加强心脏直视手术心肌保护作用的研究
摘要
本实验在离体大鼠心脏灌流模型上，探讨了心肌在缺血再灌注时的损伤机理，观察了左心室功能、心肌钙离子含量、心肌细胞超微结构的改变和酶释放的变化；同时比较了1.6-二磷酸果糖[FDP]和硫甲丙脯酸[CAP]对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用，实验分为六组，每组8只大鼠心脏。1．对照组：心脏在常温下(37±0.5℃)停搏20分钟，然后再灌注35分钟；2．再灌开始给药组(共二组)：在再灌注液中分别加FDP和CAP；3．缺血开始给药组(共三组)：在缺血开始分别给FDP和CAP及FDP+CAP，实验结果发现：对照组再灌注期心功能明显受到损伤，且心脏舒张功能改变较其收缩功能的改变出现早而明显；细胞内钙离子超负荷；LDH释放增加，再灌注期给药，FDP对左室收缩功能指标呈负性反应，保护心肌效果明显比CAP差(P＜0.05)。CAP在再灌注期或缺血开始给药，两组对心肌均有非常显著保护效果(P＜0.01)，两组之间相比较无显著差别，而在缺血开始给药FDP保护心肌效果明显提高，不仅明显优于再灌注期间给药组，而且非常显著优于CAP两组(P＜0.01)。心肌超微结构，心肌细胞酶LDH释放和心肌细胞钙离子含量亦呈一致性反应。实验结果表明：1．FDP和CAP对缺血心肌和再灌注损伤均有保护效果，但FDP仅在缺氧开始给药，才能充分发挥其效应；FDP和CAP二者联合用药对缺血心肌的保护和防止再灌注损伤比单一用药有更大
Experimental study of protective effects of Fructose -1.6-Diphosphate (FDP) and Captopril(CAP) on myocardial ischemial reperfusion injury.
utilizing the isolated perfused working rat heart model, the mechanism and protective effects of myocardial ischemial reperfusion injury on left ventricular function, myocardial ca~(?) content, lactic dehydrogenase[LDH) and myocardial ultrastructure were studied. There were six groups for study and 8 rat heart in each group in this experiment: (1) control group: Cardial arrest for 20 min under normothrmal(37±0.5℃) and reperfusion for 35 min; (2) Grorp of drug administration during the reperfusion: There Were two subgroup, in this groups, FDP_1(perfusate Contained FDP)and CAP_1(perfusate containced Captopril.) (3) Group of drug administration from the beginning of ischemia There were three subgroups in this group, namely FDP_2. CAP_2 and FDP_2 + CAP_2. In these subgroups the drugs above-mentioned added to the perfusate respectively.The results showed: In the control group, the cardiac function deteriorated significantly, the change of left ventricular function in diastolic phase was earlier and more obvious than that in the systolic phase. The myocardial ca~(?) content and the LDH release increased significantly, in the subgroup FDP, the index of left ventricle contraction were nective reaction. The Protective effecf of FDP on myocardium was lowere than that of CAP. in subgroup CAP_1 as well as in CAP_2. In these two CAP subgroups the significant protective effect on myocardium was observed and there was no significant difference between them. The more significant protective effect on myocardial uitrastructure. LDH resease and ca~(?) content appeared in the subgroup FDP_2 and the result in subgroup FDP_2 was better than that not only in subgroup FDP_1 but also in subgroup CAP_1 and CAP_2. Results indicated: 1. FDP and CAP could signficatly reduce the reperfusion injury, but, the much protective effect of FDP was only administered at the beginning of ischemia other than of reperfusion. Administration of FDP Combined With CAP could provide better Protective effects during the period of the ischemia. 2. myocardial reperfusion injury was related directly to the myocardial ischemis injury. Improving anoxia Could Play an important role in preventing reperfusion injury.
