准噶尔盆地沙漠增温效应下绿洲热量资源分异规律的研究
|
摘要
本研究以新疆准噶尔盆地的石河子绿洲和古尔班通古特沙漠为对象开展工作,研究沙漠增温效应影响下绿洲热量资源的时空分异特点、规律及其对绿洲农作物的影响。鉴于绿洲的典型空间相似性,本研究具有广泛的代表性和很强的示范意义,研究结果有助于详细了解、精确把握沙漠增温影响下绿洲热量资源的分布特点、规律,为绿洲区热量资源的合理开发利用,更好的发展绿洲特色农业及进一步认识沙漠的生态价值提供了参考。
文中从时空角度分析了沙漠增温影响下绿洲的热量分布特点、变化规律等,阐述了沙漠对绿洲增温效应的现象和机理,并提出沙漠增温系数(Z)的概念和计算方法。Z可反映沙漠对与其相邻的特定地理位置的绿洲热量影响敏感程度,表征沙漠对其周边绿洲增温的方向,很好地解释了沙漠和绿洲间的热量联系及沙漠本身的效应。借助沙漠增温系数,本文建立了绿洲主要热量要素的估算模型,模拟效果良好,可以相对动态的估算不同时空绿洲区域的热量状况。结合绿洲热量时空分布,分析了沙漠增温效应对绿洲农作物(以棉花为例)的温度适宜性和热量生产潜力的影响,得出沙漠增温效应对两者的影响较明显,石河子绿洲各地棉花在播期的温度适宜度最低,吐絮期较低,苗期的温度适宜度较高,蕾期和花铃期的适宜度最高,随绿洲与沙漠距离的增加,棉花各生育期的温度适宜性在减小;沙漠增温效应有效范围内绿洲与沙漠的距离平均每增加10Km,热量生产潜力约下降43Kg/hm~2;在热量不能很好满足棉花生长需要时,沙漠增温在一定程度上补给了棉花在生理热量上的需求,对相邻绿洲区的农业生产有着正面影响,起到了除太阳外第二个热量源的作用。
In arid land of Xinjiang, due to the improving temperature effect of desert in warm period, the heat resource of oasis, which is in the neighborhood of the desert, is superior to the others. Taking Shihezi Oasis and Gurbantunggut Desert, located in Junggar Basin of northern Xinjiang, as examples, this study analyzed the change laws of oasis heat resource influenced by improving temperature effect of desert. In view of the similarities of oases, the research can be regarded as the demonstrations of analogous areas. The results are helpful to the analysis and calculation of the oasis heat resource influenced by improving temperature effect of desert, and offer reference for the proper development and utilization of oasis heat resource and the re-understanding of ecological value of desert.
It analyzed the distributional characteristics and change rule of oasis heat resource influenced by desert, expounded the mechanism and the feature of the improving temperature effect of desert, and introduced the content and estimation of coefficient of improving temperature of desert: Z. Z shows the sensitivity and direction of improving temperature effect of desert, interprets the relations between desert and oasis and the effects of desert fairly well. On the basis of researches of the spatial and temporal distribution of heat resources, the impacts of improving temperature effect on the agricultural production in the oases were analyzed. And it was found that both the temperature suitability and heat potential productivities of cotton were apparently affected by the improving temperature effect of desert. The temperature suitability was very low in sowing stage and boll opening stage, especially in sowing stage, higher in bud period and highest in flowering boll-forming stage. The farther the oasis is from the desert, the lower the temperature suitability of every stage is. And the heat potential productivities of cotton are various in different regions. The total potential production in the nearest region to the desert was 389 Kg/hm2 higher than the farthest ,and on average 43Kg/hm2 was reduced every 10Km farther. When the heat resource was not plenteous enough for plant development of cotton, the improving temperature effect of desert could serve as a remedy to the heat condition. So the desert has a positive effect on agriculture of the neighborhood in the warm period, and performs as a heat source that is only second to the sun.
文中从时空角度分析了沙漠增温影响下绿洲的热量分布特点、变化规律等,阐述了沙漠对绿洲增温效应的现象和机理,并提出沙漠增温系数(Z)的概念和计算方法。Z可反映沙漠对与其相邻的特定地理位置的绿洲热量影响敏感程度,表征沙漠对其周边绿洲增温的方向,很好地解释了沙漠和绿洲间的热量联系及沙漠本身的效应。借助沙漠增温系数,本文建立了绿洲主要热量要素的估算模型,模拟效果良好,可以相对动态的估算不同时空绿洲区域的热量状况。结合绿洲热量时空分布,分析了沙漠增温效应对绿洲农作物(以棉花为例)的温度适宜性和热量生产潜力的影响,得出沙漠增温效应对两者的影响较明显,石河子绿洲各地棉花在播期的温度适宜度最低,吐絮期较低,苗期的温度适宜度较高,蕾期和花铃期的适宜度最高,随绿洲与沙漠距离的增加,棉花各生育期的温度适宜性在减小;沙漠增温效应有效范围内绿洲与沙漠的距离平均每增加10Km,热量生产潜力约下降43Kg/hm~2;在热量不能很好满足棉花生长需要时,沙漠增温在一定程度上补给了棉花在生理热量上的需求,对相邻绿洲区的农业生产有着正面影响,起到了除太阳外第二个热量源的作用。
In arid land of Xinjiang, due to the improving temperature effect of desert in warm period, the heat resource of oasis, which is in the neighborhood of the desert, is superior to the others. Taking Shihezi Oasis and Gurbantunggut Desert, located in Junggar Basin of northern Xinjiang, as examples, this study analyzed the change laws of oasis heat resource influenced by improving temperature effect of desert. In view of the similarities of oases, the research can be regarded as the demonstrations of analogous areas. The results are helpful to the analysis and calculation of the oasis heat resource influenced by improving temperature effect of desert, and offer reference for the proper development and utilization of oasis heat resource and the re-understanding of ecological value of desert.
