致密碳酸盐岩缝洞储层地震检测方法研究
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摘要
碳酸盐岩储层缝洞系统是一个复杂、非均质、非线性的系统。其缝洞检测是一个世界性的难题。但对碳酸盐岩储层来说,缝洞是其油气储存的主要空间,是储层评价的主要指标,缝洞的检测对指导油气勘探和开发具有重要的意义。论文以储层缝洞检测可行性分析到检测方法技术再到储层综合评价为主线,从分析目的层地质特征入手,通过数值模拟、物理模型超声波实验、理论模型正演响应分析探讨储层缝洞的地震响应特征,以此为基础,用多种方法对三维地震数据进行缝洞检测,最后进行储层的分级和评价。
据Hudson裂隙理论,求出EDA介质的弹性参数,应用Christoffel方程求出的地震纵波相速度表达式,在此基础上进行的数值模拟表明,在裂隙介质中,地震纵波速度只具弱的各向异性,而对于同级别的裂缝密度,反射系数的变化量是其速度变化量的3倍左右;物理模型的超声波实验结果证明了介质存在裂缝与孔洞时将降低地震波传播速度和动力学参数值,而动力学参数值的变化率比速度变化率高出2～3个数量级。通过潜山顶和内幕含缝洞的理论模型正演和波场特征分析表明,振幅和频率的变化量大于速度的变化量。三种方式都揭示了地震波的动力学特征比其运动学特征对裂隙更敏感。同时模型正演表明,潜山顶面和潜山内幕缝洞介质的波场特征不一致,振幅对内幕裂缝的敏感性远大于其对潜山面裂缝的敏感性;缝洞发育带的中心位置与地震响应异常带中心位置相对应;多个缝洞组合体产生“串珠状”异常地震反射或杂乱反射特征,串珠的个数与长度可近似地表示出缝洞组合体的个数。由此证明了对碳酸盐岩储层的缝洞系统进行地震检测不仅可能而且可行。
在上述研究基础上,建立了由小波分频相干处理进行裂缝检测;基于动力学参数综合法、基于波形态特征的波形分析法、基于边缘检测的二阶方向滤波法和广义希尔伯特变换法四种方法进行缝洞组合体检测;用“累计能量差法”进行溶洞检测所组成的致密碳酸盐岩储层缝洞检测方法体系。
小波分频处理获得不同通道(频带)的数据体再进行相干处理,并对高频相干数据进行小波分解融合,其成果高质量地展示小断层和裂缝的平面发育特征。
在理论模型正演响应的指导下,对多种地震波动力学参数进行融合,直接展示缝洞体的平面分布;通过模型正演响应证实了基于地震波形态参数的波形分析在缝洞检测上也具有明显效果,由此进行了波形分形法缝洞检测;引入并改进了以图像边缘检测理论为基础的二阶方向滤波、广义希尔伯特变换对缝洞体进行检测,它们对缝洞异常带有着较高的识别能力,获得了较好的检测效果;经过基于主成份分析的数据融合,把以上几种方法的检测结果融合成了一种综合参数,该综合参数准确地揭示了目的层缝洞的平面发育特征。
溶洞在储层评价中具有重要意义。通过本文提出的“累计能量差法”对一间房组储层溶洞进行了检测,表明该区溶洞主要发育在储层上部,平面上具有分带性。受构造、断层的控制作用明显。该方法对井分析吻合度极高,效果良好,是一种创新的溶洞检测方法。
综合小波相干裂缝检测、缝洞体综合检测和溶洞检测结果把研究区一间房组碳酸盐岩储层划分为四个等级,在平面上划分为五个区块。结合构造、断层等地质成果,对各区块储层进行了综合评价。在此基础上,指出小断层(裂缝)发育区、缝洞发育带与溶洞群发育但相对不集中的地区,是最有利的油气勘探靶区。
Fracture-cave system in compact carbonate reservoir is a complex, inhomogeneous and nonlinear system. Detection of the fracture-cave system is a worldwide difficult problem. Fractures and caves are main reservoir space, and key criteria for reservoir evaluation, therefore, it is significant to detect them and provide guidance for petroleum exploration and exploitation. The thesis begins with feasibility analysis on detection of fractures and caves, aimed at detection method and technology as well as integrated reservoir evaluation, and by way of analysis on geological characteristics, numerical simulation, ultrasonic experiment on physical model, theoretical forward modeling, the thesis discusses seismic response characteristics of fractures and caves in reservoir. Based on above study in the thesis attempted to detect fractures and caves by multiple methods to 3D seismic data, and then discussed reservoir classification and evaluation.