Experimental study of protective effects of Fructose -1.6-Diphosphate (FDP) and Captopril(CAP) on myocardial ischemial reperfusion injury.
utilizing the isolated perfused working rat heart model, the mechanism and protective effects of myocardial ischemial reperfusion injury on left ventricular function, myocardial ca~(?) content, lactic dehydrogenase[LDH) and myocardial ultrastructure were studied. There were six groups for study and 8 rat heart in each group in this experiment: (1) control group: Cardial arrest for 20 min under normothrmal(37±0.5℃) and reperfusion for 35 min; (2) Grorp of drug administration during the reperfusion: There Were two subgroup, in this groups, FDP_1(perfusate Contained FDP)and CAP_1(perfusate containced Captopril.) (3) Group of drug administration from the beginning of ischemia There were three subgroups in this group, namely FDP_2. CAP_2 and FDP_2 + CAP_2. In these subgroups the drugs above-mentioned added to the perfusate respectively.The results showed: In the control group, the cardiac function deteriorated significantly, the change of left ventricular function in diastolic phase was earlier and more obvious than that in the systolic phase. The myocardial ca~(?) content and the LDH release increased significantly, in the subgroup FDP, the index of left ventricle contraction were nective reaction. The Protective effecf of FDP on myocardium was lowere than that of CAP. in subgroup CAP_1 as well as in CAP_2. In these two CAP subgroups the significant protective effect on myocardium was observed and there was no significant difference between them. The more significant protective effect on myocardial uitrastructure. LDH resease and ca~(?) content appeared in the subgroup FDP_2 and the result in subgroup FDP_2 was better than that not only in subgroup FDP_1 but also in subgroup CAP_1 and CAP_2. Results indicated: 1. FDP and CAP could signficatly reduce the reperfusion injury, but, the much protective effect of FDP was only administered at the beginning of ischemia other than of reperfusion. Administration of FDP Combined With CAP could provide better Protective effects during the period of the ischemia. 2. myocardial reperfusion injury was related directly to the myocardial ischemis injury. Improving anoxia Could Play an important role in preventing reperfusion injury.
引文
1. Melrose DG, et al. lancet 1955; 2: 21.
2. Gay WA, et al. Surgery 1973; 74: 184.
3, Follette DM, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76: 604.
4. Cunninghan JN, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979;78: 708.
5. Fcindel CM, et al. J Thorac cardiovasc Surg 1984; 87: 509.
6. Kitakaze M, et al. Circulation 1988; 77: 685.
7. Yamamoto F, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 31: 369.
8. Kramer JH, et al. Circ Res 1984; 55: 120.
9. Hess ML, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1981; 13: 767.
10. Lichtenstein SV. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 101: 269.
11. Lichtenstein SV. et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 455.
12．陈元恒，等．中华胸心血管外科杂志(增刊号)1990；6：90．
13．俞世强，等．中华医学杂志 1993；7：416．
14. Ambrosio G. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1987; 19: 953.
15．郭兆贵，等．中国药理学报 1986；7：243．
16. Ahmed SS, et al. Circulation 1974; 50(Suppl): Ⅲ213.
17. Weiss JL, et al. J Clin Invest 1976; 58: 751.
18．唐朝松，等．北京医科大学学报，1997；6：369．
19. Watts R, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984; 88: 863.
20. Berediot R, et al. Biochemical pharmacology 1986; 35: 1764,
21. Willem W. Circulation 1988; 77(Suppl): 30.
22. Philiphe M, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 47: 939.
23. Bolli R, Circulation 1990; 82:723.
24. Desmend J, et al. Circ Res 1989; 65(1): 83.
25. Cohti VR, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 78: 577.
26. Engelman RM, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 79: 705.
27. Barnar HB, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 28: 509.
28. Vinten-Johansen J, et al. Am Thorac Surg 1987; 44: 66.
29．朱平，等．中华胸心血管外科杂志 1992；8：51．
30．李彤，等．北京医科大学学报 1992；增刊：62．
31. Watkins, WD, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982;84: 250.
32. Plachetka JR, et al. Ann Thorac surg 1980; 30: 58.
33．高华，等．胸心血管外科杂志 1986；2：174．
34. Przyklenk K. J Am Heart 1991; 121: 174。
35．任雨笙，等．第四军医大学学报 1992；13(6)：450．
36. Bradford. Anal Biochem 1976; 72: 248.
37. Iarse AVD, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1979; 11: 501.
38. Adams PX, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978;75: 564.
39. Fish RL, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 23: 58.
40. Suaudeau J. et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc surg 1982;84: 886.
41. Kaul TK, et al. J Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 30: 322.
42. Burton KP, et al. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: 776.
43. de Tong JW, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1986; 42: 593.
