襄垣县采煤诱发地质灾害的工程地质研究
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摘要
根据灾害的成因与危害对象，山西省襄垣县采煤诱发的地质灾害可以分为直按地质灾害和衍生地质灾害。直接地质灾害包括矿井突水和煤层自燃灾害、冒顶、煤尘等，如1988年五阳矿矿井灾水灾害和1999年北马喊矿煤层自燃等。衍生地质灾害类型主要有开采沉陷、塌陷、地裂缝、滑坡、泥石流等。本文主要研究襄垣县采煤诱发的衍生地质灾害。
襄垣县采煤诱发的衍生地质灾害具有独特的形成机制和发育规律，在空间分布上，按影响地质灾害的因素与灾害频发度，把本县分成东部、中部和西部三个区。其中，中部平原区灾害最为严重，类型主要为煤炭开采诱发的沉陷盆地、裂缝、塌陷、滑坡及潜在泥石流等；东部中低山区灾害较轻，类型主要为公路边坡开挖诱发的滑坡、崩塌、裂缝等，视为较易发区；西部为灾害不易发区。不同的地形地貌和工程地质条件发育不同类型的地质灾害。厚松散土体与断层的存在促成不同类型的灾害发生。基岩较完整、上覆厚松散土体区(中、北部)大型煤矿采煤所诱发的地质灾害以大型沉陷盆地为主，断层发育、基岩零星出露区(南部)以塌陷和地裂缝为主。
在时间上，灾害的发生具有序次性的特点，形成灾害的链式反应。这与开采沉陷的动态过程是有密切关系的。灾害的时间发育规律还表现为相对于煤炭开采的滞后性及次生演化性。
衍生地质灾害的形成机制及发育规律受诸多因素的综合影响。这些影响因素可分为两大类，一类是自然地质因素，如煤层埋深、水(包括降水及地下水)、覆岩性质等；一类是采矿技术因素，即人为因素，如采区规模、采煤方法及顶板管理方法等。
在治理措施上，对于不同的灾害类型应采取相应的防治措施。本着“预防为主，防治结合”的方针，论文针对不同类型灾害提出了限制人类经济工程活
动、合理规划城镇建设、工程治理、生物治理、避让及预报等防治措施。
According to the formation and the harming objects, the Geological Disaster caused by coal mining in Xiangyuan county can be divided into two sorts, namely direct and derivative geodisaster. The direct geodisaster includes water irruption, coal spontaneous combustion, caving, coal grime etc. For example, water irruption at Wuyang Mine in 1988 and coal spontaneous combustion at Beimahan Mine in 1999. The second one includes subsidence, rupture, pit, landslide, mud-rock flow etc. In this paper, the derivative geodisaster is the main discussing object.
Each kind of the geological disasters has its particular formation mechanism and distribution pattern in Xiangyuan county, which can be divided three parts, the east, the middle and the west according to the influencing factors and occurring frequency of geodisasters in the space. The middle part is the alluvium plain of Zhanghe River and the main mining area, being the most serious development area of the geological disasters, containing the subsidence, the rupture, the pit, the landslide and the mud-rock flow. The geodisaster in the east is fewer than in the middle, containing landslide, landslip and rupture, which were caused by road digging. In the west, there is scarcely any geodisaster. Based on the study, the occurrence of the geodisaster in Xiangyuan county is concerned with the geological background and 'human beings' engineering actions. Terrain and physiognomy is an influence factor to the distributing of the geodisasters. There are different kinds of geodisasters in the Thick soil area and fault
belt area. The large subsidence caused by large mine is main at the area of integrate base rock coverd thick soil (in the middle and the north), and the pit and rupture are main at the area of faulted and fragmentary base rock(in the south).
There is a sequence at the occurrence of the geodisaters, namely there are some evolution chains, which is closely connected with the development course of the subsidence. On the other hand, there is a delay time between the occurrence of the geodisater and the mining time and a successive phenomenon..
There are a lot of influencing factors for the forming mechanism and the development rule, which can be divided into two kinds, natural and man-made. Embedding depth, water (precipitation and groundwater) and quality of the covered rock belong to the first, and mine technology, such as the size of mined-out area, the method of mining and roof rock managing etc are the second.
Corresponding harnessing measures are studied for different geodisasters. According to "defend is main and combines with harnessing", the restricting to human engineering action, the city projecting reasonably, engineering harnessing, biological harnessing, avoiding and forecasting should be adopted.