It analyzed the distributional characteristics and change rule of oasis heat resource influenced by desert, expounded the mechanism and the feature of the improving temperature effect of desert, and introduced the content and estimation of coefficient of improving temperature of desert: Z. Z shows the sensitivity and direction of improving temperature effect of desert, interprets the relations between desert and oasis and the effects of desert fairly well. On the basis of researches of the spatial and temporal distribution of heat resources, the impacts of improving temperature effect on the agricultural production in the oases were analyzed. And it was found that both the temperature suitability and heat potential productivities of cotton were apparently affected by the improving temperature effect of desert. The temperature suitability was very low in sowing stage and boll opening stage, especially in sowing stage, higher in bud period and highest in flowering boll-forming stage. The farther the oasis is from the desert, the lower the temperature suitability of every stage is. And the heat potential productivities of cotton are various in different regions. The total potential production in the nearest region to the desert was 389 Kg/hm2 higher than the farthest ,and on average 43Kg/hm2 was reduced every 10Km farther. When the heat resource was not plenteous enough for plant development of cotton, the improving temperature effect of desert could serve as a remedy to the heat condition. So the desert has a positive effect on agriculture of the neighborhood in the warm period, and performs as a heat source that is only second to the sun.
引文
[1]王让会,马映军,彭茹燕.西北干旱区山地—绿洲—荒漠系统信息传递耦合关系[J].干旱地区农业研究,2001,19(2):100~105.
[2]赖先齐.绿洲农业学[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,2002,15~63.
[3]袁春琼,苏晓岚,姚艳丽.热量资源对新疆棉花的影响及对策[J].新疆气象,2001,24(2):18~20.
[4]郑维,林修碧.新疆棉花生产与气象[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1992,78~108.
[5]徐德源.新疆农业气候资源及区划[M].北京:气象出版社,1989,4~20.
[6]何清,袁玉江,李建新.新疆主要棉区热量变化及对棉花生产的影响[J].新疆农业大学学报,2000,23(4):27~36.
[7]任传友,于贵瑞,刘新安,等.东北地区热量资源栅格化信息系统的建立和应用[J].资源科学,2003,25(1):66~71.
[8]Smith E A etal.Transition of surfaces energy budget in Gobi desert between Spring and Summer season[J].Climate App-pl. Met,1986,25:1725~1740.
[9]李胜功.内蒙古奈曼草地热量平衡的研究[J].应用生态学报,1994,5(20):214~216.
[10]沈志保,邹基玲.西北干旱地区沙漠和绿洲的地面辐射能收支[J].高原气象,1994,13(3):314~322.
[11]季国良,邹基玲.干旱地区绿洲和沙漠辐射收支的季节变化[J].高原气象,1994,13(3):323~329.
[12]徐文铎,邹春静,等.中国沙地森林生态系统.北京:中国林业出版社,1998,55~89.
[13]陈鸣,潘之棣.用卫星遥感热红外数据估算大面积蒸散量[J].水科学进展,1994,5(2):126~133.
[14]Dolman A J. A multiple-source land surface energy balance model for use in general circulation models. Agric. Meteorol, 1993 (65):21~45.
[15]李彦,黄妙芬.荒漠化地区的植被和绿洲生态系统地表热量平衡研究[J].干旱区地理,1996,19(4):68~72.
[16]姚德良,沈卫明,李家春.塔里木盆地陆气水热交换数值模拟[J].水利学报 1994,(5):31~37.
[17]刘树华.不同下垫面热通量和水汽通量的数值计算[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1997,(1):61~71.
[18]Henrg N. Climatechange, drough and desertification[J]. Arid Environments, 1996, 34:133~185.
[19]魏文寿,董光荣.古尔班通古特沙漠的辐射热量交换分析[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(4):335~341.
[20]刘树华,辛国君.沙坡头人工植被区和流动沙丘上热量平衡观测研究[J].气象,1994,20(1):9~12.
[21]李玉灵,王林和,张国盛,等.毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林热量平衡的研究[J].内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版),1998,20(4):31~35
[22]胡列群,塔克拉玛干沙漠地面有效辐射研究[J].干旱区地理,1997,20(1):25~31.
[23]张杰.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙丘表面温度特征初探[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(5):592~595.
[24]牛国跃,孙菽芬,洪钟祥.沙漠土壤和大气边界层中水热交换和传输的数值模拟研究[J].气象学报,1997,55(4):398~407.
[25]魏文寿,董光荣.沙漠层辐射热量传输的界面过程研究—以古尔班通古特沙漠为例[J].沉积学报增刊,1999,17:840~845.