44. Carafdi E. J Mol Coll Cardiol 1985; 17(3): 203.
45. Masto T, et al. Circulation Res 1989; 65: 1045.
46. Bernard WF, et al. Ann Surg 1961; 153: 43.
47. Buckerg GD, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977;73: 87.
48. Megovern GJ, et al. Circulation 1982;66(Suppl 1): 60.
49. Macknight AD, et al. Physiol Rev 1977; 57:510.
50. Rosenkranz ER, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982;84: 667.
51. Tech KH, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986; 91: 888.
52. Reimer KA, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1981; 13: 229.
53. Swain JL, et al. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: H818.
54. Sakai T, et al. J Physiology 1985; 361: 361.
55. Lichtenstein SV. et al. J Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 6: 278.
56. Tomas A, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 245.
57. Benson B, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55: 301.
58. Stwart HW, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 56: 1228.
59. Yan TM, et al. Circulation 1991; 841(Suppl 5): Ⅲ380.
60. Murry CE, et al. Circulation 1986; 74: 112.
1. Hess MI. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1981; 13: 767.
2. Koster JF, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1985; 17: 701. r
3. Kramer JH. et al. Circ Res 1984; 55: 120.
4. Przyklenk K, et al. Circ Res 1986; 58: 148.
5. Zweier JL, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 1404.
6. Baker JE, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 2786.
7. Chamers DE, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1985; 17:145.
8. Daly MJ, et al. J Mol Cell Cadiol 1985; 17: 457.
9. Jarash E. et al. Cell 1981; 25: 67.
10. Donway LJ,et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1987; 19:1053.
11. Cram CM, et al. Am J physiol 1987; 252: H368.
12. Terada LS. et al. Am J physiol 1991: 260: H133.
13. Muxfeldt M. Basic Res Cardiol 1987; 82: 286.
14. Babier BM. J Clin Invest 1984; 73: 599,
15. Dantone. JC, et al. Am J Pathol 1982; 107(3): 394.
16. Dreyer WJ, et al. Circ Res 1989; 65: 1751.
17. Kraemer R. et al. Cardiovasc Res 1991; 25: 172.
18. Warthen GS, et al. Science 1989; 245: 183.
19. Boli R, et al. Cardiovasc Res 1983; 17: 274.
20. Simpson PJ, et al. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 129.
21. Turreas JF, et al. Biochem J 1980; 191: 421.
22. Shlafer M. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1987: 19: 1195.
23. Ferrari R, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1985; 17: 937.
24. Dtani H. et al. Circ Res 1984; 55: 168.
25. Kates RA, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 85: 278.
26. Larach DR, et al. Am J Surg 1986; 51: 527.
27. deJong JW. Ann Thorac Surg 1986; 42: 539.
