堤心石重量级配变化对斜坡式防波堤物理与动力特性的影响
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摘要
根据我国规范规定，斜坡式防波堤的堤心石应采用10～100kg块石。如果堤心石的重量范围可以扩大到1～800kg，将在工程项目建设中取得显著的经济效益。本文的选题正是来源于这一工程背景。
本文对施工现场采用的10～100kg和1～800kg重量范围的堤心石进行了随机抽样和重量级配分析，得到了描述这两种堤心石类别的重量级配曲线、中值重量、不均匀系数等物理特性指标，并由此制备重量级配相似的模型样本。通过波浪模型试验量测了模型样本的堤前反射系数、堤心内的压强大小及其分布、堤后的透射波高。
通过试验，研究和分析堤心石重量级配变化对防波堤物理与动力特性的影响及其变化规律。
1、比较各样本之间的物理特性指标；
2、比较各样本之间的堤前反射系数；
3、实测各样本堤心内的压强值，研究其分布情况和变化规律
4、将实测压强分解为静压和动压，得出不同样本间静压和动压的大小关系。
5、堤心内沿波浪传播方向变化的动压遵循e指数衰减规律。
6、得出各个样本的阻尼系数，并用其反映波能在堤心内传播所受的阻力。
7、比较各样本之间的堤后透射波高。
本文比较全面的研究了以往未被重视的堤心石的一些物理特性及动力特性。这些研究内容和成果有助于我们更深入和透彻的掌握防波堤在波浪作用下的工作状态，在工程实践和学术意义都上具有重要的意义和价值。
According to our national norm, the weight of the core of rubble mound breakwater should be 10kg~ 100kg. If the weight scope of it can extend to be 1 kg ~ 800 kg, and puts it into the engineering practise, there will be remarkable economic results. This dissertation's problem just comes from this engineering background exactly.
For this two kinds of cores, which were taken from the engineering place, this dissertation draws sample by computer and analyses the weight distributions, getting the weight curves, the middle weights, asymmetry coefficients and other physics characteristic indexes of them, and makes up the model samples which are similar to the factual weight distributions. By means of wave model experiments, measure the wave's reflection coefficients in front of breakwater, the pressure sizes and distributions inside of breakwater, and the wave weights behind breakwater.
By means of experiments, this dissertation studies the change law and influence of breakwater's physics and dynamic characteristics, which are caused by the changes of the stone's weight distribution.
1. Compare the physics characteristic indexes of each sample
2. Compare the reflection coefficient of each sample in front of breakwater
3. Measure the pressure size of each sample inside of breakwater, and study its distribution and change law
4. Separate the measuring pressure into the static and dynamic pressure, get the relationship between the static and dynamic pressure
5. The change of dynamic pressure in the orientation of wave spreading follows the damping of E-index
6. Get the damping coefficient of each sample, and use it to reflect the resistance which wave energy suffers inside of breakwater
7. Compare the wave height behind breakwater of each sample
This dissertation studies the physics and dynamic characteristics of core completely, to which are not paid attention before, these contents and results are beneficial to that we can know the working state under the wave action more thoroughly. It has important significance and value in the field of study and engineering practise.
本文对施工现场采用的10～100kg和1～800kg重量范围的堤心石进行了随机抽样和重量级配分析，得到了描述这两种堤心石类别的重量级配曲线、中值重量、不均匀系数等物理特性指标，并由此制备重量级配相似的模型样本。通过波浪模型试验量测了模型样本的堤前反射系数、堤心内的压强大小及其分布、堤后的透射波高。
通过试验，研究和分析堤心石重量级配变化对防波堤物理与动力特性的影响及其变化规律。
1、比较各样本之间的物理特性指标；
2、比较各样本之间的堤前反射系数；
3、实测各样本堤心内的压强值，研究其分布情况和变化规律
4、将实测压强分解为静压和动压，得出不同样本间静压和动压的大小关系。
5、堤心内沿波浪传播方向变化的动压遵循e指数衰减规律。
6、得出各个样本的阻尼系数，并用其反映波能在堤心内传播所受的阻力。
7、比较各样本之间的堤后透射波高。
本文比较全面的研究了以往未被重视的堤心石的一些物理特性及动力特性。这些研究内容和成果有助于我们更深入和透彻的掌握防波堤在波浪作用下的工作状态，在工程实践和学术意义都上具有重要的意义和价值。
According to our national norm, the weight of the core of rubble mound breakwater should be 10kg~ 100kg. If the weight scope of it can extend to be 1 kg ~ 800 kg, and puts it into the engineering practise, there will be remarkable economic results. This dissertation's problem just comes from this engineering background exactly.