[26]王登海,董文杰,韦志刚,等.典型干旱地区陆面特征的模拟及分析[J].高原气象,2002,21(5):466~472.
[27]Jule Charney. A comparative study of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions[J]. Atmos Sci, 1977,1366~1385.
[28]Sud Y C, W E Simith. The influence of surface roughness of deserts on July circulation: A numerical study [J]. Boundary-Layer Meteor, 1985,33:15~49.
[29]Shukla J, Y Mintz. Influence of land-surface evapotranspire on the earth’s climate [J]. Science, 1982,215:1498~1501.
[30]Sellers P J, Y Mintz, Y C Sud etc. A simple biosphere model for use within general circulation models [J]. Atmos Sci, 1986,43:505~531.
[31]胡隐樵,高由禧.黑河试验(HEIFE)——对干旱地区陆面过程的一些新认识[J].气象学报,1994,52(3):285~296.
[32]胡隐樵,高由禧,王介民,等.黑河试验(HEIFE)的一些研究成果[J].高原气象,1994,13(3):225~236.
[33]Cloudsley.Thmpson J L.Manand Biology of Arid Zones[M] Maryland : Maryland University Press,1984.
[34]沈玉凌.“绿洲”概念小议[J].干旱区地理,1994,17(2):70~74.
[35]韩德麟.绿洲系统与绿洲地理建设[J].干旱区地理,1992,15(增刊):67~74.
[36]Walter H.世界植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[37]贾宝全.绿洲景观若干理论问题的探讨[J].干旱区地理,1996,19(3):58~65.
[38]张强,胡隐樵.绿洲地理特征及其气候效应. 地球科学进展,2002,17(4):477~486.
[39]肖笃宁.景观生态学——理论、方法与应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社 1991.
[40] Berndtsson-R,Nodomi-K, Yasuda-H,Persson-T, Chen-H & Jinno-K. Soil water and temperature patterns in an arid desert dune sand[J]. Journal of Hydrology Amsterdam. 1996,185:1~4.
[41]张景光,周海燕,王新平,等.沙坡头地区一年生植物的生理生态特性研究[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(4):350~353.
[42]张勃,李吉均.黑河绿洲农业自然资源空间组合与资源潜力研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(4):101~109.
[43]Dolle-V, Ferry-M. New challenges, new research for the development of oasis agriculture[J] Options-Mediterraneennes, 1996,28:19~22.
[44]方德彪,等.内陆下垫面的热量资源特征及其利用[J].甘肃科技,1998.
[45]张强,胡隐樵.绿洲地理特征及其气候效应[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(4):478~479.
[46]Zhang Jingyong, Dong Wenjie, Ye Duzheng& Fu Congbin. New evidence for effects of land cover in China on summer climate[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2003,48(4):401~405.
[47]Giorgi F, Mearns LO Introduction to special section: regional climate modeling revisited[J] Geophys Res , 1999,104:6335–6352.
[48]Charney J G.Dynamics of deserts and rought in the Sahel[J].Quart JR Meteor Soc,1975,101:193~202.
[49]S.I. Seneviratne , J.S. Pal , E.A.B. Eltahir. Summer dryness in a warmer climate: a process study with a regional climate model[J]. Climate Dynamics,2002,20: 69~85.
[50]Koivusalo H, Heikinheimo M, Karvonen T. Test of a simple two-layer parameterisation to simulate the energy balance and temperature of a snow pack[J].Theor Appl Climatol , 2001,70: 65~79.
[51]D. Gustafsson, M. Staèhli, and P. E. Jansso.The surface energy balance of a snow cover:comparing measurements to two different simulation models [J].Theor Appl Climatol , 1999,21:88~97.
[52]Pan X. L., Chao J. P. The effects of climate on development of ecosystem in oasis[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2001,18(1): 42~52.
[53]肖彩虹,郝玉光,郭承德.乌兰布和沙区人工绿洲小气候的变化[J].中国农业气象,2003,24(2):31~34.
[54]Wu Lingyun, Chao Jiping, Fu Congbin &Pan Xiaoling. 0n a Simple Dynalmics Model of Interaction between 0asis and Chmate[J]. Advance In Atmosphemc Sciences, 2003,20(5):775~780.
[55]袁春琼.石河子棉花产量与日温度因子的研究[J].新疆气象,1999,22(3):19~21.
[56]赖先齐,张凤华,吕新,等.石河子地区的热量资源与绿洲农业Ⅰ、沙漠增温效应对绿洲农业影响的研究[J].石河子大学学报,2003,7(3):191~194.
[57]张凤华,赖先齐,吕新,等. 石河子地区的热量资源与绿洲农业Ⅱ、准噶尔盆地沙漠沉积冷空气对石河子绿洲农业影响的研究[J].石河子大学学报,2003,7(4):271~274.
[58]张强,等.黑河地区绿洲内农田微气候特征[J]. 高原气象,1992,11(4):361~370.
[59]李建新,等.新疆棉花严重气候减产年的热量特征分析[J].新疆农业大学学报 ,2000,23(4):20~26.
[60]李蒙春,汪清和,王荣栋.2001 年北疆垦区棉花产量下降原因及对策.2002,25(3):20~23.