襄垣县采煤诱发的衍生地质灾害具有独特的形成机制和发育规律，在空间分布上，按影响地质灾害的因素与灾害频发度，把本县分成东部、中部和西部三个区。其中，中部平原区灾害最为严重，类型主要为煤炭开采诱发的沉陷盆地、裂缝、塌陷、滑坡及潜在泥石流等；东部中低山区灾害较轻，类型主要为公路边坡开挖诱发的滑坡、崩塌、裂缝等，视为较易发区；西部为灾害不易发区。不同的地形地貌和工程地质条件发育不同类型的地质灾害。厚松散土体与断层的存在促成不同类型的灾害发生。基岩较完整、上覆厚松散土体区(中、北部)大型煤矿采煤所诱发的地质灾害以大型沉陷盆地为主，断层发育、基岩零星出露区(南部)以塌陷和地裂缝为主。
在时间上，灾害的发生具有序次性的特点，形成灾害的链式反应。这与开采沉陷的动态过程是有密切关系的。灾害的时间发育规律还表现为相对于煤炭开采的滞后性及次生演化性。
衍生地质灾害的形成机制及发育规律受诸多因素的综合影响。这些影响因素可分为两大类，一类是自然地质因素，如煤层埋深、水(包括降水及地下水)、覆岩性质等；一类是采矿技术因素，即人为因素，如采区规模、采煤方法及顶板管理方法等。
在治理措施上，对于不同的灾害类型应采取相应的防治措施。本着“预防为主，防治结合”的方针，论文针对不同类型灾害提出了限制人类经济工程活
动、合理规划城镇建设、工程治理、生物治理、避让及预报等防治措施。
According to the formation and the harming objects, the Geological Disaster caused by coal mining in Xiangyuan county can be divided into two sorts, namely direct and derivative geodisaster. The direct geodisaster includes water irruption, coal spontaneous combustion, caving, coal grime etc. For example, water irruption at Wuyang Mine in 1988 and coal spontaneous combustion at Beimahan Mine in 1999. The second one includes subsidence, rupture, pit, landslide, mud-rock flow etc. In this paper, the derivative geodisaster is the main discussing object.
Each kind of the geological disasters has its particular formation mechanism and distribution pattern in Xiangyuan county, which can be divided three parts, the east, the middle and the west according to the influencing factors and occurring frequency of geodisasters in the space. The middle part is the alluvium plain of Zhanghe River and the main mining area, being the most serious development area of the geological disasters, containing the subsidence, the rupture, the pit, the landslide and the mud-rock flow. The geodisaster in the east is fewer than in the middle, containing landslide, landslip and rupture, which were caused by road digging. In the west, there is scarcely any geodisaster. Based on the study, the occurrence of the geodisaster in Xiangyuan county is concerned with the geological background and 'human beings' engineering actions. Terrain and physiognomy is an influence factor to the distributing of the geodisasters. There are different kinds of geodisasters in the Thick soil area and fault
belt area. The large subsidence caused by large mine is main at the area of integrate base rock coverd thick soil (in the middle and the north), and the pit and rupture are main at the area of faulted and fragmentary base rock(in the south).
There is a sequence at the occurrence of the geodisaters, namely there are some evolution chains, which is closely connected with the development course of the subsidence. On the other hand, there is a delay time between the occurrence of the geodisater and the mining time and a successive phenomenon..
There are a lot of influencing factors for the forming mechanism and the development rule, which can be divided into two kinds, natural and man-made. Embedding depth, water (precipitation and groundwater) and quality of the covered rock belong to the first, and mine technology, such as the size of mined-out area, the method of mining and roof rock managing etc are the second.
Corresponding harnessing measures are studied for different geodisasters. According to "defend is main and combines with harnessing", the restricting to human engineering action, the city projecting reasonably, engineering harnessing, biological harnessing, avoiding and forecasting should be adopted.
