脉冲Nd:YAG激光照射预防正畸托槽周围釉质脱矿的实验研究
|
摘要
目的:通过离体牙模拟实验,探讨应用脉冲Nd:YAG激光照射对预防正畸托槽周围牙釉质脱矿的作用。并检测其对托槽粘接强度的影响,为此方法应用于临床的可行性提供理论依据。
方法:实验一 脉冲Nd:YAG激光照射对托槽周围釉质脱矿的影响。选用因正畸需要拔除的健康前磨牙50颗,随机分为五组,每组10颗。A_0组:为对照组,常规京津釉质粘接剂粘接金属托槽;A_1组:托槽粘接之前采用激光照射(不涂增效剂);A_2组:托槽粘接之前采用激光照射(涂增效剂);B_1组:托槽粘接之后采用激光照射(不涂增效剂);B_2组:托槽粘接之后采用激光照射(涂增效剂)。通过脱矿实验检测脱矿液中的釉质钙溶出量,确定激光照射对托槽周围牙釉质抗酸性的影响及激光增效剂的作用。并用扫描电镜观察激光照射后离体人牙釉质表面的结构变化及釉质表面与粘接剂的结合情况。
实验二 脉冲Nd:YAG激光照射釉质对托槽抗剪切强度的影响。选用因正畸需要拔除的健康前磨牙60颗,随机分为六组,每组10颗。A_0-A_2组使用京津釉质粘接剂粘接金属托槽。A_0组:为对照组,常规粘接金属托槽;A_1组:托槽粘接之前采用激光照射;A_2组:托槽粘接之后采用激光照射。B_0-B_2组采用自酸蚀光固化粘接剂粘接托槽。B_0组:为对照组,常规粘接金属托槽;B_1组:托槽粘接之前采用激光照射;B_2组:托槽粘接之后采用激光照射。对所有实验样本进行了托槽抗剪切强度的测试,并对每个牙的粘接剂残留指数进行评定。
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation on resistance of enamel to demineralization during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, and also to evaluate the influence on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.Methods: Part one: Effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on resistance of enamel to demineralization. Fifty human posterior teeth with intact enamel were collected after extraction. They were randomly assigned to 5 groups of 10 each. The stainless steel brackets were applied to the teeth by the following methos. Group A0: The brackets were bonded with jing-jin enamel adhesive , following the manufacturer s instructions. The teeth in group A1 and group A2 were lased before bracket placement . The teeth in group B1 and group B2 were lased after bracket placement . The teeth in group A2 and group B2 were daubed with enhencer before laser treatment. Then all samples were immersed in lactic acid demineralization solutions and the concentration of Ca2+ dissolved in the solution was measured. The enamel surface morphology and the interface between emamel and adhesive were observed with the scanning electron microscope.Part two: Effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets: Sixty human posterior teeth with intact enamel were collected after extraction. They were randomly assigned to 6 groups of 10 each. The stainless steel brackets were applied to the teeth by the following methos. In group A0-A2 The brackets were bonded with jing-jin enamel adhesive , following the manufacturers instructions. In group B0-B2 The brackets were bonded with self-etching primer +Transbond . The teeth in group A1 and group B1 were lased before bracket placement. The teeth in group A2 and group B2 were lased after bracket placement. The universal testing machine was used to test the shear
bond strength of each tooth. After debonding, the adhesive remnant index was scored for each tooth.Results: 1. Laser irradiation decreased the Ca2+ concentration in demineralization solution (P<.05).2. The initiator plus laser decreased the Ca2+ release of enamel samples more than the laser only group (P<.05).3. No significant differences were found between the Ca2+ concentration in the group lased before bracket placement and that in the group lased after bracket placement.4. Laser treatment altered the enamel surface morphology observed with the scanning electron microscope.5. No significant differences were found between bond strengths of brackets in the group lased before or after bracket placement and that in the control group .6. There was no statistically significant differences between the mean ARI score for the treated groups.Conclution: 1. Laser irradiation may reduce the enamel decalcification that is often seen during fixed appliance treatment. The enamel surface can be lased before or after bracket placement.2. The initiator can increase the ability of Nd.YAG laser to confer demineralization resistance on enamel.3. Nd:YAG laser irradiation of enamel before bracket bonding has no effect on subsequent bond strength.Zhuyan (Orthodontics) Directed by: Liuxinqiang
方法:实验一 脉冲Nd:YAG激光照射对托槽周围釉质脱矿的影响。选用因正畸需要拔除的健康前磨牙50颗,随机分为五组,每组10颗。A_0组:为对照组,常规京津釉质粘接剂粘接金属托槽;A_1组:托槽粘接之前采用激光照射(不涂增效剂);A_2组:托槽粘接之前采用激光照射(涂增效剂);B_1组:托槽粘接之后采用激光照射(不涂增效剂);B_2组:托槽粘接之后采用激光照射(涂增效剂)。通过脱矿实验检测脱矿液中的釉质钙溶出量,确定激光照射对托槽周围牙釉质抗酸性的影响及激光增效剂的作用。并用扫描电镜观察激光照射后离体人牙釉质表面的结构变化及釉质表面与粘接剂的结合情况。