[61]王谦,新疆农业气候资源的分析与评价[J].干早地区农业研究,1992,10(2):35~39.
[62]袁玉江,李新建,等.影响阿克苏棉区棉花气象产量的温度因子研究[J]. 棉花学报,2001,13(4):220~224.
[63]王亚俊.米尼热.中国绿洲研究回顾[J]. 干旱区资源与环境.2000,14(3):92~96.
[64]张强,胡隐樵. 干旱区的绿洲效应[J].自然杂志,2001,23(4):234~236.
[65]韩德林.中国绿洲研究之进展[J].地理科学,1999,19(4):313~319.
[66]曲耀光,马世敏.甘肃河西走廊地区的水与绿洲[J].干旱区资源与环境,1995,9(3):93~99.
[67]高艳红,吕世华.不同绿洲分布对局地气候影响的数值模拟[J].中国沙漠,2001,21(2):108~115.
[68]陈昌毓.绿洲的冷岛效应[J].地理知识,1991,3:13~15.
[69]张家诚,等.中国气候[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1985.
[70]范志远.新疆气候及其和农业的关系[M].北京:科学出版社,1962.
[71]阎宇平,等.黑河地区绿洲——沙漠环流的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,2001,23(4):435~440.
[72]吕世华,陈玉春.西北植被覆盖对我国区域气候变化影响的数值模拟[J].中国沙漠,1991,15(2):161~123.
[73]李彦、黄妙芬.荒漠——绿洲交界处与地表热量平衡分析[J].干旱区地理,1996,(6):43~56.
[74]杨佐涛,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的气候表现[J].中国沙漠,1994,15(3):293~298.
[75]胡隐僬.一个强“冷岛”的数值试验结果[J].高原气象,1987,(6):179~184.
[76]周瑞莲,孙国钧,王海鸥.沙生植物渗透调节物对干旱、高温的影响几及其在抗逆中的作用[J].中国沙漠,1999,19(增刊):18~22.
[77]周瑞莲,王海鸥. 在干旱、高温胁迫中沙生植物抗脱水生与膜脂过氧化关系的研究[J].中国沙漠,1999,19:59~64.
[78]常学礼,邬建国.科尔沁沙地景观格局的特征分析[J].生态学报,1998,18(3):225~232.
[79]赵哈林. 科尔沁沙质放牧草地沙漠化演变机理研究[J].中国草地,1997,16(5):111~114.
[80]夏训诚,樊胜岳.中国沙漠科学研究进展[J].科学通报,2000,45(18):1908~1912.
[81]苏从先,胡隐樵,张永平.河西地区的小气候特征和“冷岛效应”[J].大气科学,1987,11(4):390~396.
[82]胡隐樵,奇跃进,杨选利.河西戈壁(化音)小气候和热量平衡特征的初步分析 [J].高原气象.1990,9(2):113~119.
[83]高艳红,吕世华.非均匀下垫面局地气候效应的数值模拟[J].高原气象,2001,20(4):355~361.
[84]胡隐樵.黑河地区地气相互作用试验研究[J].地球科学进展,1991,6(4):34~38.
[85]胡隐樵.黑河实验(HEIFE)能量平衡和水汽输送研究进展[J].地球科学进展,1994,9(4):30~34.
[86]张新时. 草地的生态经济功能及其范式[J].科技导报,2000,(8):3~7.
[87]甘本根.世界热极成因浅析[J].抚州师专学报,2002,21(2):74~75.
[88]赖先齐.中国绿洲农业学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005.
[89]陈昌毓.绿洲的冷岛效应[J].地理知识,1991,3:13~15.
[90]方德彪,余尤森,郝亚玲.内陆沙漠绿洲下垫面热量资源特征及其利用[J].甘肃科技,1998,5:19~20.
[91]张凤华,赖先齐,潘旭东.沙漠增温效应特征及绿洲农业热量资源分异规律的研究.中国沙漠,2004,24(6):751~754.
[92]常兆丰,韩福贵,仲生年.不同沙面地被物增温效应的初步研究[J].干旱区资源与环境.2001,(15)2:63~68.
[93]杨小荟,王玉宝,崔东,等.古尔班通古特沙漠砂的物理力学性质[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(4):563~569
[94]常兆丰,韩福贵,仲生年.不同沙面地被物增温效应的初步研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2001,15(2):55~59.
[95]魏文寿,何清,刘明哲,等.准噶尔盆地的气候变化与荒漠环境研究.中国沙漠,2003,23(2):101~105.
[96]李国英,段维军,孔军,等.2001年北疆棉区低温冷害的发生特点及几点建议[J].新疆农业大学学报,2002,25 (3) :24~28.
[97]王玉朝,赵成义.绿洲——荒漠生态脆弱带的研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2001,15(2):25~31.
[98]胡隐樵,高由禧.黑河实验(HEIFE)——对干旱区陆面过程的一些认识[J].气象学报,52(3):285~296.
[99]张强,胡隐樵,曹晓彦,等.论西北干旱气候的若干问题[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(4):357~362.
[100]苏从先,胡隐樵.绿洲和湖泊的冷岛效应[J].科学通报,1987,10(3):756~758.
