渭河水入渗机理及污染对地下水影响的原位试验及仿真模拟研究
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摘要
渭河是陕西的母亲河和经济中枢，流域内的关中地区有西安、宝鸡、咸阳、铜川、渭南五个大中城市和国家级杨凌高新农业示范区、闫良飞机城及一批小城市。该区工业集中，农业发达，旅游资源丰富，科技、教育力量雄厚，是陕西社会经济发展的核心地带，对全省经济发展发挥着不可替代的支撑和带动作用，沿渭河兴建的30多个水源地，有效的支持了陇海铁路沿线经济群落生产和生活用水。而近十年来渭河水污染严重，对傍河水源地及黄河下游水质产生了不同程度影响，影响了人类生存。同时对傍河水源地的开采证明，以往所评价的水资源量偏大，究其原因，是对傍河水源地河水入渗机理认识不够，建立的评价模型仿真性不高所致。
本文在“973”课题—黄河流域地下水可再生性变化规律的资助下，以渭河水入渗机理及污染对地下水的影响为研究目标，在渭河流域选取典型地段，设计和开展了原位试验，对河水—地下水的转化关系及演化特征、河水入渗机理以及污染对地下水的影响进行了研究。通过原位试验，揭示了在有压入渗且河流与地下水脱节时，河流水分入渗转化规律，获取了不同岩性的土壤水分特征参数，建立了河水—地下水脱节后的水分运移数值仿真模型，运用GMS软件及所获取的参数，对河流与地下水脱节后的情况进行了数值仿真模拟，探讨了河水在非饱和带的入渗机理及其影响因素。同时选取NH_4HCO_3K_2Cr_2O_7为污染示踪剂，开展了渭河污染对地下水影响的原位试验研究。通过研究认为，当河流与地下水脱节时，河流水分入渗转化与河流切割深度、河床下非饱和带岩性、相对隔水层厚度及组合关系等因素有关，提示人们在研究傍河水源地地下水资源评价及河流污染对地下水影响时，必须要重视非饱和带以及非饱和带岩性、结构等因素。
通过野外原位试验证明，三氮和Cr~(6+)随载体迁移能力很强，对地下水污染的威胁性极大。而非饱和带弱透水层尽管对水分运移有一定的阻滞作用，阻碍了河流对地下水的补给，虽对防止污染却有很重要的意义，但污染质仍然可以穿透弱透水层而污染地下水。本次研究同时也证明，在傍河水源地水资源评价中，应该重视河流的补给机理研究，否则将导致水资源评价失真。
Weihe river is the mother river and the basin is the economic center of Shaanxi province. Along the river, there are five big cities such as Xi'an, Xianyang, Tongchuan, Weinan and Yangling sample region of advanced agriculture, Yanliang plane city and other many small cities in Guanzhong region. This region, with centralized industry, developed agriculture .abundant travel resources and solid strength of education, science and technology, is the core for the development of society and economy in Shaanxi province. And it elaborates the unsubstantiated effect for economic development of the province. Beside the river there are more than thirty water sources which supported the water demand for producing and living along the Longhai railway effectively. In recent decades, the serious polluted river affected the water quality of both the lower reaches of the Yellow river and the water sources, and influnced living of people. However, the real quantity of water resources about water sources beside the river is sm
aller than that of previous evaluation after exploitation because the penetration mechanism of water sources beside the river couldn't be understood clearly and the evaluation models aren't the best.
Under the support of "973"term-"the Study on Groundwater Renewability Law in the Yellow River Watershed(G 1999043606)", taking the penetration mechanism of the river and the influence on groundwater with the polluted river as a goal, the thesis designed and developed the field test on its penetration mechanism and the influence on groundwater with the polluted river in the typical section of the basin. By the field test, this paper reveals infiltration and transformation law of stream under certain pressure and stream being disconnected to groundwater, and attains the characteristic soil moisture parameters of different lithological medium. The numerical model of moisture flow after stream disconnected groundwater had been established .Also this paper simulated the condition after stream is disconnected to groundwater using the GMS software and parameters, discussed the penetration mechanism of steam in unsaturated soil as well, and analyzed its influencing factors. In addition this thesis had carried out th
e field test to study influencing on groundwater with the polluted river taking Cr6+,NH4+,HCO3 as pollutants. These studies had showed that stream infiltration and transformation in unsaturated soil is related to depth of incision of a river, the medium and structure of unsaturated soil, thickness of weak
permeable strata and their assorted relation under stream being disconnected to groundwater, and that ignoring these factors such as vadose zones, media and structure of unsaturated zones must be emphasized during researches about groundwater resource evaluation of water sources and influence of polluted stream on groundwater.