实验二 脉冲Nd:YAG激光照射釉质对托槽抗剪切强度的影响。选用因正畸需要拔除的健康前磨牙60颗,随机分为六组,每组10颗。A_0-A_2组使用京津釉质粘接剂粘接金属托槽。A_0组:为对照组,常规粘接金属托槽;A_1组:托槽粘接之前采用激光照射;A_2组:托槽粘接之后采用激光照射。B_0-B_2组采用自酸蚀光固化粘接剂粘接托槽。B_0组:为对照组,常规粘接金属托槽;B_1组:托槽粘接之前采用激光照射;B_2组:托槽粘接之后采用激光照射。对所有实验样本进行了托槽抗剪切强度的测试,并对每个牙的粘接剂残留指数进行评定。
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation on resistance of enamel to demineralization during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, and also to evaluate the influence on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.Methods: Part one: Effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on resistance of enamel to demineralization. Fifty human posterior teeth with intact enamel were collected after extraction. They were randomly assigned to 5 groups of 10 each. The stainless steel brackets were applied to the teeth by the following methos. Group A0: The brackets were bonded with jing-jin enamel adhesive , following the manufacturer s instructions. The teeth in group A1 and group A2 were lased before bracket placement . The teeth in group B1 and group B2 were lased after bracket placement . The teeth in group A2 and group B2 were daubed with enhencer before laser treatment. Then all samples were immersed in lactic acid demineralization solutions and the concentration of Ca2+ dissolved in the solution was measured. The enamel surface morphology and the interface between emamel and adhesive were observed with the scanning electron microscope.Part two: Effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets: Sixty human posterior teeth with intact enamel were collected after extraction. They were randomly assigned to 6 groups of 10 each. The stainless steel brackets were applied to the teeth by the following methos. In group A0-A2 The brackets were bonded with jing-jin enamel adhesive , following the manufacturers instructions. In group B0-B2 The brackets were bonded with self-etching primer +Transbond . The teeth in group A1 and group B1 were lased before bracket placement. The teeth in group A2 and group B2 were lased after bracket placement. The universal testing machine was used to test the shear
bond strength of each tooth. After debonding, the adhesive remnant index was scored for each tooth.Results: 1. Laser irradiation decreased the Ca2+ concentration in demineralization solution (P<.05).2. The initiator plus laser decreased the Ca2+ release of enamel samples more than the laser only group (P<.05).3. No significant differences were found between the Ca2+ concentration in the group lased before bracket placement and that in the group lased after bracket placement.4. Laser treatment altered the enamel surface morphology observed with the scanning electron microscope.5. No significant differences were found between bond strengths of brackets in the group lased before or after bracket placement and that in the control group .6. There was no statistically significant differences between the mean ARI score for the treated groups.Conclution: 1. Laser irradiation may reduce the enamel decalcification that is often seen during fixed appliance treatment. The enamel surface can be lased before or after bracket placement.2. The initiator can increase the ability of Nd.YAG laser to confer demineralization resistance on enamel.3. Nd:YAG laser irradiation of enamel before bracket bonding has no effect on subsequent bond strength.Zhuyan (Orthodontics) Directed by: Liuxinqiang
引文
1 Gorelick L, Geiger AM, Gwinnett AJ;Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding, Am J Orthod 1982, 81: 93
2 Mizrahi E: Enamel demineralization following arthodontic brackets to dental enamel, Br Dent J 1969, 127: 371
3 φgaard B: Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-year-olds: a study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment, Am J Orthod 1989, 96: 423
4 Zachrisson Bu, Zachrisson S: Caries incident and oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment, Scand J Dent Res 1971, 79: 394
5 胡纬,王勤,傅民魁.口腔正畸固定矫治器应用中牙釉质脱矿的临床调查.口腔正畸学杂志,2001:8:51-54
6 张举之,主编,口腔内科学,北京:人民卫生出版社,1995.39-40
7 Chatterjee R, Kleinberg I.Effect of orthodontic band placement on the chemical composition of human incisor teeth plaque. Archs Oral Bioi, 1979, 24: 97-100.