28. Carafoli E. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1985; 17(3): 203.
29. Murphy JG, et al. Circulation 1987; 75(suppl Ⅴ): 15.
30. Nayler WG, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1979; 11: 683.
31. Watts JA, et al. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: Ⅱ909.
32. Werns SW. et al. Circulation 1986; 74(1): 1.
33. Krause S, et al. Circ Res 1984; 54(3): 34.
34. Della CE, et al. Biochem J 1972; 126: 739.
35. McCord JM. New Fngl J Med 1985; 312.
36. Crake T. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1986; 18: 31.
37. Ruano-Arroyo G. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1984;16(2): 783.
38. Tan, M, et al. Circ Res 1989; 65: 1045.
39. Coffe SM. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1980; 12:746.
40．李兆萍，等．北京医科大学学报 1983；20：321．
41. Garay RP, et al. J physiol 1975; 249: 51.
42. Ponce-hornos JE, et al. Am J physiol 1982; 242 : H79.
43. Neely JR, et al. Circ Res 1975; 37: 733.
44. Steenbergen C, et al. Circulation 1989; 80: H237.
45. Meng HP, et al. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: H1615。
46. Reimer KA, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1981; 13: 229.
47. Hears DJ. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 1115.
48. Neely JR, et al. Am J Physiol 1973; 225: 651.
49. Reibel DK, et al. Am J Physiol 1978; 234: H620.
50. Swain JL, et. al. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: H818.
51. Braunwald E, et al. Circulation 1982; 66: 1146.
52. Rosenkraaz FL,et al. J Thorac cardiovasc surg 1982; 84: 656.
53. Webb WR. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984; 88: 863.
54. Dewitt DF, et al. Circulation 1983; 67: 171.
55. Gary S, et al. Circulation 1984; 70(Suppl 1): 1
56. Boli R. Circulation 1990; 82: 723.
57. Roberts JT. et al. Fed Proc 1943; 2: 90.
58. Beck CS. Ann Surg 1948; 128: 854.
59. Hoch-bery MS. et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1980; 29: 578.
60. Parker DJ, et al. Surgery 1979; 71: 824.
61. Meerbaum S. et al. Circulation 1982; 65: 1435.
62. Gundry SR, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1984; 38: 124.
63. Bates RJ, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 23: 83.
64. Shiki K. Ann Thorac burg 1986; 41: 265.
65. Hochberg MS. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77: 1.
66. Menashe P, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1982; 34: 647.
67. Diehl JT. Ann Thorac Surg 1988; 45(6): 595.
68. Bhayana JN. et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 67: 125.
69. Horneffer PJ. et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1981; 42: 139.
70. Shapira N. Ann Thorac Surg 1987; 43: 92.
71. Lolley DM. et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 67: 364.
72. Drinkwater DC. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 100(1): 56.
73. Menasche P. Circulation. 1989; 80(supp Ⅲ): 19.
74. Bolling SF, et al. J Thorac cardiovasc Surg 1983; 86: 659.
75. Saylam A, et al. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 30: 378.
76. Masuda M. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986; 92: 255.
77. Digerness SB. Circulation 1981; 64: suppl: 2.
78. Bodenhamer RM. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 85: 769.
79. Melrose DG, et al. lancet 1955; 2: 21.
80. Bretschneider JH. J Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 16: 241.
81. Follette DM, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76: 604.
82. Follette DM, et al. Circulation 1978; 58(suppl): Ⅰ-200.
83. Takamoto S, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 79: 19.
84. Fremes S. et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984; 88: 726.
85. Engelman RM, et al. Circulation 1981; 64(suppl Ⅱ): Ⅱ67.
86. Hendren GW, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 94: 614.
87. Olin CL, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1981; 82: 837.
88. Chen YF, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1985; 39: 134.
89. Mallen JC, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1987; 43: 17.
90. Vinten-Johanse J, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1988; 45: 319.
91. Kanter KR, et al. Circulation 1981; 14(Suppl): 75.
92. Hicks GJ. et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1983; 35: 500.
93. Bior GP, Ann J Cardiol 1984; 53: 1414.
94. Magovern GJ, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1982; 34: 249.
95. Flaherty JT, et al. Circulation 1984; 69: 585.
96. Buckerg GD, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 87.