The field test has proved that Cr6+and "Three Nitrogen" have strong ability of transportation and transformation with carriers and threaten the groundwater quality seriously. However, weak permeable strata in unsaturated zone play an important role of taking precautions against pollution although it hampers stream recharge, pollutants can still contaminate the groundwater by penetrating the weak permeable strata . These researches also prove that the mechanism about stream recharge should be emphasized during water resource evaluation of water sources beside rivers, otherwise the evaluation would be deviation.
本文在“973”课题—黄河流域地下水可再生性变化规律的资助下，以渭河水入渗机理及污染对地下水的影响为研究目标，在渭河流域选取典型地段，设计和开展了原位试验，对河水—地下水的转化关系及演化特征、河水入渗机理以及污染对地下水的影响进行了研究。通过原位试验，揭示了在有压入渗且河流与地下水脱节时，河流水分入渗转化规律，获取了不同岩性的土壤水分特征参数，建立了河水—地下水脱节后的水分运移数值仿真模型，运用GMS软件及所获取的参数，对河流与地下水脱节后的情况进行了数值仿真模拟，探讨了河水在非饱和带的入渗机理及其影响因素。同时选取NH_4HCO_3K_2Cr_2O_7为污染示踪剂，开展了渭河污染对地下水影响的原位试验研究。通过研究认为，当河流与地下水脱节时，河流水分入渗转化与河流切割深度、河床下非饱和带岩性、相对隔水层厚度及组合关系等因素有关，提示人们在研究傍河水源地地下水资源评价及河流污染对地下水影响时，必须要重视非饱和带以及非饱和带岩性、结构等因素。
通过野外原位试验证明，三氮和Cr~(6+)随载体迁移能力很强，对地下水污染的威胁性极大。而非饱和带弱透水层尽管对水分运移有一定的阻滞作用，阻碍了河流对地下水的补给，虽对防止污染却有很重要的意义，但污染质仍然可以穿透弱透水层而污染地下水。本次研究同时也证明，在傍河水源地水资源评价中，应该重视河流的补给机理研究，否则将导致水资源评价失真。
Weihe river is the mother river and the basin is the economic center of Shaanxi province. Along the river, there are five big cities such as Xi'an, Xianyang, Tongchuan, Weinan and Yangling sample region of advanced agriculture, Yanliang plane city and other many small cities in Guanzhong region. This region, with centralized industry, developed agriculture .abundant travel resources and solid strength of education, science and technology, is the core for the development of society and economy in Shaanxi province. And it elaborates the unsubstantiated effect for economic development of the province. Beside the river there are more than thirty water sources which supported the water demand for producing and living along the Longhai railway effectively. In recent decades, the serious polluted river affected the water quality of both the lower reaches of the Yellow river and the water sources, and influnced living of people. However, the real quantity of water resources about water sources beside the river is sm
aller than that of previous evaluation after exploitation because the penetration mechanism of water sources beside the river couldn't be understood clearly and the evaluation models aren't the best.