[101]胡隐樵.一个强“冷岛”的数值试验结果[J].高原气象,1987,6(1):1~8.
[102]张强,胡隐樵,王喜红.黑河地区绿洲内农田微气象特征[J].高原气象,1992,11(4):361~370.
[103]王俊勤,胡隐樵,陈家宜,等.HEIFE区边界层某些结构特征[J].高原气象,1994,13(3):299~ 306.
[104]Su Congxian, Hu Yinqiao.Structure of the planetary boundary layer ober oasis cold island[J].Acta Meteorologica Since, 1988,2(4):527~543.
[105]申元村,张克斌,王贤.荒漠化[M] .北京:中国环境出版社,2001.
[106]刘钰华,王树清.新疆绿洲防护林体系[J].新疆环境保护,1994,16(4):87~90.
[107]X.Yang. The oases along the Keriya River in the Taklamakan Desert, China, and their evolution since the end of the last glaciation. Environmental Geology, 2001,41:314~320.
[108]赖先齐,张凤华,李鲁华,等. 新疆石河子地区沙漠增温效应对绿洲农业影响的研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2003,17(6):119~123.
[109]常顺利、潘晓玲,师庆东,等.阜康绿洲局地气候对作物生理生态影响的对比研究[J].干旱区研究,2002,19(1):53~57.
[110]戴小笠. 宁夏农业气候要素场模拟及气候资源的初步分析[硕士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学,2000.
[111]翁笃鸣.大寨大队沟、梁、坡地的小气候分析[J].南京气象学院学报,1978.
[112]翁笃鸣,等.山区若干气候要素的推算问题农业气候资源分析和利用[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,1982.
[113]傅抱璞.关于山地气候资料的延长和推算问题[J].气象学报,1982,40 (4):453~462.
[114]沈国权.考虑宏观地形的小网格温度场分析方法及应用[J].气象学报,1984(4), 22~27.
[115]卢其尧.山区年、月平均温度推算方法的研究[J].地理学报,1988,43 (3):213~222.
[116]卢其尧.山区界限温度出现日期和持续日数的推算方法[J].山地研究,1987,5(2):83~92.
[117]卢其尧.山区积温分布推算方法的研究[J].南京大学学报,1987,23 (3):596~606.
[118]卢其尧.山区农业气候资源空间分布的推算方法及小地形的气候效应.自然资源学报,1988,3 (2):43~46.
[119]卢其尧.农业地形气候区划的方法及其应用[J].南京大学学报,1988,24 (3):434~451.
[120]欧阳海、郑步忠、王雪娥,等.农业气候学[M].北京:气象出版社,1990.
[121]李迎春,姚艳丽,谢国辉.新疆石河子垦区农业气候资源的空间分布[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(4):497~500.
[122]马树庆,梁洪海.长白山区热量资源推算与农作物品种布局[J].山地研究,1990,8(3):154~160.
[123]周海燕.伏牛山南坡热量资源分布规律探讨[J].地城研究与开发,1992,11(3):21~25.
[124]马树庆.吉林省农业气候研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1994.
[125]袁春琼,苏晓岚,姚艳丽.热量资源对新疆棉花的影响及对策[J].新疆气象,2001,24(2):31~36.
[126]郑维,林修碧.新疆棉花生产与气象[M],乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1992.
[127]李建新,何清,袁玉江.新疆棉花严重气候减产年的热量特征分析[J].新疆农业大学学报,2000,23(4):20~26.
[128]侯光良,李继由,张谊光.中国农业气候资源[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993.
[129]刘文.棉花生长发育的计算机模拟模型研究初探[J].中国农业气象,1992,13(6):58~63.
[130]潘学标.棉花栽培生理生态学.中国棉花可持续发展研究[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[2]赖先齐.绿洲农业学[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,2002,15~63.
[3]袁春琼,苏晓岚,姚艳丽.热量资源对新疆棉花的影响及对策[J].新疆气象,2001,24(2):18~20.
[4]郑维,林修碧.新疆棉花生产与气象[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1992,78~108.
[5]徐德源.新疆农业气候资源及区划[M].北京:气象出版社,1989,4~20.
[6]何清,袁玉江,李建新.新疆主要棉区热量变化及对棉花生产的影响[J].新疆农业大学学报,2000,23(4):27~36.
[7]任传友,于贵瑞,刘新安,等.东北地区热量资源栅格化信息系统的建立和应用[J].资源科学,2003,25(1):66~71.
[8]Smith E A etal.Transition of surfaces energy budget in Gobi desert between Spring and Summer season[J].Climate App-pl. Met,1986,25:1725~1740.
[9]李胜功.内蒙古奈曼草地热量平衡的研究[J].应用生态学报,1994,5(20):214~216.
[10]沈志保,邹基玲.西北干旱地区沙漠和绿洲的地面辐射能收支[J].高原气象,1994,13(3):314~322.
[11]季国良,邹基玲.干旱地区绿洲和沙漠辐射收支的季节变化[J].高原气象,1994,13(3):323~329.
[12]徐文铎,邹春静,等.中国沙地森林生态系统.北京:中国林业出版社,1998,55~89.
[13]陈鸣,潘之棣.用卫星遥感热红外数据估算大面积蒸散量[J].水科学进展,1994,5(2):126~133.