For this two kinds of cores, which were taken from the engineering place, this dissertation draws sample by computer and analyses the weight distributions, getting the weight curves, the middle weights, asymmetry coefficients and other physics characteristic indexes of them, and makes up the model samples which are similar to the factual weight distributions. By means of wave model experiments, measure the wave's reflection coefficients in front of breakwater, the pressure sizes and distributions inside of breakwater, and the wave weights behind breakwater.
By means of experiments, this dissertation studies the change law and influence of breakwater's physics and dynamic characteristics, which are caused by the changes of the stone's weight distribution.
1. Compare the physics characteristic indexes of each sample
2. Compare the reflection coefficient of each sample in front of breakwater
3. Measure the pressure size of each sample inside of breakwater, and study its distribution and change law
4. Separate the measuring pressure into the static and dynamic pressure, get the relationship between the static and dynamic pressure
5. The change of dynamic pressure in the orientation of wave spreading follows the damping of E-index
6. Get the damping coefficient of each sample, and use it to reflect the resistance which wave energy suffers inside of breakwater
7. Compare the wave height behind breakwater of each sample
This dissertation studies the physics and dynamic characteristics of core completely, to which are not paid attention before, these contents and results are beneficial to that we can know the working state under the wave action more thoroughly. It has important significance and value in the field of study and engineering practise.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国交通部，防波堤设计与施工规范，JTJ298—98，人民交通出版社，1998年。
[2]严恺．梁其荀．海岸工程．海洋出版社．2002年2月第一版
[3]沙庆林．空隙率对沥青混凝土的重大影响．国外交通，2001年2月
[4]马卫民．刘红．许志鸿．集料级配对沥青混合料空隙率的影响．华东公路．2000年8月
[5]陈春．许志鸿．陈兴伟．沥青混合料空隙率影响因素研究．公路2003年04期
[6]王旭东．应鹏程．何兆益．沥青混合料空隙率的研究．重庆交通学院学报2000年04期
[7]张登良．郝培文．徐涛．空隙率对沥青混合料技术性能的影响．石油沥青1996年01期
[8]沈金安．论压实沥青混合料的密度、空隙率与压实度问题．公路1996年06期
[9]谭忆秋．陈国明．沥青混合料空隙率测定方法的初探．哈尔滨建筑大学学报2002年03期
[10]曹晓岩．李东哲．霍洪波．空隙率对沥青路面技术性能的影响．黑龙江交通科技1999年02期
[11]穆红旗．改善粗骨料级配的两种方法．安徽建筑2000年01期
[12]孙耀东．李毅．王哲人．碎石基层混合料中细集料级配的研究．公路2003年03期
[13]戴镇潮．大坝混凝土的粗骨料级配．人民长江
[14]王世贵．不可忽视粗骨料级配．混凝土与水泥制品
[15]郭庆国．粗粒土的工程特性及应用[M]．郑州．黄河水利出版社．1998．
[16]科斯林RE．流体通过多孔材料的流动[M]．北京。石油工业出版社．1984．
[17]薛定愕AE．多孔介质中的渗流物理[M]．北京．石油工业出版社．1982．
[18]邱贤德．阎宗岭．姚本军．陶世宏．堆石体渗透特性的试验研究．四川大学学报(工程科学版)．2003年3月
[19]屈智炯．吴剑明．压实石碴料渗透变形的试验研究闭．成都科技大学学报1984(2)
[20]毛野．有关基岩冲刷机理的探讨．水利学报．1982(2)
[21]Virgilio Fiorotto,Flucmming Uplift and Lining Design in Spillway Basins,J.Hydr.Eng.,ASCE,1992(4)
[22]蒋文超．应用紊流理论探讨脉动压力沿缝隙的传播规律．水利学报 1983
(9)
[23]赵耀南．水流脉动压力沿缝隙的传播规律．天津大学学报1994(12)
[24]刘沛青．在缝面中脉动压力的传播机理探讨．水利学报
[25]孙建．反拱水垫塘底板缝隙中动水压强特性的试验研究．水力发电学报．2002年第1期
[26]杨得．勇雍莉．混凝土面板砂砾石坝垫层料过渡料渗流及渗透稳定性试验研究．西北水电．2001年第2期
[27]刘杰．土的渗透稳定与渗流控制[M]．水利电力出版社
[28]毛昶熙．段祥宝．毛佩郁．防波堤护坡块体的稳定性计算分析．中国港湾建设1998年06期
[29]肖兴斌．潘化兰．泄水能力水工模型试验缩尺影响的探讨．长江职工大学学报1998年02期
[30]杨运泽．模型比尺对块体稳定性及斜坡堤水力特性的影响．港口工程．1995年第1期
[31]O. J. Jensen and P. Klinting, Evaluation of scale effects in hydraulic models by analysis of laminar and turbulent flows, Coastal Engineering, 7, 1983.
