes is the most influential factor on the heat transferperformance.
Thirdly, in the icing condition in winter, taking the pipe diameter, length andnumber of pipes as variables, the objective function was established, aimed at minimizing the total cost that including the initial investment cost and operation cost.
Finally, a SWHP system with CHE was applied as a rehabilitation program of theproject in front of a wharf in Tianjin Port was introduced. Three programs includingthe existing system, a seawater source heat pump system with the casted heatexchanger and direct seawater source heat pump system were compared and resultsshowed the adoption of seawater source heat pump system with the casted heatexchanger for heating and cooling could save the operation cost, and reduce theemission of pollutants. So it has not only environmental protection but also economyprofit.
引文
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