[14]Dolman A J. A multiple-source land surface energy balance model for use in general circulation models. Agric. Meteorol, 1993 (65):21~45.
[15]李彦,黄妙芬.荒漠化地区的植被和绿洲生态系统地表热量平衡研究[J].干旱区地理,1996,19(4):68~72.
[16]姚德良,沈卫明,李家春.塔里木盆地陆气水热交换数值模拟[J].水利学报 1994,(5):31~37.
[17]刘树华.不同下垫面热通量和水汽通量的数值计算[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1997,(1):61~71.
[18]Henrg N. Climatechange, drough and desertification[J]. Arid Environments, 1996, 34:133~185.
[19]魏文寿,董光荣.古尔班通古特沙漠的辐射热量交换分析[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(4):335~341.
[20]刘树华,辛国君.沙坡头人工植被区和流动沙丘上热量平衡观测研究[J].气象,1994,20(1):9~12.
[21]李玉灵,王林和,张国盛,等.毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林热量平衡的研究[J].内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版),1998,20(4):31~35
[22]胡列群,塔克拉玛干沙漠地面有效辐射研究[J].干旱区地理,1997,20(1):25~31.
[23]张杰.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙丘表面温度特征初探[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(5):592~595.
[24]牛国跃,孙菽芬,洪钟祥.沙漠土壤和大气边界层中水热交换和传输的数值模拟研究[J].气象学报,1997,55(4):398~407.
[25]魏文寿,董光荣.沙漠层辐射热量传输的界面过程研究—以古尔班通古特沙漠为例[J].沉积学报增刊,1999,17:840~845.
[26]王登海,董文杰,韦志刚,等.典型干旱地区陆面特征的模拟及分析[J].高原气象,2002,21(5):466~472.
[27]Jule Charney. A comparative study of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions[J]. Atmos Sci, 1977,1366~1385.
[28]Sud Y C, W E Simith. The influence of surface roughness of deserts on July circulation: A numerical study [J]. Boundary-Layer Meteor, 1985,33:15~49.
[29]Shukla J, Y Mintz. Influence of land-surface evapotranspire on the earth’s climate [J]. Science, 1982,215:1498~1501.
[30]Sellers P J, Y Mintz, Y C Sud etc. A simple biosphere model for use within general circulation models [J]. Atmos Sci, 1986,43:505~531.
[31]胡隐樵,高由禧.黑河试验(HEIFE)——对干旱地区陆面过程的一些新认识[J].气象学报,1994,52(3):285~296.
[32]胡隐樵,高由禧,王介民,等.黑河试验(HEIFE)的一些研究成果[J].高原气象,1994,13(3):225~236.
[33]Cloudsley.Thmpson J L.Manand Biology of Arid Zones[M] Maryland : Maryland University Press,1984.
[34]沈玉凌.“绿洲”概念小议[J].干旱区地理,1994,17(2):70~74.
[35]韩德麟.绿洲系统与绿洲地理建设[J].干旱区地理,1992,15(增刊):67~74.
[36]Walter H.世界植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[37]贾宝全.绿洲景观若干理论问题的探讨[J].干旱区地理,1996,19(3):58~65.
[38]张强,胡隐樵.绿洲地理特征及其气候效应. 地球科学进展,2002,17(4):477~486.
[39]肖笃宁.景观生态学——理论、方法与应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社 1991.
[40] Berndtsson-R,Nodomi-K, Yasuda-H,Persson-T, Chen-H & Jinno-K. Soil water and temperature patterns in an arid desert dune sand[J]. Journal of Hydrology Amsterdam. 1996,185:1~4.
[41]张景光,周海燕,王新平,等.沙坡头地区一年生植物的生理生态特性研究[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(4):350~353.
[42]张勃,李吉均.黑河绿洲农业自然资源空间组合与资源潜力研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(4):101~109.
[43]Dolle-V, Ferry-M. New challenges, new research for the development of oasis agriculture[J] Options-Mediterraneennes, 1996,28:19~22.
[44]方德彪,等.内陆下垫面的热量资源特征及其利用[J].甘肃科技,1998.
[45]张强,胡隐樵.绿洲地理特征及其气候效应[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(4):478~479.
[46]Zhang Jingyong, Dong Wenjie, Ye Duzheng& Fu Congbin. New evidence for effects of land cover in China on summer climate[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2003,48(4):401~405.
[47]Giorgi F, Mearns LO Introduction to special section: regional climate modeling revisited[J] Geophys Res , 1999,104:6335–6352.
[48]Charney J G.Dynamics of deserts and rought in the Sahel[J].Quart JR Meteor Soc,1975,101:193~202.
[49]S.I. Seneviratne , J.S. Pal , E.A.B. Eltahir. Summer dryness in a warmer climate: a process study with a regional climate model[J]. Climate Dynamics,2002,20: 69~85.
[50]Koivusalo H, Heikinheimo M, Karvonen T. Test of a simple two-layer parameterisation to simulate the energy balance and temperature of a snow pack[J].Theor Appl Climatol , 2001,70: 65~79.
[51]D. Gustafsson, M. Staèhli, and P. E. Jansso.The surface energy balance of a snow cover:comparing measurements to two different simulation models [J].Theor Appl Climatol , 1999,21:88~97.
