从德国功能论的角度分析公示语的翻译应用
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摘要
改革开放以来,我国对外开放程度不断提高。每年都有数以百万计的外国游客前来观光旅游,感受这个东方大国的文化与生活。作为世界性的语言,英语在我国随处可见,它不仅为外国游客提供便利,同时也反映着我国的发展程度。公示语常被称为“城市的名片”,由此可见它对于一个城市的重要性。公示语质量的好坏,直接影响着这个城市或地区的对外形象。
为了给外国游客提供出行便利,各地政府都采取了许多措施,比如设置大量的双语公示语牌。但是,由于缺乏有效的管理措施和统一的翻译标准,各地公示语翻译存在许多问题,这主要表现在拼写错误、用词不当、语法错误等几个方面。
鉴于公示语的重要性日益提高,越来越多的专家和学者开始关注对公示语翻译的研究。近年来,我国在公示语翻译研究方面取得了一定的进展,但和国外相比,仍然存在着很大的差距。目前的研究主要集中在纠正翻译错误上,缺乏用系统的翻译理论去分析和研究公示语翻译。与此同时,分析的内容通常是语言方面的,缺乏有力的数据支持。
本文作者从德国功能派理论的角度对我国公示语翻译进行了定性和定量分析。首先对公示语翻译研究现状进行了说明,回顾了以往关于公示语翻译的研究。然后通过对公示语语用特点和功能的介绍,提出德国功能派理论可以应用于公示语的翻译过程中。最后,提出公示语翻译可采用的一些翻译策略,同时对我国公示语翻译标准的建设进行了介绍。为了使分析更具说服力,作者收集了200个含有各种问题的公示语翻译实例,根据这些例证,作者对各种类型的翻译错误出现的频率以及所占的比例进行了分析。
通过分析,作者认为公示语翻译错误可以分为三种类型：词汇错误、句法错误和语用错误。其中词汇错误又可分为拼写错误和用词不当两种类型；句法错误可分为语法错误和词序不当两种类型；而语用错误可分为婉转表达、信息冗余、非常见表达和文化干扰四种类型。通过数据分析,作者得出结论,词汇错误发生率最高,而句法错误则最少。对于如何提高我国公示语翻译的质量,作者认为要从译者和社会两个角度去分析。对于译者来说,在不断提高自身翻译能力的同时,应灵活采用各种翻译方法,比如：借用、格式化、注释和零翻译。而政府管理部门也应尽快出台统一的公示语翻译标准,以规范公示语翻译。同时全社会都应加大对公示语的监督和管理。
作者希望今后能够有越来越多的人关注公示语的研究,同时还希望本研究能够对公示语翻译的相关人员,包括学者、译者、政府管理部门、以及标牌制作者具有一定的学术价值和借鉴意义。
Since the reform and opening-up, China keeps on opening to the outside world. Each year, there are millions of foreign tourists come to visit and experience the culture and life of this great oriental country. As an internationally-used language, English now can be seen almost everywhere in China. It can not only bring convenience for foreign tourists but also reflect the development degree of China. Public sign is usually called as the "business card of a city", which reflects its importance to a city. Thus, quality of public signs directly affects a city's or area's image to the outside world.
Governments have taken many so many measures in order to bring convenience for foreign tourists. For example, they have established a large number of bilingual public signs throughout the city or area. As lacking of effective management measures and standardized translation criteria, there are many problem exist in present public sign translation, which can be assumed as the results of misspelling, misuse of words, grammatical errors, etc.
Taking the increasing importance of public signs into consideration, more and more experts and scholars have attached great significance to the research on public sign translation. China has made a certain progress in public sign translation in recent years. But, compared with foreign countries, China's research is still on its infant stage. Present researches are mainly centered on correcting translation errors and without using systematic translation theories. At the same time, the analysis is usually conducted from the perspective of linguistics, lacking of data support.
The author of this thesis tries to make qualitative and quantitative analysis for the public sign translation based on Germany functional theories. At the beginning of the thesis, the author introduces the development status of pubic sign translation in China and reviews former relevant researches. Then, the author put forward that Germany functional theories can be used to guide the whole process of public sign translation based on the introduction to pragmatic features and functions of public signs. At the end of the thesis, some translation methods are put forward and construction of public sign translation standards in China is also introduced. To make the analysis more convincing, the author collects200public signs containing translation errors. Based on the collected samples, the author analyzes the frequency of each type of translation errors and their proportion.