97. Dlinger GN. Ann Surg 1985; 182: 293.
98. Tomas A, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 245.
99. Megovern GJ, et al. Circulation 1982; 66(suppl 1): 60.
100. Rosenkranz ER, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 86: 507.
101. Sakai T. J physiology 1985; 361: 361.
102. Macknight AD. Physiol Rev 1977; 57: 510.
103. Beckbery GD. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77: 803.
104. Lichtenstein SV, et al. J Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 6: 278.
105. Bottener RK, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 101: 1069.
106. Rosenkraz ER, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 84: 667.
107. Tech KH, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986; 91: 888.
108. Lichtenstein SV, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 101: 269.
109. Engelman RN. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 180.
110. Morris B, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55: 32.
111. Lazar HL, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 78: 688.
112. Hearse JD, et al. Circulation Res 1974; 35: 448.
113. Williams WG, et. al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 100: 896.
114. Barner HB, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 1354.
115. Stewart JR, et al. THorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 86: 262.
116. Lichtenstein SV, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 455.
117. Salerno TA, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 25.
118. Aldrete V. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 53(2): 366.
119. Tutassaura H. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51(5): 866.
120. Demirtas M, et al. Thorac cardiovasc Sung 1993; 41: 284.
121. Yah TM, et al. Circulation 1991; 84(Suppl 5): Ⅲ380.
122. Salerno TA, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 1023.
123. Murry CE, et al. Circulation 1986; 74: 1124.
2. Gay WA, et al. Surgery 1973; 74: 184.
3, Follette DM, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76: 604.
4. Cunninghan JN, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979;78: 708.
5. Fcindel CM, et al. J Thorac cardiovasc Surg 1984; 87: 509.
6. Kitakaze M, et al. Circulation 1988; 77: 685.
7. Yamamoto F, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 31: 369.
8. Kramer JH, et al. Circ Res 1984; 55: 120.
9. Hess ML, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1981; 13: 767.
10. Lichtenstein SV. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 101: 269.
11. Lichtenstein SV. et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 455.
12．陈元恒，等．中华胸心血管外科杂志(增刊号)1990；6：90．
13．俞世强，等．中华医学杂志 1993；7：416．
14. Ambrosio G. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1987; 19: 953.
15．郭兆贵，等．中国药理学报 1986；7：243．
16. Ahmed SS, et al. Circulation 1974; 50(Suppl): Ⅲ213.
17. Weiss JL, et al. J Clin Invest 1976; 58: 751.
18．唐朝松，等．北京医科大学学报，1997；6：369．
19. Watts R, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984; 88: 863.
20. Berediot R, et al. Biochemical pharmacology 1986; 35: 1764,
21. Willem W. Circulation 1988; 77(Suppl): 30.
22. Philiphe M, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 47: 939.
23. Bolli R, Circulation 1990; 82:723.
24. Desmend J, et al. Circ Res 1989; 65(1): 83.
25. Cohti VR, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 78: 577.
26. Engelman RM, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 79: 705.
27. Barnar HB, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 28: 509.
28. Vinten-Johansen J, et al. Am Thorac Surg 1987; 44: 66.
29．朱平，等．中华胸心血管外科杂志 1992；8：51．
30．李彤，等．北京医科大学学报 1992；增刊：62．
31. Watkins, WD, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982;84: 250.
32. Plachetka JR, et al. Ann Thorac surg 1980; 30: 58.
33．高华，等．胸心血管外科杂志 1986；2：174．
34. Przyklenk K. J Am Heart 1991; 121: 174。
35．任雨笙，等．第四军医大学学报 1992；13(6)：450．
36. Bradford. Anal Biochem 1976; 72: 248.
37. Iarse AVD, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1979; 11: 501.
38. Adams PX, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978;75: 564.
39. Fish RL, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 23: 58.
40. Suaudeau J. et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc surg 1982;84: 886.
41. Kaul TK, et al. J Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 30: 322.
42. Burton KP, et al. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: 776.
43. de Tong JW, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1986; 42: 593.