8 Buonocore MG, Vezin JC: orthodontic fluoride protection, J Clin Orthod 1980, 14: 321
9 Frazier MC, Southard TE, Doster Pm,.Prevention of enamel demineralization during othodontic treatment: an in vitro study using pit and fissure sealants. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996, 110(5): 459
10 Mc Court JW, Cooley RL, Barnwell S: Bond strength of light-cure fluoride-releasing base-liners as orthodontic bracket adhesives, Am J Orthod 1991, 100: 47
11 Banks PA, Burn A, O' Brien K.A clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of including fluoride into an orthodontic bonding adhesive.Eur J Orthod. 1997, 19(4): 391.
12 Meng CL, Li CH, Wang WN.Bond strength with APF applied after acid etching. Am J Orthop. 1998, 114(5): 510
13 Fejersko O, ThylstrupA, Joost-Larsen M: Rational use of fluorides in caries prerention: a concept based on possible cariostatic mechanism, Acta Odontol Scand 1981, 39: 241
14 Silverstone LM: The affect of fluofride in the remineralization of enamel caries and caries-like lesions in vitro, J Pullic Health Dent 1982, 42: 42
15 Rolla G: Effects of fluoride on initation of plague formation, Caries Res 1977, 11: 243
16 Morioka T, Tagomori S, Oho T. Acid resistance of laser human enamel with Erbium: YAG laser.J Clin Laser Med Surg, 1991, June: 215
17 Rohanizadeh R, LeGeros RZ, Fan D, et al. Ultrastrural properties of laser-irradiated and heat-treated dentin. J Dent Res, 1999, 78(12): 1829
18 Yu DG;Kimura Y, Fujita A, et al. Study on acid resistence of human dental enamel and dentin irradiated by semiconductor laser with Ag(NH_3)_2F solution. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2001, Jun;19(3): 141
19 Von Faunhofer JA, Allen DJ.Thermal effects associated with the Nd: YAG dental laser,.Angle Orthod, 1993, 63(4): 299
20 Stem RH, Sognnaes RF. Laser inhibition of dental caries suggested by first test in vivo. JADA 1972, 85: 1087
21. Kawasaki K, Tanaka Y, Takagi O.Crystallographic analysis of demineralized human enamel treated by laser-irradiation or reminera lization.Arch Oral Biol, 2000, 45,(9): 797-804
22 黄少军 临床激光治疗学.天津科教学技术出版社,1996,9
23 Stem RH, Sognnaes RF;Laser effect on dental hard tissue.JS CalifDent Assoc 1965, 33: 17-19
24 Stem RH, Vahl J, Sognnaes Rh;Laser effect: Ultra-sfructural observation of pulse carbon dioxide laser effects J Dent Res 1972, 51: 455-460
25 Yamamoto HY, Sato K, Prevention of dental caries by Nd: YAG laser irradiation.J Dent Res 1980, 59: 2171-2177
26 Kantorowitz, Featherstone JDB, Fried D: Caries prevention by CO_2 laser treatment: dependercy on the number of pulses used. JADA, Vol 1988, 129: 585-591
27 Nelson DGA, Wefel JS, Jongebloed WL, et al: Morphology, histology, and crystallography of human dental enamel treated with pulsed low-energy infared laser radiation. Caries Res 1987, 21: 411-426
28 S.Tagomor, T.Morioka: Combined Effects of Laser and Fluoride on Acid Resistance of Human Dental Enamel.Caries Res 1989;23: 225-231.