According to fracture theory put forward by Hudson, the elastic parameters of EDA medium were calculated, and then the formula of the phase velocity of P-wave was determined by Christoffel equation. Numerical simulation based on above parameters indicates that velocity of P-wave has gentle anisotropy in fractured media at same time, the change of reflection coefficient is three times as much as the change of velocity resulted from the same condition of fracture density variation. Results of ultrasonic experiment on physical model testify that with the existence of fractures and caves, the value of seismic P-wave velocity and dynamic parameters decrease, and variance ratio of dynamic parameters are high two to three quantitative grade than that of velocity. The change of amplitude and frequency is bigger than that of velocity by theoretical forward modeling and wave-field characteristic analysis of fractures-caves contained on top part and inner part of buried bill. Three methods all discover that dynamic characteristic is more sensitive to fracture than kinematic characteristic. Forward modeling also indicates the wave-field characteristic of the buried hill surface is different to the characteristic of the buried hill internal phase, so amplitude is more sensitive to fracture in inner part of buried hill than that at the top part of buried hill, the center of fracture-cave zone is consistent with center of seismic response abnormity zone, combination of multiple fracture-caves generate a string of beads abnormal seismic reflection or chaotic seismic reflection characteristic, number and length of a string of beads are approximate with number of fracture-cave combination. That is to say, it is possible and feasible to detect fracture-cave system by way of seismic means in carbonate reservoir.
On the basis of above studying, we have built the new seismic detection method system of fracture-cave contained in compact carbonate reservoir. It includes wavelet frequency-divided coherence to detect fractures, the four methods to detect combination of multiple fracture-caves: synthesizing parameter method based on dynamics, waveform analysis based on kinematics, the second order directional filter and GHT method based on edge detection. Cumulative energy difference method to detect karst caves.
Data volume with different channel (or frequency band) obtained from wavelet frequency-divided is processed by coherence analysis, and high frequency coherence data is processed by wavelet decomposition and fusion. The result data clearly displaies the plane developed feature of minor fault and fracture.
Under instruction of theoretical forward modeling, multiple dynamic parameters of seismic wave are fused to directly demonstrate plane distribution of fracture-cave system. Forward modeling also testify that waveform analysis based on kinematic parameters is effective to detect fractures and caves, therefore waveform analysis method is adopted. Using the second order directional filter method and GHT method based on edge detection, they are sensitive and powerful to identify fracture-cave abnormity zone, and detection effect is satisfied. Data fusion based on principal component analysis is that the methods mentioned above are coupled to an integrated parameter, and it can exactly describe plane developed feature of fracture-cave system.
Karst cave is very important signification during reservoir evaluation. By cumulative energy difference method brought forward in this thesis, karst caves in Yijianfang formation are detected, results show that karst caves are mainly developed at the upper part of reservoir, and the plane distribution is zoning, and distribution of karst cave is mainly controlled by (paleo-) structure and fault. Detection result by this method is well consistent with drilling data, and is an innovative method.
Combined with fracture detection by using wavelet coherence, integrated detection of fracture-cave system, and result of karst cave detection, the carbonate reservoir in Yijianfang formation is classified into 4 grades, and plane distribution is divided into 5 districts. Combined with the geological production including structure and fault, to evaluate 5 districts separately. At last, it is pointed out that these are the best prospecting targets of fracture-cave developed belts, area with well developed fracture and comparatively scattered karst cave cluster.
据Hudson裂隙理论,求出EDA介质的弹性参数,应用Christoffel方程求出的地震纵波相速度表达式,在此基础上进行的数值模拟表明,在裂隙介质中,地震纵波速度只具弱的各向异性,而对于同级别的裂缝密度,反射系数的变化量是其速度变化量的3倍左右;物理模型的超声波实验结果证明了介质存在裂缝与孔洞时将降低地震波传播速度和动力学参数值,而动力学参数值的变化率比速度变化率高出2～3个数量级。通过潜山顶和内幕含缝洞的理论模型正演和波场特征分析表明,振幅和频率的变化量大于速度的变化量。三种方式都揭示了地震波的动力学特征比其运动学特征对裂隙更敏感。同时模型正演表明,潜山顶面和潜山内幕缝洞介质的波场特征不一致,振幅对内幕裂缝的敏感性远大于其对潜山面裂缝的敏感性;缝洞发育带的中心位置与地震响应异常带中心位置相对应;多个缝洞组合体产生“串珠状”异常地震反射或杂乱反射特征,串珠的个数与长度可近似地表示出缝洞组合体的个数。由此证明了对碳酸盐岩储层的缝洞系统进行地震检测不仅可能而且可行。
在上述研究基础上,建立了由小波分频相干处理进行裂缝检测;基于动力学参数综合法、基于波形态特征的波形分析法、基于边缘检测的二阶方向滤波法和广义希尔伯特变换法四种方法进行缝洞组合体检测;用“累计能量差法”进行溶洞检测所组成的致密碳酸盐岩储层缝洞检测方法体系。
小波分频处理获得不同通道(频带)的数据体再进行相干处理,并对高频相干数据进行小波分解融合,其成果高质量地展示小断层和裂缝的平面发育特征。
在理论模型正演响应的指导下,对多种地震波动力学参数进行融合,直接展示缝洞体的平面分布;通过模型正演响应证实了基于地震波形态参数的波形分析在缝洞检测上也具有明显效果,由此进行了波形分形法缝洞检测;引入并改进了以图像边缘检测理论为基础的二阶方向滤波、广义希尔伯特变换对缝洞体进行检测,它们对缝洞异常带有着较高的识别能力,获得了较好的检测效果;经过基于主成份分析的数据融合,把以上几种方法的检测结果融合成了一种综合参数,该综合参数准确地揭示了目的层缝洞的平面发育特征。
溶洞在储层评价中具有重要意义。通过本文提出的“累计能量差法”对一间房组储层溶洞进行了检测,表明该区溶洞主要发育在储层上部,平面上具有分带性。受构造、断层的控制作用明显。该方法对井分析吻合度极高,效果良好,是一种创新的溶洞检测方法。
综合小波相干裂缝检测、缝洞体综合检测和溶洞检测结果把研究区一间房组碳酸盐岩储层划分为四个等级,在平面上划分为五个区块。结合构造、断层等地质成果,对各区块储层进行了综合评价。在此基础上,指出小断层(裂缝)发育区、缝洞发育带与溶洞群发育但相对不集中的地区,是最有利的油气勘探靶区。