44. Carafdi E. J Mol Coll Cardiol 1985; 17(3): 203.
45. Masto T, et al. Circulation Res 1989; 65: 1045.
46. Bernard WF, et al. Ann Surg 1961; 153: 43.
47. Buckerg GD, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977;73: 87.
48. Megovern GJ, et al. Circulation 1982;66(Suppl 1): 60.
49. Macknight AD, et al. Physiol Rev 1977; 57:510.
50. Rosenkranz ER, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982;84: 667.
51. Tech KH, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986; 91: 888.
52. Reimer KA, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1981; 13: 229.
53. Swain JL, et al. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: H818.
54. Sakai T, et al. J Physiology 1985; 361: 361.
55. Lichtenstein SV. et al. J Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 6: 278.
56. Tomas A, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 245.
57. Benson B, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55: 301.
58. Stwart HW, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 56: 1228.
59. Yan TM, et al. Circulation 1991; 841(Suppl 5): Ⅲ380.
60. Murry CE, et al. Circulation 1986; 74: 112.
1. Hess MI. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1981; 13: 767.
2. Koster JF, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1985; 17: 701. r
3. Kramer JH. et al. Circ Res 1984; 55: 120.
4. Przyklenk K, et al. Circ Res 1986; 58: 148.
5. Zweier JL, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 1404.
6. Baker JE, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 2786.
7. Chamers DE, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1985; 17:145.
8. Daly MJ, et al. J Mol Cell Cadiol 1985; 17: 457.
9. Jarash E. et al. Cell 1981; 25: 67.
10. Donway LJ,et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1987; 19:1053.
11. Cram CM, et al. Am J physiol 1987; 252: H368.
12. Terada LS. et al. Am J physiol 1991: 260: H133.
13. Muxfeldt M. Basic Res Cardiol 1987; 82: 286.
14. Babier BM. J Clin Invest 1984; 73: 599,
15. Dantone. JC, et al. Am J Pathol 1982; 107(3): 394.
16. Dreyer WJ, et al. Circ Res 1989; 65: 1751.
17. Kraemer R. et al. Cardiovasc Res 1991; 25: 172.
18. Warthen GS, et al. Science 1989; 245: 183.
19. Boli R, et al. Cardiovasc Res 1983; 17: 274.
20. Simpson PJ, et al. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 129.
21. Turreas JF, et al. Biochem J 1980; 191: 421.
22. Shlafer M. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1987: 19: 1195.
23. Ferrari R, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1985; 17: 937.
24. Dtani H. et al. Circ Res 1984; 55: 168.
25. Kates RA, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 85: 278.
26. Larach DR, et al. Am J Surg 1986; 51: 527.
27. deJong JW. Ann Thorac Surg 1986; 42: 539.