[32]Dai, Y. B. and Kamel, A. M., 1969. Scale effect tests for rubble mound breakwaters. U. S. Army Engineering Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,Miss., Ras. Pap. H-69-2.
[33]Engelund, f., 1953. On the laminar and turbulent flows of ground water through homogeneous sand. Trans. Danish Acad. Tech. Sci., 3(4).
[34]Lindquist, E., 1933. On the flow of water through porous soil. Let Congres des Grands Barrages, Stockholm, Volume V, Communications diverses, pp. 81-101.
[35]Thomson, A. L., Wohlt, P. E. and Harrison, N. N., 1972. Rip-rap stability on earth embankments tests in large- and small-scale wave tanks. CERC, Tech. Memo.37, June.
[36]Hans F. Burcharth, Zhou Liu and Peter Troch, Scaling of core material in rabble mound breakwater model tests, Proc. of COPEDECV, 1999.
[37]Burcharth, H. F., Christensen, M., Jensen, T.and Frigaard, P., 1998. Influence of core permeability on Accropode armour layer stability. Proc. Int. Conf. Coastlines,Structures and breakwater'98, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, March 1998.
[38]G.W. Timco, E.P.D. Mansard and J.Ploeg, Stability of breakwaters with variations in core permeability, ASCE, Proc. of the 19th conf. on Coastal Eng., 1984.
[39]Burcharth, H. F., 1981, Full Scale Dynamic Testing of Dolosse to Destruction,Coast. Eng. 4, p. 229-251.
[40]G.W. Timco, and E.P.D. Mansard, 1983, Improvements in Modeling
Rubble-Mound Breakwaters, in Proc. 18th Int. Conf. On Coastal Eng., P. 2047-2061,Cape Town, South Africa.
[41]Burger, W., Oumeraci, H., Partenscky, H.W., Geohydraulie investigations of rubble mound breakwaters, ASCE, Proc. of the Int. 21th conf. on Coastal Eng., 1998.
[42]Oumeraci, H., Partenscky, H.W., Wave-induced pore pressure in rubble mound breakwaters, ASCE, Proc. of the Int. 22th conf. on Coastal Eng., Vol.2,1990.
[43]中华人民共和国交通部，波浪模型试验规程，JTJ／T234—2001，人民交通出版社，2002年。
[44]中华人民共和国交通部，海港水文规范，JTJ213—98，人民交通出版社，1998年。
[2]严恺．梁其荀．海岸工程．海洋出版社．2002年2月第一版
[3]沙庆林．空隙率对沥青混凝土的重大影响．国外交通，2001年2月
[4]马卫民．刘红．许志鸿．集料级配对沥青混合料空隙率的影响．华东公路．2000年8月
[5]陈春．许志鸿．陈兴伟．沥青混合料空隙率影响因素研究．公路2003年04期
[6]王旭东．应鹏程．何兆益．沥青混合料空隙率的研究．重庆交通学院学报2000年04期
[7]张登良．郝培文．徐涛．空隙率对沥青混合料技术性能的影响．石油沥青1996年01期
[8]沈金安．论压实沥青混合料的密度、空隙率与压实度问题．公路1996年06期
[9]谭忆秋．陈国明．沥青混合料空隙率测定方法的初探．哈尔滨建筑大学学报2002年03期
[10]曹晓岩．李东哲．霍洪波．空隙率对沥青路面技术性能的影响．黑龙江交通科技1999年02期
[11]穆红旗．改善粗骨料级配的两种方法．安徽建筑2000年01期
[12]孙耀东．李毅．王哲人．碎石基层混合料中细集料级配的研究．公路2003年03期
[13]戴镇潮．大坝混凝土的粗骨料级配．人民长江
[14]王世贵．不可忽视粗骨料级配．混凝土与水泥制品
[15]郭庆国．粗粒土的工程特性及应用[M]．郑州．黄河水利出版社．1998．
[16]科斯林RE．流体通过多孔材料的流动[M]．北京。石油工业出版社．1984．
[17]薛定愕AE．多孔介质中的渗流物理[M]．北京．石油工业出版社．1982．
[18]邱贤德．阎宗岭．姚本军．陶世宏．堆石体渗透特性的试验研究．四川大学学报(工程科学版)．2003年3月