Under the support of "973"term-"the Study on Groundwater Renewability Law in the Yellow River Watershed(G 1999043606)", taking the penetration mechanism of the river and the influence on groundwater with the polluted river as a goal, the thesis designed and developed the field test on its penetration mechanism and the influence on groundwater with the polluted river in the typical section of the basin. By the field test, this paper reveals infiltration and transformation law of stream under certain pressure and stream being disconnected to groundwater, and attains the characteristic soil moisture parameters of different lithological medium. The numerical model of moisture flow after stream disconnected groundwater had been established .Also this paper simulated the condition after stream is disconnected to groundwater using the GMS software and parameters, discussed the penetration mechanism of steam in unsaturated soil as well, and analyzed its influencing factors. In addition this thesis had carried out th
e field test to study influencing on groundwater with the polluted river taking Cr6+,NH4+,HCO3 as pollutants. These studies had showed that stream infiltration and transformation in unsaturated soil is related to depth of incision of a river, the medium and structure of unsaturated soil, thickness of weak
permeable strata and their assorted relation under stream being disconnected to groundwater, and that ignoring these factors such as vadose zones, media and structure of unsaturated zones must be emphasized during researches about groundwater resource evaluation of water sources and influence of polluted stream on groundwater.
The field test has proved that Cr6+and "Three Nitrogen" have strong ability of transportation and transformation with carriers and threaten the groundwater quality seriously. However, weak permeable strata in unsaturated zone play an important role of taking precautions against pollution although it hampers stream recharge, pollutants can still contaminate the groundwater by penetrating the weak permeable strata . These researches also prove that the mechanism about stream recharge should be emphasized during water resource evaluation of water sources beside rivers, otherwise the evaluation would be deviation.
引文
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[2]．张有龄，河床地下水运动的供水理论分析[M]，北京：科学出版社，1985
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[11]. Hantush,M.S.1965.Wells near streams with semipervious beds, Journal of Geophysical Research 70,No.12:2829—2838
[12]. Hunt,B.1999.Unteady stream depletion from groundwater pumping, Groundwater 37,No.1:98—102
[13]. Zlotnik ,V.A.,and H.Huang.1999.Effect of shallow penetration and streambed sediments on aquifer response to stream stage fluctuations (canalytical model),Groundwater 37,No.4:599—605
[14]. Butter,J.J.,V.A.Zlotnik and M.S.Tsou.2001.Drawdown and stream depletion produced by pumping in the vicinity of a partially penetrating stream, Groundwater 39,No.5:651—659
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pumping of wells near streams with semipervious beds.Groundwater 39,No.1:79—86
[19]. Rushton,K. 1999.Discussion of "unsteady stream depletion from ground water pumping" by B.Hunt, Groundwater 37,No.6:805
[20]. Rosenberry,D.O, 2000.Unsaturated—zone wedge beneath a large natural lake,Water Resources Research 36,No.12:3401—3409
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[23]. Spalding ,C.P.,and R.Khaleel.1991. An evaluation of analytical solutions to estimate drawdowns and stream depletions by wells,Water Resources Research 27,No.4:597—609
[24]. Sophocleous,M.,A.Koussis,J.L.Martin,and S.P.Perkins.1995. Evaluation of implified stream—aquifer depletion models for water rights administration, Groundwater 33 No.4:579—588
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Variation in surface—subsurface water exchange and lateral hyporheic area of two stream—quifer systems,Water Resources Research 34, No3:317—328