Based on the analysis, the author believes that public sign translation can be divided into three categories:lexical errors, syntactic errors and pragmatic errors. Lexical errors consist of misspelling and inappropriate use of words; syntactic errors consist of grammatical errors and inappropriate word order; and pragmatic errors consist of four types: euphemistic expression, abundant information, use of untypical expression and cultural interference. Based on the data analysis, the author finds out lexical errors appear most frequently, while pragmatic errors the least. To deal with the issue of how to improve public sign translation in China, the author believes that it should be analyzed from two aspects:the translators and the society. To the translators, they should apply varied translation methods while increasing their translation ability. The suggested translation methods include:borrowing, formula, annotation and zero translation. Local governments should constitute the criteria on public sign translation as soon as possible to standardize public sign translation. Meanwhile, the whole society should make efforts on the supervision and management of the public signs.
The author hopes that there are more and more related researched in the near future. At the same time, the research could shed some lights on relevant personnel, including researches, translators, governments as well as producers of the public signs.
为了给外国游客提供出行便利,各地政府都采取了许多措施,比如设置大量的双语公示语牌。但是,由于缺乏有效的管理措施和统一的翻译标准,各地公示语翻译存在许多问题,这主要表现在拼写错误、用词不当、语法错误等几个方面。
鉴于公示语的重要性日益提高,越来越多的专家和学者开始关注对公示语翻译的研究。近年来,我国在公示语翻译研究方面取得了一定的进展,但和国外相比,仍然存在着很大的差距。目前的研究主要集中在纠正翻译错误上,缺乏用系统的翻译理论去分析和研究公示语翻译。与此同时,分析的内容通常是语言方面的,缺乏有力的数据支持。
本文作者从德国功能派理论的角度对我国公示语翻译进行了定性和定量分析。首先对公示语翻译研究现状进行了说明,回顾了以往关于公示语翻译的研究。然后通过对公示语语用特点和功能的介绍,提出德国功能派理论可以应用于公示语的翻译过程中。最后,提出公示语翻译可采用的一些翻译策略,同时对我国公示语翻译标准的建设进行了介绍。为了使分析更具说服力,作者收集了200个含有各种问题的公示语翻译实例,根据这些例证,作者对各种类型的翻译错误出现的频率以及所占的比例进行了分析。
通过分析,作者认为公示语翻译错误可以分为三种类型：词汇错误、句法错误和语用错误。其中词汇错误又可分为拼写错误和用词不当两种类型；句法错误可分为语法错误和词序不当两种类型；而语用错误可分为婉转表达、信息冗余、非常见表达和文化干扰四种类型。通过数据分析,作者得出结论,词汇错误发生率最高,而句法错误则最少。对于如何提高我国公示语翻译的质量,作者认为要从译者和社会两个角度去分析。对于译者来说,在不断提高自身翻译能力的同时,应灵活采用各种翻译方法,比如：借用、格式化、注释和零翻译。而政府管理部门也应尽快出台统一的公示语翻译标准,以规范公示语翻译。同时全社会都应加大对公示语的监督和管理。
作者希望今后能够有越来越多的人关注公示语的研究,同时还希望本研究能够对公示语翻译的相关人员,包括学者、译者、政府管理部门、以及标牌制作者具有一定的学术价值和借鉴意义。
Since the reform and opening-up, China keeps on opening to the outside world. Each year, there are millions of foreign tourists come to visit and experience the culture and life of this great oriental country. As an internationally-used language, English now can be seen almost everywhere in China. It can not only bring convenience for foreign tourists but also reflect the development degree of China. Public sign is usually called as the "business card of a city", which reflects its importance to a city. Thus, quality of public signs directly affects a city's or area's image to the outside world.
Governments have taken many so many measures in order to bring convenience for foreign tourists. For example, they have established a large number of bilingual public signs throughout the city or area. As lacking of effective management measures and standardized translation criteria, there are many problem exist in present public sign translation, which can be assumed as the results of misspelling, misuse of words, grammatical errors, etc.