29 吴奇光.口腔组织病理学(第三版).北京:人民卫生出版社,1993,1-5.
30 Truin GJ, van't Hof MA, Kalsbeek H, Frencken JE, Konig KG: Secular trends of caries prevalence in 6-and 12-yr old Dutch children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1993, 21: 249-252
31 Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Kinura Y, et al. Effect of pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiate on acid demineralization of enamel and dentin. J Clin Laser Med Surg, 2001, 19(2): 105-108
32 Bahar A, Tagomori S. The effect of pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiation on pits and fissures in human.Caries Res, 1994, 28: 460
33 Huang GF, Lan WH, Guo MK, et al. Synergistic effect of Nd: YAG laser combined with fluoride varnish on inhibition of caries formation in dental pits and fissures in vitro. J Formos Med Assoc, 2001, 100(3): 181
34 Wigdor HA. Laser in dentisty. Laser Surg Med. 1995, 16(2): 103
35 In vitro study of the Nd: YAG laser on human dental: optical and scanning electron microscope analysis pelino, J-Clin-med-surg, 1999, 17(4): 171-7
36 仇新全,李学祥,顾锡荣.激光封闭牙体修复物边缘,见:顾锡荣,徐国祥.激光口腔、颌面外科学.广州市:广东科技出版社,1995,115
37 Tagomori S, Iwase T.Ultrastructral change of emamel exposed to a normal pulsed Nd: YAG laser.Caries Res, 1995, 29: 513
38 Adrian JC, et al. JADA 1971, 83: 113-117
39 Ito K, Nishikeate J, Mural S. Effects of Nd: YAG laser irradiation on removal of root surface smear layer after root planning: a scanning electron microscopic study. J Periodontol, 1993, 64: 547-552
40 陈新梅,肖明振,丁蓉民.Nd:YAG激光照射对大鼠牙髓的影响.牙体牙髓牙周病杂志,1996,6(1):7
41 Zach L, Cohen G. Pulp respone to externally applied heat. Oral Surg Oral Path, 1965, 19: 515-30
42 Ma T, Marangoni RD, Flint W. In vitro comparison of debonding force and intrapulpal temperature changes during ceramic orthodontic bracket removal using carbon dioxide laser. Am J Othod Dentofacial Orthop, 1977, 111: 203-10
43 Powell GL, Whisenant BK, Morton TH, Carbon dioxide laser oral safety parameters for teeth, Laser Surg Med, 1990, 10: 389
44 张树华,李宏毅,罗桂云,等.山东医科大学出版社,1987,19(4):23747650009
45 Spizer D, Bosch JT. The absorption and scattering of light in bovine and human dental enamel, Calcif Tissue Res, 1975, 17(2): 129
46 Pick RM, Using lasers in clinical dental practice. J Am Dent Assoc, 1993, 124(2): 37
47 李新华,怀素芳,郭庆林等.激光对牙齿作用的实验研究.激光杂志,1999,20,(6)70-71
48 Kimura Y, Wilder-Smith P, Arrastia-Jitosho AM, et al, Effect of nanosecond pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiation on dentin resistance to artifical caries-like lesions, Lasers Surg Med, 1997, 20(1): 15
49 张莉,刘鲁川.增效剂对脉冲Nd:YAG激光提高人牙齿抗酸性能的影响2005.21(2):242
50 Travis Q, Richard J, Mark E, et al, Effect of argon Laser irradiation on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets: An in vitro study. Am J Orthod, 2000, 118(3): 274-279
51 Bishara SE, et al. Evaluation of a new light-cured orthodontic bonding adhensive. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1998, 114: 80-7
52 Cook P.A. Direct bonding with glass ionomer cement, J Clin Orthod. 1990, 24: 509-11
53 Matos AB, Oliveira DC, Navarro RS, et al. J Clin Laser Med Surg, 2000, 18(5): 253-257
54 温秀杰,刘鲁川,史宇等脉冲Nd:YAG激光对复合树脂与牙体硬组织密合度的影响.牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志,2004,14(7):386-389.
55 Wright WL, Power JM, In vitro tensile bone strength of reconditioned brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop, 1985, 87(3): 247.