引文
1 张丽萍，唐克丽，张平仓，神府-东胜矿区人为泥石流的系统控制研究．水土保持通报，1999，19(2)
2 张永波，买凌云．采煤诱发的自然灾害及其防治对策．自然灾害学报，1999，8(4)
3 王安福，马丽．地下采空区引起山体滑坡的机理与防治对策．中国地质灾害与防治学报，1998，9(增刊)
4 邓咯中，张冬至，张周权．深部开采条件下地表沉陷预测及控制探讨．中国矿业大学学报，2000，29(1)
5 谭晓慧．采矿引起地表下沉的模糊概率分析．安徽地质，1999，9(2)
6 赵改栋，彭德福，王克忠．煤炭开采潜在土地破坏程度的指标体系及指标权重的确定．中国土地科学，1998，12(3)
7 张志沛．高速公路下伏采空塌陷区的治理方法．中国煤田地质，1997，9(4)
8 隋旺华，狄乾生．开采沉陷土体变形与空隙水压相互作用研究进展．工程地质学报，1999，7(4)
9 尹国勋，胡斌，康继武，邓寅生，王恩营．开展环境地质灾害防治保障煤炭工业持续发展．焦作工学院学报，1997，16(4)
10 张发旺，侯新伟．煤炭开发对水土资源的影响及其保护技术。水文地质工程地质，2000
11 卞正富。煤矿地区复垦条件分区研究．中国矿业大学学报，1999，28(3)
12 高清武，牛景才．煤田采空沉陷及其影响因素分析．中国地质灾害与防治学报，1997，8(3)
13 赵改栋，王克忠．煤矿采空塌陷的成因条件及政府对策选择．中国地质灾害与防治学报，1997，8(4)
14 史同广，黄培竹．煤矿区采煤沉陷灾害分析与对策研究．自然灾害学报，1994，3(1)
15 崔迎春，马植侃．自燃矸石山治理技术．煤田地质与勘探，1995，23(5总31)
16 桂和荣，陈兆炎，刘林．淮河以北矿区地面沉降及其成因．煤田地质与勘探，1994，22
17 惰旺华，金晓媚．厚松散土体采矿沉陷的位移变形分析．中国地质灾害与防治学报，1993，4(4)
18 杨升田，王全喜，李森．七台河矿区采空塌陷引起的地表变形．自然灾害学报，1995，4(1)
19 靳贵禄，李义明，李奇洪．山西若干矿区采煤引起的地表变形问题．中国地质灾害与防治学报，1996，7(4)
20 杨梅忠，侯恩科，巨天乙．渭北煤矿区地质灾害与防治对策．煤田地质与勘探，1995，23(5总131)
21 宋绍峰，周德群．试论煤炭工业可持续发展的涵义．煤炭学报，Vol．24 No．4
22 沈镭，程静．矿业城市可持续发展的机理初探．资源科学，Vol．21No．1
23 李继盛，刘新德．论煤炭城市可持续发展的战略规划．中国煤炭，Vol．25No．3
24 王文俊，唐晓春，王建力．灾害地貌链及其临界过程初探．灾害学，Vol．15No．1 P41～46
25 崔树军，宋志敏．煤矿区地质环境灾害现状、发展趋势及对策研究．灾害学，Vol．15 No．3 P67～71
26 李树志 周锦华 张怀新．矿区生态破坏防治技术．煤炭工业出版社
27 段永侯 罗元华 柳源 谢章中 阙列东 张国祥等．中国地质灾害．中国建筑工业出版社
28 何国清 杨伦 凌庚娣 贾凤彩 洪镀．矿山开采沉陷学．中国矿业大学出版社
29 Sedlak, Vladimir. Modelling deformations in land subsidence developments at
the Slovak coalfields. LAHS Publ 234 1995
30 R.G.K.Morrison, Aphilosophy of Ground Control ,T.H.B.P.Company, 1976
31 Syd S Peng et al,Workshop on surface subsidence due to underground Mining ,Morgontown W.V.,1982
32 The university of Leeds proceedings of the European Congress on ground movement ,1957
33 Editor A.J.Harguaves Wollongong, Subsidence in mines, N.S.W, 1973
34 G.Brainier, Subsidence due to underground Mining, 1973
35 E.Hoek.E.T.Brown, Underground Excavation in Rock, The Australasian Institute of Metallargy, 1980
36 SINCO Slope Indicator Co, Instruction manual Digitilt RPP Model 50368． 1984
37 SINCO Slope Indicator Co, Manual SONDEX settlement systems 50801900/50802100,1987
38 S.L.Crouch, A.M.Storfield, Boundaryelement methods in solid mechanies. George Allen Unwin, 1983