[52]Pan X. L., Chao J. P. The effects of climate on development of ecosystem in oasis[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2001,18(1): 42~52.
[53]肖彩虹,郝玉光,郭承德.乌兰布和沙区人工绿洲小气候的变化[J].中国农业气象,2003,24(2):31~34.
[54]Wu Lingyun, Chao Jiping, Fu Congbin &Pan Xiaoling. 0n a Simple Dynalmics Model of Interaction between 0asis and Chmate[J]. Advance In Atmosphemc Sciences, 2003,20(5):775~780.
[55]袁春琼.石河子棉花产量与日温度因子的研究[J].新疆气象,1999,22(3):19~21.
[56]赖先齐,张凤华,吕新,等.石河子地区的热量资源与绿洲农业Ⅰ、沙漠增温效应对绿洲农业影响的研究[J].石河子大学学报,2003,7(3):191~194.
[57]张凤华,赖先齐,吕新,等. 石河子地区的热量资源与绿洲农业Ⅱ、准噶尔盆地沙漠沉积冷空气对石河子绿洲农业影响的研究[J].石河子大学学报,2003,7(4):271~274.
[58]张强,等.黑河地区绿洲内农田微气候特征[J]. 高原气象,1992,11(4):361~370.
[59]李建新,等.新疆棉花严重气候减产年的热量特征分析[J].新疆农业大学学报 ,2000,23(4):20~26.
[60]李蒙春,汪清和,王荣栋.2001 年北疆垦区棉花产量下降原因及对策.2002,25(3):20~23.
[61]王谦,新疆农业气候资源的分析与评价[J].干早地区农业研究,1992,10(2):35~39.
[62]袁玉江,李新建,等.影响阿克苏棉区棉花气象产量的温度因子研究[J]. 棉花学报,2001,13(4):220~224.
[63]王亚俊.米尼热.中国绿洲研究回顾[J]. 干旱区资源与环境.2000,14(3):92~96.
[64]张强,胡隐樵. 干旱区的绿洲效应[J].自然杂志,2001,23(4):234~236.
[65]韩德林.中国绿洲研究之进展[J].地理科学,1999,19(4):313~319.
[66]曲耀光,马世敏.甘肃河西走廊地区的水与绿洲[J].干旱区资源与环境,1995,9(3):93~99.
[67]高艳红,吕世华.不同绿洲分布对局地气候影响的数值模拟[J].中国沙漠,2001,21(2):108~115.
[68]陈昌毓.绿洲的冷岛效应[J].地理知识,1991,3:13~15.
[69]张家诚,等.中国气候[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1985.
[70]范志远.新疆气候及其和农业的关系[M].北京:科学出版社,1962.
[71]阎宇平,等.黑河地区绿洲——沙漠环流的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,2001,23(4):435~440.
[72]吕世华,陈玉春.西北植被覆盖对我国区域气候变化影响的数值模拟[J].中国沙漠,1991,15(2):161~123.
[73]李彦、黄妙芬.荒漠——绿洲交界处与地表热量平衡分析[J].干旱区地理,1996,(6):43~56.
[74]杨佐涛,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的气候表现[J].中国沙漠,1994,15(3):293~298.
[75]胡隐僬.一个强“冷岛”的数值试验结果[J].高原气象,1987,(6):179~184.
[76]周瑞莲,孙国钧,王海鸥.沙生植物渗透调节物对干旱、高温的影响几及其在抗逆中的作用[J].中国沙漠,1999,19(增刊):18~22.
[77]周瑞莲,王海鸥. 在干旱、高温胁迫中沙生植物抗脱水生与膜脂过氧化关系的研究[J].中国沙漠,1999,19:59~64.
[78]常学礼,邬建国.科尔沁沙地景观格局的特征分析[J].生态学报,1998,18(3):225~232.
[79]赵哈林. 科尔沁沙质放牧草地沙漠化演变机理研究[J].中国草地,1997,16(5):111~114.
[80]夏训诚,樊胜岳.中国沙漠科学研究进展[J].科学通报,2000,45(18):1908~1912.
[81]苏从先,胡隐樵,张永平.河西地区的小气候特征和“冷岛效应”[J].大气科学,1987,11(4):390~396.
[82]胡隐樵,奇跃进,杨选利.河西戈壁(化音)小气候和热量平衡特征的初步分析 [J].高原气象.1990,9(2):113~119.
[83]高艳红,吕世华.非均匀下垫面局地气候效应的数值模拟[J].高原气象,2001,20(4):355~361.
[84]胡隐樵.黑河地区地气相互作用试验研究[J].地球科学进展,1991,6(4):34~38.
[85]胡隐樵.黑河实验(HEIFE)能量平衡和水汽输送研究进展[J].地球科学进展,1994,9(4):30~34.
[86]张新时. 草地的生态经济功能及其范式[J].科技导报,2000,(8):3~7.
[87]甘本根.世界热极成因浅析[J].抚州师专学报,2002,21(2):74~75.
[88]赖先齐.中国绿洲农业学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005.
[89]陈昌毓.绿洲的冷岛效应[J].地理知识,1991,3:13~15.