56 Redd TB, Shivapuja PK: Debonding ceramic brackers: effects on enamal. J Clin Orthod 1991, 25: 475
2 Mizrahi E: Enamel demineralization following arthodontic brackets to dental enamel, Br Dent J 1969, 127: 371
3 φgaard B: Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-year-olds: a study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment, Am J Orthod 1989, 96: 423
4 Zachrisson Bu, Zachrisson S: Caries incident and oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment, Scand J Dent Res 1971, 79: 394
5 胡纬,王勤,傅民魁.口腔正畸固定矫治器应用中牙釉质脱矿的临床调查.口腔正畸学杂志,2001:8:51-54
6 张举之,主编,口腔内科学,北京:人民卫生出版社,1995.39-40
7 Chatterjee R, Kleinberg I.Effect of orthodontic band placement on the chemical composition of human incisor teeth plaque. Archs Oral Bioi, 1979, 24: 97-100.
8 Buonocore MG, Vezin JC: orthodontic fluoride protection, J Clin Orthod 1980, 14: 321
9 Frazier MC, Southard TE, Doster Pm,.Prevention of enamel demineralization during othodontic treatment: an in vitro study using pit and fissure sealants. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996, 110(5): 459
10 Mc Court JW, Cooley RL, Barnwell S: Bond strength of light-cure fluoride-releasing base-liners as orthodontic bracket adhesives, Am J Orthod 1991, 100: 47
11 Banks PA, Burn A, O' Brien K.A clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of including fluoride into an orthodontic bonding adhesive.Eur J Orthod. 1997, 19(4): 391.
12 Meng CL, Li CH, Wang WN.Bond strength with APF applied after acid etching. Am J Orthop. 1998, 114(5): 510
13 Fejersko O, ThylstrupA, Joost-Larsen M: Rational use of fluorides in caries prerention: a concept based on possible cariostatic mechanism, Acta Odontol Scand 1981, 39: 241
14 Silverstone LM: The affect of fluofride in the remineralization of enamel caries and caries-like lesions in vitro, J Pullic Health Dent 1982, 42: 42
15 Rolla G: Effects of fluoride on initation of plague formation, Caries Res 1977, 11: 243
16 Morioka T, Tagomori S, Oho T. Acid resistance of laser human enamel with Erbium: YAG laser.J Clin Laser Med Surg, 1991, June: 215
17 Rohanizadeh R, LeGeros RZ, Fan D, et al. Ultrastrural properties of laser-irradiated and heat-treated dentin. J Dent Res, 1999, 78(12): 1829
18 Yu DG;Kimura Y, Fujita A, et al. Study on acid resistence of human dental enamel and dentin irradiated by semiconductor laser with Ag(NH_3)_2F solution. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2001, Jun;19(3): 141
19 Von Faunhofer JA, Allen DJ.Thermal effects associated with the Nd: YAG dental laser,.Angle Orthod, 1993, 63(4): 299
20 Stem RH, Sognnaes RF. Laser inhibition of dental caries suggested by first test in vivo. JADA 1972, 85: 1087
21. Kawasaki K, Tanaka Y, Takagi O.Crystallographic analysis of demineralized human enamel treated by laser-irradiation or reminera lization.Arch Oral Biol, 2000, 45,(9): 797-804
22 黄少军 临床激光治疗学.天津科教学技术出版社,1996,9
23 Stem RH, Sognnaes RF;Laser effect on dental hard tissue.JS CalifDent Assoc 1965, 33: 17-19
24 Stem RH, Vahl J, Sognnaes Rh;Laser effect: Ultra-sfructural observation of pulse carbon dioxide laser effects J Dent Res 1972, 51: 455-460
25 Yamamoto HY, Sato K, Prevention of dental caries by Nd: YAG laser irradiation.J Dent Res 1980, 59: 2171-2177
26 Kantorowitz, Featherstone JDB, Fried D: Caries prevention by CO_2 laser treatment: dependercy on the number of pulses used. JADA, Vol 1988, 129: 585-591
27 Nelson DGA, Wefel JS, Jongebloed WL, et al: Morphology, histology, and crystallography of human dental enamel treated with pulsed low-energy infared laser radiation. Caries Res 1987, 21: 411-426
28 S.Tagomor, T.Morioka: Combined Effects of Laser and Fluoride on Acid Resistance of Human Dental Enamel.Caries Res 1989;23: 225-231.
