松辽盆地晚白垩世早—中期孢粉、藻类及古气候古湖泊条件
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摘要
白垩纪时期是中生代极热气候期的典型代表,但是迄今为止关于陆相白垩纪及其古气候变化的研究中,现存的证据还不够充分。松辽盆地是世界上最大的白垩纪陆相盆地之一,也是保存最好的白垩纪湖相沉积盆地,它的存在,为我们研究晚白垩世非海相的古气候和古湖泊环境提供了一个绝好的机会。本文以位于中国东北地区的松辽盆地为研究区域,以大陆科学钻探项目的松科一井南孔的钻孔取心资料为依托来分析,结合丰富的孢粉和藻类化石资料进行松辽盆地晚白垩时期古气候古湖泊条件的探讨。样品涉及的层位是从泉头组三段到嫩江组二段下部,岩性主要以泥岩为主。在这一层位,孢粉及其他微体化石的属种和数量都异常丰富,为当时古气候古环境的恢复提供了大量有用的信息。
     本文通过对松辽盆地泉头组上部到嫩江组二段下部孢粉化石的研究,自下而上划分了六个孢粉化石组合带:Cicatricosisporites-Cyathidites-Pinuspollenites组合带,Schizaeoisporites-Cyathidites-Classopollis组合带,Cyathidites-Schizaeoisporites组合带,Schizaeoisporites-Cyathidites-Proteacidites组合带,Proteacidites-Cyathidites-Dictyotriletes组合带,以及Lythraites-Callistipollenites-Schizaeoisporites组合带。通过对一些典型属种化石的研究分析,可以得出这六个化石组合带所对应的沉积时期主要是从晚白垩世的Cenomanian晚期到Campanian早期。松辽盆地晚白垩世的藻类丰度高、分异度低,且特定的藻类反映的水体盐度不同:在姚家组二三段(K_2y~(2+3))主要是淡水环境,而在青山口一段上部(K_2q~1)和嫩江组一二段(K_2n~(1+2))是从微咸水到半咸水的环境。通过对藻类和孢粉化石的定量分析得出,松辽盆地晚白垩世植被景观是针叶林、针阔混交林和草原草丛植被为主,属于湿润、半湿润的亚热带气候环境;在大的温暖气候背景下,发生了小的较明显的温度、湿度突变事件。在此时期古松辽湖泊水体的盐度呈现了由淡水-微咸水-半咸水-微咸水-淡水的循环变化。
Cretaceous climate was warmer than today. The Songliao Basin contains one of themost important Late Cretaceous non-marine deposits in China for the research of thepaleoenvironment and paleoclimate. This research is based on core samples from theSK1(S) borehole. The strata sampled are the upper part of the Quantou Formation tomember2of the Nenjiang Formation, where spores, pollen, dinoflagellates, and othermicrofossils are abundantly preserved.
     Based on analysis of the spores and pollen fossils from the core samples, thefollowing six fossil assemblage zones have been recognized in ascending order: theCicatricosisporites-Cyathidites-Pinuspollenites,Schizaeoisporites-Cyathidites-Classopollis, Cyathidites-Schizaeoisporites,Schizaeoisporites-Cyathidites-Proteacidites, Proteacidites-Cyathidites-Dictyotriletes,and the Lythraites-Callistipollenites-Schizaeoisporites zones. The six fossil zonesrange from the late Cenomanian to early Campanian.
     The Late Cretaceous dinoflagellate cysts in the Songliao Basin are of highabundance and low diversity. Specific phytoplankton types reflect salinity changes ofthe Songliao Lake. Paleoecology of the dinoflagellates suggests that sediments ofmembers2and3of the Yaojia Formation (K_2y~(2+3)) were deposited in a freshwaterenvironment, whereas members2and3of the Qingshankou Formation (K_2q~(2+3)) andmembers1and2of the Nenjiang Formation (K_2n~(1+2)) were deposited in freshwater tobrackish water environments.
     Combined with the paleoecology of dinoflagellates and the palynomorph biozones,valuable information of the paleoclimate was provided. The quantitative analyses ofspores and pollen fossils, such as vegetation type, climate type, and humidity type,diversity and dominance, indicate a relatively sub-humid, mid-subtropicalpaleoclimate, with slight climatic fluctuation and/or temporal change.
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