[90]方德彪,余尤森,郝亚玲.内陆沙漠绿洲下垫面热量资源特征及其利用[J].甘肃科技,1998,5:19~20.
[91]张凤华,赖先齐,潘旭东.沙漠增温效应特征及绿洲农业热量资源分异规律的研究.中国沙漠,2004,24(6):751~754.
[92]常兆丰,韩福贵,仲生年.不同沙面地被物增温效应的初步研究[J].干旱区资源与环境.2001,(15)2:63~68.
[93]杨小荟,王玉宝,崔东,等.古尔班通古特沙漠砂的物理力学性质[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(4):563~569
[94]常兆丰,韩福贵,仲生年.不同沙面地被物增温效应的初步研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2001,15(2):55~59.
[95]魏文寿,何清,刘明哲,等.准噶尔盆地的气候变化与荒漠环境研究.中国沙漠,2003,23(2):101~105.
[96]李国英,段维军,孔军,等.2001年北疆棉区低温冷害的发生特点及几点建议[J].新疆农业大学学报,2002,25 (3) :24~28.
[97]王玉朝,赵成义.绿洲——荒漠生态脆弱带的研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2001,15(2):25~31.
[98]胡隐樵,高由禧.黑河实验(HEIFE)——对干旱区陆面过程的一些认识[J].气象学报,52(3):285~296.
[99]张强,胡隐樵,曹晓彦,等.论西北干旱气候的若干问题[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(4):357~362.
[100]苏从先,胡隐樵.绿洲和湖泊的冷岛效应[J].科学通报,1987,10(3):756~758.
[101]胡隐樵.一个强“冷岛”的数值试验结果[J].高原气象,1987,6(1):1~8.
[102]张强,胡隐樵,王喜红.黑河地区绿洲内农田微气象特征[J].高原气象,1992,11(4):361~370.
[103]王俊勤,胡隐樵,陈家宜,等.HEIFE区边界层某些结构特征[J].高原气象,1994,13(3):299~ 306.
[104]Su Congxian, Hu Yinqiao.Structure of the planetary boundary layer ober oasis cold island[J].Acta Meteorologica Since, 1988,2(4):527~543.
[105]申元村,张克斌,王贤.荒漠化[M] .北京:中国环境出版社,2001.
[106]刘钰华,王树清.新疆绿洲防护林体系[J].新疆环境保护,1994,16(4):87~90.
[107]X.Yang. The oases along the Keriya River in the Taklamakan Desert, China, and their evolution since the end of the last glaciation. Environmental Geology, 2001,41:314~320.
[108]赖先齐,张凤华,李鲁华,等. 新疆石河子地区沙漠增温效应对绿洲农业影响的研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2003,17(6):119~123.
[109]常顺利、潘晓玲,师庆东,等.阜康绿洲局地气候对作物生理生态影响的对比研究[J].干旱区研究,2002,19(1):53~57.
[110]戴小笠. 宁夏农业气候要素场模拟及气候资源的初步分析[硕士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学,2000.
[111]翁笃鸣.大寨大队沟、梁、坡地的小气候分析[J].南京气象学院学报,1978.
[112]翁笃鸣,等.山区若干气候要素的推算问题农业气候资源分析和利用[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,1982.
[113]傅抱璞.关于山地气候资料的延长和推算问题[J].气象学报,1982,40 (4):453~462.
[114]沈国权.考虑宏观地形的小网格温度场分析方法及应用[J].气象学报,1984(4), 22~27.
[115]卢其尧.山区年、月平均温度推算方法的研究[J].地理学报,1988,43 (3):213~222.
[116]卢其尧.山区界限温度出现日期和持续日数的推算方法[J].山地研究,1987,5(2):83~92.
[117]卢其尧.山区积温分布推算方法的研究[J].南京大学学报,1987,23 (3):596~606.
[118]卢其尧.山区农业气候资源空间分布的推算方法及小地形的气候效应.自然资源学报,1988,3 (2):43~46.
[119]卢其尧.农业地形气候区划的方法及其应用[J].南京大学学报,1988,24 (3):434~451.
[120]欧阳海、郑步忠、王雪娥,等.农业气候学[M].北京:气象出版社,1990.
[121]李迎春,姚艳丽,谢国辉.新疆石河子垦区农业气候资源的空间分布[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(4):497~500.
[122]马树庆,梁洪海.长白山区热量资源推算与农作物品种布局[J].山地研究,1990,8(3):154~160.
[123]周海燕.伏牛山南坡热量资源分布规律探讨[J].地城研究与开发,1992,11(3):21~25.
[124]马树庆.吉林省农业气候研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1994.
[125]袁春琼,苏晓岚,姚艳丽.热量资源对新疆棉花的影响及对策[J].新疆气象,2001,24(2):31~36.
[126]郑维,林修碧.新疆棉花生产与气象[M],乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1992.
[127]李建新,何清,袁玉江.新疆棉花严重气候减产年的热量特征分析[J].新疆农业大学学报,2000,23(4):20~26.
[128]侯光良,李继由,张谊光.中国农业气候资源[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993.
[129]刘文.棉花生长发育的计算机模拟模型研究初探[J].中国农业气象,1992,13(6):58~63.
[130]潘学标.棉花栽培生理生态学.中国棉花可持续发展研究[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.