[19]屈智炯．吴剑明．压实石碴料渗透变形的试验研究闭．成都科技大学学报1984(2)
[20]毛野．有关基岩冲刷机理的探讨．水利学报．1982(2)
[21]Virgilio Fiorotto,Flucmming Uplift and Lining Design in Spillway Basins,J.Hydr.Eng.,ASCE,1992(4)
[22]蒋文超．应用紊流理论探讨脉动压力沿缝隙的传播规律．水利学报 1983
(9)
[23]赵耀南．水流脉动压力沿缝隙的传播规律．天津大学学报1994(12)
[24]刘沛青．在缝面中脉动压力的传播机理探讨．水利学报
[25]孙建．反拱水垫塘底板缝隙中动水压强特性的试验研究．水力发电学报．2002年第1期
[26]杨得．勇雍莉．混凝土面板砂砾石坝垫层料过渡料渗流及渗透稳定性试验研究．西北水电．2001年第2期
[27]刘杰．土的渗透稳定与渗流控制[M]．水利电力出版社
[28]毛昶熙．段祥宝．毛佩郁．防波堤护坡块体的稳定性计算分析．中国港湾建设1998年06期
[29]肖兴斌．潘化兰．泄水能力水工模型试验缩尺影响的探讨．长江职工大学学报1998年02期
[30]杨运泽．模型比尺对块体稳定性及斜坡堤水力特性的影响．港口工程．1995年第1期
[31]O. J. Jensen and P. Klinting, Evaluation of scale effects in hydraulic models by analysis of laminar and turbulent flows, Coastal Engineering, 7, 1983.
[32]Dai, Y. B. and Kamel, A. M., 1969. Scale effect tests for rubble mound breakwaters. U. S. Army Engineering Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,Miss., Ras. Pap. H-69-2.
[33]Engelund, f., 1953. On the laminar and turbulent flows of ground water through homogeneous sand. Trans. Danish Acad. Tech. Sci., 3(4).
[34]Lindquist, E., 1933. On the flow of water through porous soil. Let Congres des Grands Barrages, Stockholm, Volume V, Communications diverses, pp. 81-101.
[35]Thomson, A. L., Wohlt, P. E. and Harrison, N. N., 1972. Rip-rap stability on earth embankments tests in large- and small-scale wave tanks. CERC, Tech. Memo.37, June.
[36]Hans F. Burcharth, Zhou Liu and Peter Troch, Scaling of core material in rabble mound breakwater model tests, Proc. of COPEDECV, 1999.
[37]Burcharth, H. F., Christensen, M., Jensen, T.and Frigaard, P., 1998. Influence of core permeability on Accropode armour layer stability. Proc. Int. Conf. Coastlines,Structures and breakwater'98, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, March 1998.
[38]G.W. Timco, E.P.D. Mansard and J.Ploeg, Stability of breakwaters with variations in core permeability, ASCE, Proc. of the 19th conf. on Coastal Eng., 1984.
[39]Burcharth, H. F., 1981, Full Scale Dynamic Testing of Dolosse to Destruction,Coast. Eng. 4, p. 229-251.
[40]G.W. Timco, and E.P.D. Mansard, 1983, Improvements in Modeling
Rubble-Mound Breakwaters, in Proc. 18th Int. Conf. On Coastal Eng., P. 2047-2061,Cape Town, South Africa.
[41]Burger, W., Oumeraci, H., Partenscky, H.W., Geohydraulie investigations of rubble mound breakwaters, ASCE, Proc. of the Int. 21th conf. on Coastal Eng., 1998.
[42]Oumeraci, H., Partenscky, H.W., Wave-induced pore pressure in rubble mound breakwaters, ASCE, Proc. of the Int. 22th conf. on Coastal Eng., Vol.2,1990.
[43]中华人民共和国交通部，波浪模型试验规程，JTJ／T234—2001，人民交通出版社，2002年。
[44]中华人民共和国交通部，海港水文规范，JTJ213—98，人民交通出版社，1998年。