Taking the increasing importance of public signs into consideration, more and more experts and scholars have attached great significance to the research on public sign translation. China has made a certain progress in public sign translation in recent years. But, compared with foreign countries, China's research is still on its infant stage. Present researches are mainly centered on correcting translation errors and without using systematic translation theories. At the same time, the analysis is usually conducted from the perspective of linguistics, lacking of data support.
The author of this thesis tries to make qualitative and quantitative analysis for the public sign translation based on Germany functional theories. At the beginning of the thesis, the author introduces the development status of pubic sign translation in China and reviews former relevant researches. Then, the author put forward that Germany functional theories can be used to guide the whole process of public sign translation based on the introduction to pragmatic features and functions of public signs. At the end of the thesis, some translation methods are put forward and construction of public sign translation standards in China is also introduced. To make the analysis more convincing, the author collects200public signs containing translation errors. Based on the collected samples, the author analyzes the frequency of each type of translation errors and their proportion.
Based on the analysis, the author believes that public sign translation can be divided into three categories:lexical errors, syntactic errors and pragmatic errors. Lexical errors consist of misspelling and inappropriate use of words; syntactic errors consist of grammatical errors and inappropriate word order; and pragmatic errors consist of four types: euphemistic expression, abundant information, use of untypical expression and cultural interference. Based on the data analysis, the author finds out lexical errors appear most frequently, while pragmatic errors the least. To deal with the issue of how to improve public sign translation in China, the author believes that it should be analyzed from two aspects:the translators and the society. To the translators, they should apply varied translation methods while increasing their translation ability. The suggested translation methods include:borrowing, formula, annotation and zero translation. Local governments should constitute the criteria on public sign translation as soon as possible to standardize public sign translation. Meanwhile, the whole society should make efforts on the supervision and management of the public signs.
The author hopes that there are more and more related researched in the near future. At the same time, the research could shed some lights on relevant personnel, including researches, translators, governments as well as producers of the public signs.
引文
1吕和发.公示语的汉英翻译.中国科技翻译,2001(2)
2戴宗显,吕和发.公示语汉英翻泽研究—以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例.中国翻译.2005(11).
3罗选民,黎土旺.关于公示语翻译的几点思考.中国翻译,2006(4).
4彭丹逵,钟美华.公示语的英译探索—以广州市公示语的翻译为例.广东广播电视大学学报,2007(5).
5宋礼娟.也淡公示语英语.读与写杂志,2008(1).
6温亚楠.公示语的文本类型与翻译方法海南师范大学学报.2010(3).
7 Reiss, K. & Vermeer, H.J.Grundlegung einer allgemeincn Translationstheorie (Linguistische Arbeiten 147) (2ndd ed.), tubinen:Niemeyer,1984.
8 Reiss, K. Translation criticism:Potential and limitations. Manchester:St Jerome and American Bible society, 2000.
9 Buhler, K. Theory of Language:The representational function of language. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,1990.
10同8。
11同上。
17 Reiss, K. Type, kind and individuality of text:decision making in translation (S. Kitron, Trans.). London and New York:Routledge,1971/2000.
18同7。
19同上。
20同上。
21 Christiane Nord. Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functional Approaches Explained. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
22汉英公示语翻译研究在线www.e-signs.info.com.
23赵小沛.公示语翻译中的语用失误探析南京理工大学学报,2003(10)：68-71.
24杨丽波.国内公示语汉英翻译研究现状.怀化学院学报,2007(4)：74-75
25阮敏.公示语翻译中的母语于扰现象.杭州电子科技大学学报,2007(12)：41-44
26同5。
1. Buhler, K. Theory of Language:The representational function of language. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,1990.
2. Christiane Nord. Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functional Approaches Explained. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
3. Reiss, K. & Vermeer, H. J. Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie (Linguistische Arbeiten 147) (2nd ed.), tubingen:Niemeyer,1984.
4. Reiss, K. Translation criticism:Potential and limitations. Manchester:St Jerome and American Bible society,2000.
5. Reiss, K. Type, kind and individuality of text:decision making in translation (S. Kitron, Trans.). London and New York:Routledge,1971/2000.
6.戴宗显,吕和发.公示语汉英翻译研究—以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例[J].中国翻译,2005(11).