Fracture-cave system in compact carbonate reservoir is a complex, inhomogeneous and nonlinear system. Detection of the fracture-cave system is a worldwide difficult problem. Fractures and caves are main reservoir space, and key criteria for reservoir evaluation, therefore, it is significant to detect them and provide guidance for petroleum exploration and exploitation. The thesis begins with feasibility analysis on detection of fractures and caves, aimed at detection method and technology as well as integrated reservoir evaluation, and by way of analysis on geological characteristics, numerical simulation, ultrasonic experiment on physical model, theoretical forward modeling, the thesis discusses seismic response characteristics of fractures and caves in reservoir. Based on above study in the thesis attempted to detect fractures and caves by multiple methods to 3D seismic data, and then discussed reservoir classification and evaluation.
According to fracture theory put forward by Hudson, the elastic parameters of EDA medium were calculated, and then the formula of the phase velocity of P-wave was determined by Christoffel equation. Numerical simulation based on above parameters indicates that velocity of P-wave has gentle anisotropy in fractured media at same time, the change of reflection coefficient is three times as much as the change of velocity resulted from the same condition of fracture density variation. Results of ultrasonic experiment on physical model testify that with the existence of fractures and caves, the value of seismic P-wave velocity and dynamic parameters decrease, and variance ratio of dynamic parameters are high two to three quantitative grade than that of velocity. The change of amplitude and frequency is bigger than that of velocity by theoretical forward modeling and wave-field characteristic analysis of fractures-caves contained on top part and inner part of buried bill. Three methods all discover that dynamic characteristic is more sensitive to fracture than kinematic characteristic. Forward modeling also indicates the wave-field characteristic of the buried hill surface is different to the characteristic of the buried hill internal phase, so amplitude is more sensitive to fracture in inner part of buried hill than that at the top part of buried hill, the center of fracture-cave zone is consistent with center of seismic response abnormity zone, combination of multiple fracture-caves generate a string of beads abnormal seismic reflection or chaotic seismic reflection characteristic, number and length of a string of beads are approximate with number of fracture-cave combination. That is to say, it is possible and feasible to detect fracture-cave system by way of seismic means in carbonate reservoir.
On the basis of above studying, we have built the new seismic detection method system of fracture-cave contained in compact carbonate reservoir. It includes wavelet frequency-divided coherence to detect fractures, the four methods to detect combination of multiple fracture-caves: synthesizing parameter method based on dynamics, waveform analysis based on kinematics, the second order directional filter and GHT method based on edge detection. Cumulative energy difference method to detect karst caves.
Data volume with different channel (or frequency band) obtained from wavelet frequency-divided is processed by coherence analysis, and high frequency coherence data is processed by wavelet decomposition and fusion. The result data clearly displaies the plane developed feature of minor fault and fracture.
Under instruction of theoretical forward modeling, multiple dynamic parameters of seismic wave are fused to directly demonstrate plane distribution of fracture-cave system. Forward modeling also testify that waveform analysis based on kinematic parameters is effective to detect fractures and caves, therefore waveform analysis method is adopted. Using the second order directional filter method and GHT method based on edge detection, they are sensitive and powerful to identify fracture-cave abnormity zone, and detection effect is satisfied. Data fusion based on principal component analysis is that the methods mentioned above are coupled to an integrated parameter, and it can exactly describe plane developed feature of fracture-cave system.
Karst cave is very important signification during reservoir evaluation. By cumulative energy difference method brought forward in this thesis, karst caves in Yijianfang formation are detected, results show that karst caves are mainly developed at the upper part of reservoir, and the plane distribution is zoning, and distribution of karst cave is mainly controlled by (paleo-) structure and fault. Detection result by this method is well consistent with drilling data, and is an innovative method.
Combined with fracture detection by using wavelet coherence, integrated detection of fracture-cave system, and result of karst cave detection, the carbonate reservoir in Yijianfang formation is classified into 4 grades, and plane distribution is divided into 5 districts. Combined with the geological production including structure and fault, to evaluate 5 districts separately. At last, it is pointed out that these are the best prospecting targets of fracture-cave developed belts, area with well developed fracture and comparatively scattered karst cave cluster.
引文
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