白云岩岩溶砂化形成机理及其工程特性研究
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摘要
美姑河坪头水电站厂址区的震旦系灯影组细晶白云岩中风化卸荷、构造及岩溶砂化作用强烈。厂址区勘探过程中，在垂直埋深超过300m、水平深度超过400m范围内，该套细晶白云岩中发育一类特殊的白云岩岩溶现象：溶蚀沿结构面扩展，形成宽度不等的砂化条带，硐室多处呈全强溶蚀，岩体强度较低，残留物为砂夹粒径不均的白云岩块石，手捏即散成砂状，可称之为白云岩岩溶砂化。白云岩岩溶砂化不仅使岩体强度劣化、岩体质量降低，也可作为不利地质边界对边坡、地下硐室稳定性造成影响，但目前关于其成因机理仍不清楚，工程特征研究仍属空白。白云岩岩溶砂化已成为工程建设部门亟需解决的重要工程地质问题，深入开展该现象研究具有重要的理论与现实意义。
针对白云岩岩溶砂化这一特殊的工程地质问题，本文在消化吸收前人研究成果基础上，采用现场工程地质测绘和勘探等多种手段，查明研究区地质环境背景与工程地质条件；揭示白云岩砂化基本特征及发育分布规律；分析白云岩砂化宏观形成条件与影响因素；采用室内地球化学分析、高压渗透试验、岩石物理力学试验、溶蚀试验、扫描电镜等多种方法，从宏观、微观角度揭示白云岩溶蚀特征与溶蚀过程，揭示白云岩砂化形成演化机理；建立白云岩砂化宏观分级标准，揭示具有不同砂化程度白云岩的力学特性及其对边坡、地下硐室的影响。本文的研究工作和主要结论如下：
(1)通过对已开挖各地下硐室及钻孔中砂化现象的调查统计，完善了白云岩砂化的概念；揭示白云岩砂化基本特征、发育分布规律、形成条件及影响因素；分析了白云岩砂化物质结构特征；将白云岩砂化发育程度划分为轻微→微弱→中等→强烈→全强等五个等级；并建立了白云岩砂化宏观分级标准。
(2)通过室内地球化学分析试验揭示了白云岩砂化过程中主量元素的地球化学迁移演化规律。结果表明：白云岩砂化作用发展伴随的地球化学演化过程表现为易溶物质CaO、MgO之溶蚀淋失，难溶物质SiO2的明显富集，后期SiO2主要通过沉淀、交代等作用与Al、Fe等主量元素结合形成次生粘土矿物。主量元素迁移演化特征与白云岩砂化溶蚀过程呈现一定的正相关或负相关性。
(3)室内溶蚀试验表明：白云岩溶蚀速率受组成岩石颗粒粒径大小与岩石内部孔隙度的控制，颗粒粒径越大，孔隙度越高，渗透系数也随之增长，地下水渗透及运移条件越好，越易于溶蚀。不同岩石结构白云岩溶蚀速率关系为中～细晶白云岩＞细～粉晶白云岩＞粉～泥晶白云岩；增加比表面积并不能提高单位面积溶蚀速率；稀硫酸溶液溶蚀作用使白云岩溶蚀速率较在稀盐酸中溶蚀快。
(4)对比观察试验前后试样染色铸体薄片，白云岩溶蚀起始于沿粒间孔隙、晶间孔隙、构造微裂隙及解理面，并进一步扩展使得裂隙结构更为发育且相互连通；扫描电镜下白云岩微观溶蚀特征主要表现为沿白云石晶体表面、晶体解理裂隙以及白云石晶体接触部位、砂屑团斑内部和周边首先溶蚀，使白云岩内部结构逐步劣化，晶体联结力减弱，并伴随着晶体解体及脱落现象，最终形成白云岩溶蚀砂化。
(5)提出了白云岩宏观演化机理，白云岩砂化作用宏观上主要表现为沿着层面微解理、早期平面X节理、构造次生裂隙等优势结构面发展演化过程。随着岩溶水的运移、渗透，微裂隙在溶蚀作用下不断扩大，溶蚀作用使新生溶蚀次生裂隙的空间加大，而这又在一定程度上加强了地下水的流通和运移能力。在这种循环渗透溶蚀作用下，地下水继续向裂隙两侧岩体渗透，在宏观上表现为砂化条带向两侧岩体扩展，厚度增大
(6)白云岩砂化导致岩体质量降低，轻微砂化阶段白云岩围岩类别为Ⅱ～Ⅲ类；微弱砂化阶段白云岩围岩类别以Ⅲ类为主；中等砂化阶段白云岩围岩类别为Ⅲ～Ⅳ类；强烈砂化阶段白云岩围岩类别为Ⅳ～Ⅴ类；全强砂化阶段白云岩围岩类别为Ⅴ类。
(7)Ⅰ～Ⅳ区的斜坡的砂化细晶白云岩中，沿裂隙面的砂化的纹层层理十分清晰，未见扰动或破坏迹象，表明斜坡岩体在砂化现象形成后未发生明显的变形和错动，Ⅰ、Ⅱ区整体处于稳定状态；Ⅲ、Ⅳ区整体处于基本稳定状态。
The stratigraphic of the site area in Pingtou Hydropower Station on Meigu riverwas Dengying Formation limestone and fine grained dolomite. the weatheringunloading, structure and karstification was very strong in the fine grained. in theprocess of site area exploration，the fine grained develop a special karst geologicalphenomenon in the range of vertical depth exceeds300m and depth level exceeds400m：dissolute along the dimensions and dominant plane structure. developedunequal width sandification strips. fine grained dolomite demonstrated by the strongerosion was granular structure with clamping blocks of dolomite stone. it could becalled dolomite karst sandification. dolomite sandification caused the deterioration ofthe rock mass strength and reduced quality of rock mass. as the impact of unfavorablegeological boundaries, it also can impact on the stability of the slope and undergroundchambers. But its genetic mechanism remains unclear and engineering features remainblank. The dolomite sandification has become an important engineering geologicalproblem that should be solved by the engineering construction sector. depth study ofthe phenomenon has important theoretical and practical significance.