2 张永波，买凌云．采煤诱发的自然灾害及其防治对策．自然灾害学报，1999，8(4)
3 王安福，马丽．地下采空区引起山体滑坡的机理与防治对策．中国地质灾害与防治学报，1998，9(增刊)
4 邓咯中，张冬至，张周权．深部开采条件下地表沉陷预测及控制探讨．中国矿业大学学报，2000，29(1)
5 谭晓慧．采矿引起地表下沉的模糊概率分析．安徽地质，1999，9(2)
6 赵改栋，彭德福，王克忠．煤炭开采潜在土地破坏程度的指标体系及指标权重的确定．中国土地科学，1998，12(3)
7 张志沛．高速公路下伏采空塌陷区的治理方法．中国煤田地质，1997，9(4)
8 隋旺华，狄乾生．开采沉陷土体变形与空隙水压相互作用研究进展．工程地质学报，1999，7(4)
9 尹国勋，胡斌，康继武，邓寅生，王恩营．开展环境地质灾害防治保障煤炭工业持续发展．焦作工学院学报，1997，16(4)
10 张发旺，侯新伟．煤炭开发对水土资源的影响及其保护技术。水文地质工程地质，2000
11 卞正富。煤矿地区复垦条件分区研究．中国矿业大学学报，1999，28(3)
12 高清武，牛景才．煤田采空沉陷及其影响因素分析．中国地质灾害与防治学报，1997，8(3)
13 赵改栋，王克忠．煤矿采空塌陷的成因条件及政府对策选择．中国地质灾害与防治学报，1997，8(4)
14 史同广，黄培竹．煤矿区采煤沉陷灾害分析与对策研究．自然灾害学报，1994，3(1)
15 崔迎春，马植侃．自燃矸石山治理技术．煤田地质与勘探，1995，23(5总31)
16 桂和荣，陈兆炎，刘林．淮河以北矿区地面沉降及其成因．煤田地质与勘探，1994，22
17 惰旺华，金晓媚．厚松散土体采矿沉陷的位移变形分析．中国地质灾害与防治学报，1993，4(4)
18 杨升田，王全喜，李森．七台河矿区采空塌陷引起的地表变形．自然灾害学报，1995，4(1)
19 靳贵禄，李义明，李奇洪．山西若干矿区采煤引起的地表变形问题．中国地质灾害与防治学报，1996，7(4)
20 杨梅忠，侯恩科，巨天乙．渭北煤矿区地质灾害与防治对策．煤田地质与勘探，1995，23(5总131)
21 宋绍峰，周德群．试论煤炭工业可持续发展的涵义．煤炭学报，Vol．24 No．4
22 沈镭，程静．矿业城市可持续发展的机理初探．资源科学，Vol．21No．1
23 李继盛，刘新德．论煤炭城市可持续发展的战略规划．中国煤炭，Vol．25No．3
24 王文俊，唐晓春，王建力．灾害地貌链及其临界过程初探．灾害学，Vol．15No．1 P41～46
25 崔树军，宋志敏．煤矿区地质环境灾害现状、发展趋势及对策研究．灾害学，Vol．15 No．3 P67～71
26 李树志 周锦华 张怀新．矿区生态破坏防治技术．煤炭工业出版社
27 段永侯 罗元华 柳源 谢章中 阙列东 张国祥等．中国地质灾害．中国建筑工业出版社
28 何国清 杨伦 凌庚娣 贾凤彩 洪镀．矿山开采沉陷学．中国矿业大学出版社
29 Sedlak, Vladimir. Modelling deformations in land subsidence developments at
the Slovak coalfields. LAHS Publ 234 1995
30 R.G.K.Morrison, Aphilosophy of Ground Control ,T.H.B.P.Company, 1976
31 Syd S Peng et al,Workshop on surface subsidence due to underground Mining ,Morgontown W.V.,1982
32 The university of Leeds proceedings of the European Congress on ground movement ,1957
33 Editor A.J.Harguaves Wollongong, Subsidence in mines, N.S.W, 1973
34 G.Brainier, Subsidence due to underground Mining, 1973
35 E.Hoek.E.T.Brown, Underground Excavation in Rock, The Australasian Institute of Metallargy, 1980
36 SINCO Slope Indicator Co, Instruction manual Digitilt RPP Model 50368． 1984
37 SINCO Slope Indicator Co, Manual SONDEX settlement systems 50801900/50802100,1987
38 S.L.Crouch, A.M.Storfield, Boundaryelement methods in solid mechanies. George Allen Unwin, 1983