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[2]．张有龄，河床地下水运动的供水理论分析[M]，北京：科学出版社，1985
[3]．李俊亭、王文科，西北地区五城市大型水源地地下水流模型若干问题研究[J]，西安地质学院学报．1994(2)
[4]．王文科、李俊亭，“0—1多目标混合规划模型”在地下水开采设计中的应用[J]，西安地质学院学报、1991(sup．)：34-42
[5]. 刘国东、李俊亭, Seepaga laws in aquifer near a partially penetrating river with an intensive extraction of groundwater,Sci.in China (Series)[J], 1997,40(5):489—496
[6]．王文科、廖资生，傍河水源地地下水资源评价中河流问题的处理[J]，长春地质学院学报．水文地质专辑，1997
[7]．蒋也放等，河流与含水层水力耦合模型及其应用[J]，地理学报，1999(6)
[8]．潘世兵等，河流—含水层系统数值模拟方法探讨[J]，水文，2002[4]
[9]．刘国东、丁晶，傍河水源地地下水资源评价方法述评[J]，水科学进展，1998．9(3)
[10]. Theis,C.V.1941.The effect of a well on the flow of a nearby stream,American Geophysical Union Transactions 22,No.3:734—738
[11]. Hantush,M.S.1965.Wells near streams with semipervious beds, Journal of Geophysical Research 70,No.12:2829—2838
[12]. Hunt,B.1999.Unteady stream depletion from groundwater pumping, Groundwater 37,No.1:98—102
[13]. Zlotnik ,V.A.,and H.Huang.1999.Effect of shallow penetration and streambed sediments on aquifer response to stream stage fluctuations (canalytical model),Groundwater 37,No.4:599—605
[14]. Butter,J.J.,V.A.Zlotnik and M.S.Tsou.2001.Drawdown and stream depletion produced by pumping in the vicinity of a partially penetrating stream, Groundwater 39,No.5:651—659
[15]. Glover. R.E.,and C.G.Balmer.1954.River depletion from pumping a well near a river,American Geophysical Union Transactions 35,No.3:468—470
[16]. Jenkins ,C.T.1968. Techniques for computing rate and volume of stream depletion by wells,Groundwater 6,No.2:37—46
[17]. Wallace,R.B.,Y.Darama,and M.D.Annable.1990. Stream depletion by cyclic pumping of wells ,Water Resources Research 26 ,No.6:1263—1270
[18]. Darama,Y. 2001. An analytical solution for stream depletion by cyclic
pumping of wells near streams with semipervious beds.Groundwater 39,No.1:79—86
[19]. Rushton,K. 1999.Discussion of "unsteady stream depletion from ground water pumping" by B.Hunt, Groundwater 37,No.6:805
[20]. Rosenberry,D.O, 2000.Unsaturated—zone wedge beneath a large natural lake,Water Resources Research 36,No.12:3401—3409
[21]. Reid,M.E.,and S.J.Dreiss.1990.Modeling the effects of Unsaturated, stratified sediments on ground water rechange from intermittent streams,J.Hydrologg 114:149—174
[22]. Dillon,P.J.,and A.Liggett.1983.An ephemeral stream—Aquifer interaction model, Water Resources Research 19,No.3: 621—626.
[23]. Spalding ,C.P.,and R.Khaleel.1991. An evaluation of analytical solutions to estimate drawdowns and stream depletions by wells,Water Resources Research 27,No.4:597—609
[24]. Sophocleous,M.,A.Koussis,J.L.Martin,and S.P.Perkins.1995. Evaluation of implified stream—aquifer depletion models for water rights administration, Groundwater 33 No.4:579—588
[25]. Conrad, L.P., and M.S.Beljin.1996. Evaluation of an induced infiltration model as applied to glacial aquifer systems, Water Resources Bulletin 32,No.6:1209—1220
[26]. Chen Xunhong and Yin Yanfeng.2001.Streamfolw depletion:Modeling of reduced the American water Resources Association 37:1, 185—195
[27]. Carabin,G., and A.Dassargues.1999.Modeling ground water with ocean and river interaction,Water Resources Research 35,No.8:2347—2358
[28]. Gibert.J.,M.J.Dole-Olivier,P.Marmonier,and P.Vervier,Surface water—groundwater ecotones,in the Ecology and Management of Aquatic—Terrestrial Ecotones,Man and the Biosphere series ,Vol.4,edited by R.J.Naiman and H.Decamps:199—225,UNESCO and Parthenon,park Ridge, N.J.1990.
[29]. Meyer,J.L.1997.Stream health:Incorporating the human dimension to advance stream ecology. J. of the North American Benthological Society 16,No.2:439—447
[30]. Winter,J.C.,J.W. Harvey, O.L. Franke, and W.M. Alley.1998.Ground water and surface water: A single resource ,USGS circular 1139
[31]. Wroblicky,G.J., M.E. Campana, H.M. Valett, and C.N. Dahm. 1998.seasonal
Variation in surface—subsurface water exchange and lateral hyporheic area of two stream—quifer systems,Water Resources Research 34, No3:317—328
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