For the special engineering geology problems called dolomite sandification，Based on collection of previous studies and identification of tectonic geology andusing of engineering geological mapping and exploration methods，this paper identifythe geological environment background and engineering geological conditions of thestudy area, described the basic feature and spatial distribution characteristics ofdolomite sandification systematically, explained the formation condition of dolomitesandification. Through the using of a variety of methods which include indoorgeochemical analysis, high-pressure permeability test, rock physical and mechanicaltesting, corrosion testing and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). the paperanalyzed the microscopic mechanism and macroscopic evolution model of the dolomite sandification and establish the grading microscopic standards of dolomitesandification. the paper reveal the mechanical properties of the different sandificationdegree dolomite and its effect on the slope and underground chambers. the study andmain conclusions are the following:
(1)According to statistics about sandification phenomenon in the undergroundexcavation caverns and borehole,the paper put forward the concept of dolomitesandification; described the basic feature and spatial distribution characteristics ofdolomite sandification; explained the formation condition of dolomite sandification;analyzed the physical structure characteristics of dolomite sandification; classifieddolomite sandification macroscopically. it was divided into five grades: the slightsandification→the weak sandification→the middle sandification→the strongsandification→the full sandification.
(2)Through the indoor geochemical analysis experiments revealed lord measuredelements of the geochemical migration evolution rule in the process of dolomitesandification. The results show that: geochemical evolution process of dolomitesandification developed with the leaching of soluble substances (CaO, MgO) andobvious enrichment of insoluble substance (SiO2). SiO2combined with majorelements (Al,Fe) and formed secondary clay mineral through precipitation andmetasomatic later. the migration evolution features of major element show a certainpositive or negative correlation with the dissolution process of the dolomitesandification.