28. Carafoli E. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1985; 17(3): 203.
29. Murphy JG, et al. Circulation 1987; 75(suppl Ⅴ): 15.
30. Nayler WG, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1979; 11: 683.
31. Watts JA, et al. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: Ⅱ909.
32. Werns SW. et al. Circulation 1986; 74(1): 1.
33. Krause S, et al. Circ Res 1984; 54(3): 34.
34. Della CE, et al. Biochem J 1972; 126: 739.
35. McCord JM. New Fngl J Med 1985; 312.
36. Crake T. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1986; 18: 31.
37. Ruano-Arroyo G. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1984;16(2): 783.
38. Tan, M, et al. Circ Res 1989; 65: 1045.
39. Coffe SM. et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1980; 12:746.
40．李兆萍，等．北京医科大学学报 1983；20：321．
41. Garay RP, et al. J physiol 1975; 249: 51.
42. Ponce-hornos JE, et al. Am J physiol 1982; 242 : H79.
43. Neely JR, et al. Circ Res 1975; 37: 733.
44. Steenbergen C, et al. Circulation 1989; 80: H237.
45. Meng HP, et al. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: H1615。
46. Reimer KA, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1981; 13: 229.
47. Hears DJ. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 1115.
48. Neely JR, et al. Am J Physiol 1973; 225: 651.
49. Reibel DK, et al. Am J Physiol 1978; 234: H620.
50. Swain JL, et. al. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: H818.
51. Braunwald E, et al. Circulation 1982; 66: 1146.
52. Rosenkraaz FL,et al. J Thorac cardiovasc surg 1982; 84: 656.
53. Webb WR. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984; 88: 863.
54. Dewitt DF, et al. Circulation 1983; 67: 171.
55. Gary S, et al. Circulation 1984; 70(Suppl 1): 1
56. Boli R. Circulation 1990; 82: 723.
57. Roberts JT. et al. Fed Proc 1943; 2: 90.
58. Beck CS. Ann Surg 1948; 128: 854.
59. Hoch-bery MS. et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1980; 29: 578.
60. Parker DJ, et al. Surgery 1979; 71: 824.
61. Meerbaum S. et al. Circulation 1982; 65: 1435.
62. Gundry SR, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1984; 38: 124.
63. Bates RJ, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 23: 83.
64. Shiki K. Ann Thorac burg 1986; 41: 265.
65. Hochberg MS. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77: 1.
66. Menashe P, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1982; 34: 647.
67. Diehl JT. Ann Thorac Surg 1988; 45(6): 595.
68. Bhayana JN. et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 67: 125.
69. Horneffer PJ. et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1981; 42: 139.
70. Shapira N. Ann Thorac Surg 1987; 43: 92.
71. Lolley DM. et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 67: 364.
72. Drinkwater DC. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 100(1): 56.
73. Menasche P. Circulation. 1989; 80(supp Ⅲ): 19.
74. Bolling SF, et al. J Thorac cardiovasc Surg 1983; 86: 659.
75. Saylam A, et al. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 30: 378.
76. Masuda M. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986; 92: 255.
77. Digerness SB. Circulation 1981; 64: suppl: 2.
78. Bodenhamer RM. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 85: 769.
79. Melrose DG, et al. lancet 1955; 2: 21.
80. Bretschneider JH. J Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 16: 241.
81. Follette DM, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76: 604.
82. Follette DM, et al. Circulation 1978; 58(suppl): Ⅰ-200.
83. Takamoto S, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 79: 19.
84. Fremes S. et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984; 88: 726.
85. Engelman RM, et al. Circulation 1981; 64(suppl Ⅱ): Ⅱ67.
86. Hendren GW, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 94: 614.
87. Olin CL, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1981; 82: 837.
88. Chen YF, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1985; 39: 134.
89. Mallen JC, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1987; 43: 17.
90. Vinten-Johanse J, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1988; 45: 319.
91. Kanter KR, et al. Circulation 1981; 14(Suppl): 75.
92. Hicks GJ. et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1983; 35: 500.
93. Bior GP, Ann J Cardiol 1984; 53: 1414.
94. Magovern GJ, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1982; 34: 249.
95. Flaherty JT, et al. Circulation 1984; 69: 585.
96. Buckerg GD, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 87.
97. Dlinger GN. Ann Surg 1985; 182: 293.
98. Tomas A, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 245.
99. Megovern GJ, et al. Circulation 1982; 66(suppl 1): 60.
100. Rosenkranz ER, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 86: 507.
101. Sakai T. J physiology 1985; 361: 361.
102. Macknight AD. Physiol Rev 1977; 57: 510.
103. Beckbery GD. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77: 803.
104. Lichtenstein SV, et al. J Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 6: 278.
105. Bottener RK, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 101: 1069.
106. Rosenkraz ER, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 84: 667.
107. Tech KH, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986; 91: 888.
108. Lichtenstein SV, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 101: 269.
109. Engelman RN. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 180.
110. Morris B, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55: 32.
111. Lazar HL, et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 78: 688.
112. Hearse JD, et al. Circulation Res 1974; 35: 448.
113. Williams WG, et. al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 100: 896.
114. Barner HB, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 1354.
115. Stewart JR, et al. THorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 86: 262.
116. Lichtenstein SV, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 455.
117. Salerno TA, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 25.
118. Aldrete V. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 53(2): 366.
119. Tutassaura H. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51(5): 866.
120. Demirtas M, et al. Thorac cardiovasc Sung 1993; 41: 284.
121. Yah TM, et al. Circulation 1991; 84(Suppl 5): Ⅲ380.
122. Salerno TA, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 1023.
123. Murry CE, et al. Circulation 1986; 74: 1124.