7. 吕和发.公示语的汉英翻译[J].中国科技翻译,2004(2).
8.罗选民、黎土旺.关于公示语翻译的几点思考[J].中国翻译,2006(4).
9.彭丹逵、钟美华.公示语的英译探索—以广州市公示语的翻译为例[J].广东广播电视大学学报,2007(5)：73-77.
10.阮敏.公示语翻译中的母语干扰现象[J].杭州电子科技大学学报,2007(12)：41-44.
11.宋礼娟.页谈公示语英译[J].读与写杂志,2008(1)：28-29.
12.温亚楠. 公示语的文本类型与翻译方法[J].海南师范大学学报,2010(3)：155-158.
13.杨丽波. 国内公示语汉英翻译研究现状[J].怀化学院学报,2007(4)：74-75.
14.赵小沛. 公示语翻译中的语用失误探析[J].南京理工大学学报,2003(10)：68-71.
15.汉英公示语翻译研究在线:www. e-signs. info. com.
2戴宗显,吕和发.公示语汉英翻泽研究—以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例.中国翻译.2005(11).
3罗选民,黎土旺.关于公示语翻译的几点思考.中国翻译,2006(4).
4彭丹逵,钟美华.公示语的英译探索—以广州市公示语的翻译为例.广东广播电视大学学报,2007(5).
5宋礼娟.也淡公示语英语.读与写杂志,2008(1).
6温亚楠.公示语的文本类型与翻译方法海南师范大学学报.2010(3).
7 Reiss, K. & Vermeer, H.J.Grundlegung einer allgemeincn Translationstheorie (Linguistische Arbeiten 147) (2ndd ed.), tubinen:Niemeyer,1984.
8 Reiss, K. Translation criticism:Potential and limitations. Manchester:St Jerome and American Bible society, 2000.
9 Buhler, K. Theory of Language:The representational function of language. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,1990.
10同8。
11同上。
17 Reiss, K. Type, kind and individuality of text:decision making in translation (S. Kitron, Trans.). London and New York:Routledge,1971/2000.
18同7。
19同上。
20同上。
21 Christiane Nord. Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functional Approaches Explained. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
22汉英公示语翻译研究在线www.e-signs.info.com.
23赵小沛.公示语翻译中的语用失误探析南京理工大学学报,2003(10)：68-71.
24杨丽波.国内公示语汉英翻译研究现状.怀化学院学报,2007(4)：74-75
25阮敏.公示语翻译中的母语于扰现象.杭州电子科技大学学报,2007(12)：41-44
26同5。
1. Buhler, K. Theory of Language:The representational function of language. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins,1990.
2. Christiane Nord. Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functional Approaches Explained. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
3. Reiss, K. & Vermeer, H. J. Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie (Linguistische Arbeiten 147) (2nd ed.), tubingen:Niemeyer,1984.
4. Reiss, K. Translation criticism:Potential and limitations. Manchester:St Jerome and American Bible society,2000.
5. Reiss, K. Type, kind and individuality of text:decision making in translation (S. Kitron, Trans.). London and New York:Routledge,1971/2000.
6.戴宗显,吕和发.公示语汉英翻译研究—以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例[J].中国翻译,2005(11).
7. 吕和发.公示语的汉英翻译[J].中国科技翻译,2004(2).
8.罗选民、黎土旺.关于公示语翻译的几点思考[J].中国翻译,2006(4).
9.彭丹逵、钟美华.公示语的英译探索—以广州市公示语的翻译为例[J].广东广播电视大学学报,2007(5)：73-77.
10.阮敏.公示语翻译中的母语干扰现象[J].杭州电子科技大学学报,2007(12)：41-44.
11.宋礼娟.页谈公示语英译[J].读与写杂志,2008(1)：28-29.
12.温亚楠. 公示语的文本类型与翻译方法[J].海南师范大学学报,2010(3)：155-158.
13.杨丽波. 国内公示语汉英翻译研究现状[J].怀化学院学报,2007(4)：74-75.
14.赵小沛. 公示语翻译中的语用失误探析[J].南京理工大学学报,2003(10)：68-71.
15.汉英公示语翻译研究在线:www. e-signs. info. com.