(3)The results of indoor dissolution test show that: dolomite dissolution velocitywas controlled by rock particle size and rock internal pore. With the increase of thegrain dolomite, moisture content, porosity and permeability coefficient of thedolomite are also increasing.groundwater infiltration and migration conditions wasthe better, the more easily dolomite dissolute. different rock structure of dolomite thedissolution rate relationship of different rock structure dolomite realized for:crystalline~fine grained dolomite＞fine grained~crystal powder dolomite＞crystalpowder~micritic dolomite；increasing the specific surface area would not improve thedissolution rate per unit area；compared with dilute hydrochloric acid，dolomitedissolution rate in dilute sulfuric acid is faster compared with dilute hydrochloric aciddissolution.
(4)Trough the observation of test sample dyeing cast body chip that was beforeand after the observation, the dolomite dissolute along the grain pores, intergranularporosity, construct micro-cracks and cleavage plane and further expansion the fractured structure connected with each other; in the scanning electron microscope,dolomite micro-dissolution characteristics mainly dissolute along the surface of thedolomite crystals, crystal cleavage cracks and dolomite crystal contact area calcarenitegroup spots firstly. it caused the gradual deterioration of the dolomite internalstructure, weakened crystal links,accompanied by crystal disintegration and sheddingphenomenon and formed dolomite dissolution sandification ultimately.
(5)The paper put forward the dolomite macro evolution mechanism. microscopicdissolution process can be divided into the following three penetration dissolution:mechanical disintegration, grain fall off three phases. In dolomite sandificationprocess, physical disintegration shedding played a leading role, chemical dissolutionpromoted the physical destruction. the interaction and interdependence of the karstwater and rock pore system promote the occurrence and development of karstsandification
(6)Dolomite sandification lead to lower quality of rock mass. the rock mass ofthe slight sandification was Ⅱ～Ⅲ; the rock mass of the weak sandification wasⅢ;the rock mass of the middle sandification was Ⅲ～Ⅳ;the rock mass of the strongsandification was Ⅳ～Ⅴ;the rock mass of the full sandification was Ⅴ;
(7)In the sandification fine grained dolomite rock, the fracture surface ofsandification layer was very clear and had not obvious disturbance or destruction. itindicates that the rock did not occur to a significant deformation and dislocation afterthe sandification phenomenon in the slope rock mass formed. the stability situation ofthe Ⅰ and Ⅱ slope was stable in the overall., the Ⅲ and Ⅳ slope was basicstable in the overall.