29 吴奇光.口腔组织病理学(第三版).北京:人民卫生出版社,1993,1-5.
30 Truin GJ, van't Hof MA, Kalsbeek H, Frencken JE, Konig KG: Secular trends of caries prevalence in 6-and 12-yr old Dutch children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1993, 21: 249-252
31 Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Kinura Y, et al. Effect of pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiate on acid demineralization of enamel and dentin. J Clin Laser Med Surg, 2001, 19(2): 105-108
32 Bahar A, Tagomori S. The effect of pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiation on pits and fissures in human.Caries Res, 1994, 28: 460
33 Huang GF, Lan WH, Guo MK, et al. Synergistic effect of Nd: YAG laser combined with fluoride varnish on inhibition of caries formation in dental pits and fissures in vitro. J Formos Med Assoc, 2001, 100(3): 181
34 Wigdor HA. Laser in dentisty. Laser Surg Med. 1995, 16(2): 103
35 In vitro study of the Nd: YAG laser on human dental: optical and scanning electron microscope analysis pelino, J-Clin-med-surg, 1999, 17(4): 171-7
36 仇新全,李学祥,顾锡荣.激光封闭牙体修复物边缘,见:顾锡荣,徐国祥.激光口腔、颌面外科学.广州市:广东科技出版社,1995,115
37 Tagomori S, Iwase T.Ultrastructral change of emamel exposed to a normal pulsed Nd: YAG laser.Caries Res, 1995, 29: 513
38 Adrian JC, et al. JADA 1971, 83: 113-117
39 Ito K, Nishikeate J, Mural S. Effects of Nd: YAG laser irradiation on removal of root surface smear layer after root planning: a scanning electron microscopic study. J Periodontol, 1993, 64: 547-552
40 陈新梅,肖明振,丁蓉民.Nd:YAG激光照射对大鼠牙髓的影响.牙体牙髓牙周病杂志,1996,6(1):7
41 Zach L, Cohen G. Pulp respone to externally applied heat. Oral Surg Oral Path, 1965, 19: 515-30
42 Ma T, Marangoni RD, Flint W. In vitro comparison of debonding force and intrapulpal temperature changes during ceramic orthodontic bracket removal using carbon dioxide laser. Am J Othod Dentofacial Orthop, 1977, 111: 203-10
43 Powell GL, Whisenant BK, Morton TH, Carbon dioxide laser oral safety parameters for teeth, Laser Surg Med, 1990, 10: 389
44 张树华,李宏毅,罗桂云,等.山东医科大学出版社,1987,19(4):23747650009
45 Spizer D, Bosch JT. The absorption and scattering of light in bovine and human dental enamel, Calcif Tissue Res, 1975, 17(2): 129
46 Pick RM, Using lasers in clinical dental practice. J Am Dent Assoc, 1993, 124(2): 37
47 李新华,怀素芳,郭庆林等.激光对牙齿作用的实验研究.激光杂志,1999,20,(6)70-71
48 Kimura Y, Wilder-Smith P, Arrastia-Jitosho AM, et al, Effect of nanosecond pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiation on dentin resistance to artifical caries-like lesions, Lasers Surg Med, 1997, 20(1): 15
49 张莉,刘鲁川.增效剂对脉冲Nd:YAG激光提高人牙齿抗酸性能的影响2005.21(2):242
50 Travis Q, Richard J, Mark E, et al, Effect of argon Laser irradiation on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets: An in vitro study. Am J Orthod, 2000, 118(3): 274-279
51 Bishara SE, et al. Evaluation of a new light-cured orthodontic bonding adhensive. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1998, 114: 80-7
52 Cook P.A. Direct bonding with glass ionomer cement, J Clin Orthod. 1990, 24: 509-11
53 Matos AB, Oliveira DC, Navarro RS, et al. J Clin Laser Med Surg, 2000, 18(5): 253-257
54 温秀杰,刘鲁川,史宇等脉冲Nd:YAG激光对复合树脂与牙体硬组织密合度的影响.牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志,2004,14(7):386-389.
55 Wright WL, Power JM, In vitro tensile bone strength of reconditioned brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop, 1985, 87(3): 247.
56 Redd TB, Shivapuja PK: Debonding ceramic brackers: effects on enamal. J Clin Orthod 1991, 25: 475