针对白云岩岩溶砂化这一特殊的工程地质问题，本文在消化吸收前人研究成果基础上，采用现场工程地质测绘和勘探等多种手段，查明研究区地质环境背景与工程地质条件；揭示白云岩砂化基本特征及发育分布规律；分析白云岩砂化宏观形成条件与影响因素；采用室内地球化学分析、高压渗透试验、岩石物理力学试验、溶蚀试验、扫描电镜等多种方法，从宏观、微观角度揭示白云岩溶蚀特征与溶蚀过程，揭示白云岩砂化形成演化机理；建立白云岩砂化宏观分级标准，揭示具有不同砂化程度白云岩的力学特性及其对边坡、地下硐室的影响。本文的研究工作和主要结论如下：
(1)通过对已开挖各地下硐室及钻孔中砂化现象的调查统计，完善了白云岩砂化的概念；揭示白云岩砂化基本特征、发育分布规律、形成条件及影响因素；分析了白云岩砂化物质结构特征；将白云岩砂化发育程度划分为轻微→微弱→中等→强烈→全强等五个等级；并建立了白云岩砂化宏观分级标准。
(2)通过室内地球化学分析试验揭示了白云岩砂化过程中主量元素的地球化学迁移演化规律。结果表明：白云岩砂化作用发展伴随的地球化学演化过程表现为易溶物质CaO、MgO之溶蚀淋失，难溶物质SiO2的明显富集，后期SiO2主要通过沉淀、交代等作用与Al、Fe等主量元素结合形成次生粘土矿物。主量元素迁移演化特征与白云岩砂化溶蚀过程呈现一定的正相关或负相关性。
(3)室内溶蚀试验表明：白云岩溶蚀速率受组成岩石颗粒粒径大小与岩石内部孔隙度的控制，颗粒粒径越大，孔隙度越高，渗透系数也随之增长，地下水渗透及运移条件越好，越易于溶蚀。不同岩石结构白云岩溶蚀速率关系为中～细晶白云岩＞细～粉晶白云岩＞粉～泥晶白云岩；增加比表面积并不能提高单位面积溶蚀速率；稀硫酸溶液溶蚀作用使白云岩溶蚀速率较在稀盐酸中溶蚀快。
(4)对比观察试验前后试样染色铸体薄片，白云岩溶蚀起始于沿粒间孔隙、晶间孔隙、构造微裂隙及解理面，并进一步扩展使得裂隙结构更为发育且相互连通；扫描电镜下白云岩微观溶蚀特征主要表现为沿白云石晶体表面、晶体解理裂隙以及白云石晶体接触部位、砂屑团斑内部和周边首先溶蚀，使白云岩内部结构逐步劣化，晶体联结力减弱，并伴随着晶体解体及脱落现象，最终形成白云岩溶蚀砂化。
(5)提出了白云岩宏观演化机理，白云岩砂化作用宏观上主要表现为沿着层面微解理、早期平面X节理、构造次生裂隙等优势结构面发展演化过程。随着岩溶水的运移、渗透，微裂隙在溶蚀作用下不断扩大，溶蚀作用使新生溶蚀次生裂隙的空间加大，而这又在一定程度上加强了地下水的流通和运移能力。在这种循环渗透溶蚀作用下，地下水继续向裂隙两侧岩体渗透，在宏观上表现为砂化条带向两侧岩体扩展，厚度增大
(6)白云岩砂化导致岩体质量降低，轻微砂化阶段白云岩围岩类别为Ⅱ～Ⅲ类；微弱砂化阶段白云岩围岩类别以Ⅲ类为主；中等砂化阶段白云岩围岩类别为Ⅲ～Ⅳ类；强烈砂化阶段白云岩围岩类别为Ⅳ～Ⅴ类；全强砂化阶段白云岩围岩类别为Ⅴ类。
(7)Ⅰ～Ⅳ区的斜坡的砂化细晶白云岩中，沿裂隙面的砂化的纹层层理十分清晰，未见扰动或破坏迹象，表明斜坡岩体在砂化现象形成后未发生明显的变形和错动，Ⅰ、Ⅱ区整体处于稳定状态；Ⅲ、Ⅳ区整体处于基本稳定状态。
The stratigraphic of the site area in Pingtou Hydropower Station on Meigu riverwas Dengying Formation limestone and fine grained dolomite. the weatheringunloading, structure and karstification was very strong in the fine grained. in theprocess of site area exploration，the fine grained develop a special karst geologicalphenomenon in the range of vertical depth exceeds300m and depth level exceeds400m：dissolute along the dimensions and dominant plane structure. developedunequal width sandification strips. fine grained dolomite demonstrated by the strongerosion was granular structure with clamping blocks of dolomite stone. it could becalled dolomite karst sandification. dolomite sandification caused the deterioration ofthe rock mass strength and reduced quality of rock mass. as the impact of unfavorablegeological boundaries, it also can impact on the stability of the slope and undergroundchambers. But its genetic mechanism remains unclear and engineering features remainblank. The dolomite sandification has become an important engineering geologicalproblem that should be solved by the engineering construction sector. depth study ofthe phenomenon has important theoretical and practical significance.
For the special engineering geology problems called dolomite sandification，Based on collection of previous studies and identification of tectonic geology andusing of engineering geological mapping and exploration methods，this paper identifythe geological environment background and engineering geological conditions of thestudy area, described the basic feature and spatial distribution characteristics ofdolomite sandification systematically, explained the formation condition of dolomitesandification. Through the using of a variety of methods which include indoorgeochemical analysis, high-pressure permeability test, rock physical and mechanicaltesting, corrosion testing and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). the paperanalyzed the microscopic mechanism and macroscopic evolution model of the dolomite sandification and establish the grading microscopic standards of dolomitesandification. the paper reveal the mechanical properties of the different sandificationdegree dolomite and its effect on the slope and underground chambers. the study andmain conclusions are the following:
(1)According to statistics about sandification phenomenon in the undergroundexcavation caverns and borehole,the paper put forward the concept of dolomitesandification; described the basic feature and spatial distribution characteristics ofdolomite sandification; explained the formation condition of dolomite sandification;analyzed the physical structure characteristics of dolomite sandification; classifieddolomite sandification macroscopically. it was divided into five grades: the slightsandification→the weak sandification→the middle sandification→the strongsandification→the full sandification.
(2)Through the indoor geochemical analysis experiments revealed lord measuredelements of the geochemical migration evolution rule in the process of dolomitesandification. The results show that: geochemical evolution process of dolomitesandification developed with the leaching of soluble substances (CaO, MgO) andobvious enrichment of insoluble substance (SiO2). SiO2combined with majorelements (Al,Fe) and formed secondary clay mineral through precipitation andmetasomatic later. the migration evolution features of major element show a certainpositive or negative correlation with the dissolution process of the dolomitesandification.
(3)The results of indoor dissolution test show that: dolomite dissolution velocitywas controlled by rock particle size and rock internal pore. With the increase of thegrain dolomite, moisture content, porosity and permeability coefficient of thedolomite are also increasing.groundwater infiltration and migration conditions wasthe better, the more easily dolomite dissolute. different rock structure of dolomite thedissolution rate relationship of different rock structure dolomite realized for:crystalline~fine grained dolomite＞fine grained~crystal powder dolomite＞crystalpowder~micritic dolomite；increasing the specific surface area would not improve thedissolution rate per unit area；compared with dilute hydrochloric acid，dolomitedissolution rate in dilute sulfuric acid is faster compared with dilute hydrochloric aciddissolution.
(4)Trough the observation of test sample dyeing cast body chip that was beforeand after the observation, the dolomite dissolute along the grain pores, intergranularporosity, construct micro-cracks and cleavage plane and further expansion the fractured structure connected with each other; in the scanning electron microscope,dolomite micro-dissolution characteristics mainly dissolute along the surface of thedolomite crystals, crystal cleavage cracks and dolomite crystal contact area calcarenitegroup spots firstly. it caused the gradual deterioration of the dolomite internalstructure, weakened crystal links,accompanied by crystal disintegration and sheddingphenomenon and formed dolomite dissolution sandification ultimately.
(5)The paper put forward the dolomite macro evolution mechanism. microscopicdissolution process can be divided into the following three penetration dissolution:mechanical disintegration, grain fall off three phases. In dolomite sandificationprocess, physical disintegration shedding played a leading role, chemical dissolutionpromoted the physical destruction. the interaction and interdependence of the karstwater and rock pore system promote the occurrence and development of karstsandification
(6)Dolomite sandification lead to lower quality of rock mass. the rock mass ofthe slight sandification was Ⅱ～Ⅲ; the rock mass of the weak sandification wasⅢ;the rock mass of the middle sandification was Ⅲ～Ⅳ;the rock mass of the strongsandification was Ⅳ～Ⅴ;the rock mass of the full sandification was Ⅴ;
(7)In the sandification fine grained dolomite rock, the fracture surface ofsandification layer was very clear and had not obvious disturbance or destruction. itindicates that the rock did not occur to a significant deformation and dislocation afterthe sandification phenomenon in the slope rock mass formed. the stability situation ofthe Ⅰ and Ⅱ slope was stable in the overall., the Ⅲ and Ⅳ slope was basicstable in the overall.
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