几种基于介孔结构的功能复合材料的合成及性质研究
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摘要
本论文利用介孔材料高的比表面积和大的孔体积，孔径均一且在纳米尺寸范围可调，表面易官能团化等特点，制备出几种不同类型的具有介孔结构的复合物，研究了其在湿度传感器、吸附和可见光催化领域的应用价值，从而达到材料功能化的目的。
首先，我们选择以介孔SBA-15为主体材料，分别采用固相研磨和溶液浸润混合两种合成方法，制备出两种不同类型的K_2CO_3/SBA-15复合材料并研究了其湿度敏感性质。实验结果表明，两种方法均能制备出湿敏性能良好的传感器件。固相研磨方法中最佳的混合比例为1g SBA-15中加入0.8g K_2CO_3；溶液浸润方法中最佳的负载比例为1g SBA-15中加入0.16g K_2CO_3，对于两种材料的湿敏机制我们给出了详细的分析。下一章节，通过利用介孔材料的结构特点能够提升材料对湿度的敏感性的启发，我们改进了实验方法采用原位合成的方法将金属氧化物和SiO_2材料复合在一起形成介孔孔壁，制备出介孔ZnO-SiO_2、Fe_2O_3/SiO_2复合物。该方法不仅操作简单，而且能形成稳定的介孔结构。通过调节金属氧化物与SiO_2的摩尔比例，最终得到最佳摩尔比例的湿敏器件。介孔ZnO-SiO_2复合物出现在Zn/Si=1:1处，介孔Fe_2O_3/SiO_2复合物出现在Fe/Si=0.5:1处，同样讨论了两种材料的湿敏机制。下个部分，我们将磁性材料与介孔材料复合在一起，目的在于得到的复合物兼具介孔材料的功能性和良好的磁学性质，通过外加磁场，能够将目标材料轻松回收并循环使用。首先，我们制备出单分散的Fe_3O_4微球并以其作为磁核展开下一步的包覆工作，为了便于介孔材料包覆成功，我们选择以实体SiO_2材料作为夹层。第一个部分，将介孔SiO_2包覆在磁核表面，制备出花状形貌的Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@meso-SiO_2复合材料，该材料对工业废水中的重金属离子具有良好的吸附性。第二部分，将介孔TiO_2包覆在磁核表面，得到Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@meso-TiO_2复合材料，并以其作为光催化剂，开展有机污染物降解和磁回收技术研究。这些方向同时涉及了物理学、化学、环境污染处理以及多孔材料科学等几大热点领域，具有一定的理论和现实意义。
Since the Mobil scientists first reported the synthesis of highly ordered M41S seriesof mesoporous silicate molecular sieve in1992, mesoporous materials with regularpore structure, high specific surface area and pore volume, uniform and adjustablepore size have been greatly concerned by the international physics, chemistry andmaterials academia. So far, the study on the synthesis of mesoporous materials hasachieved fruitful results. However, compared with the results achieved in thesynthesis of mesoporous materials, in the application areas of progress is slow. In thisthesis, the main line of mesoporous materials, different materials and methods havebeen adopted to synthesize functional composite materials with a mesoporousstructure and their application value on the field of humidity sensor, sewage treatment,photocatalysis have also been studied. Our researches make contribute to realizelarge-scale industrial application of mesoporous materials
In the second chapter, mesoporous silicon-based materials SBA-15was used ashost materials to mix with K_2CO3to form K_2CO3/SBA-15composites by solid-phasegrinding and solution infiltration two different ways. Firstly, mesoporous SBA-15powders with two-dimensional hexagonal ordered structure, high thermal stabilitywere synthesized by hydrothermal method. In the solid-phase grinding process,different amount of K_2CO3was selected to mix with1g SBA-15by grinding with amortar, and finally formed K_2CO3/SBA-15composites through the calcination process.Compared with pure SBA-15, the sensitivity to humidity of K_2CO3/SBA-15wassignificantly improved. The optimal mixing ratio was1g SBA-15added0.8g K_2CO3. The composite formed by this ratio showed good humidity sensitive characteristics.However, in the calcination process, the mesoporous structure completely collapsed.Analysis on the humidity sensitivity mechanism of0.8g K_2CO3/SBA-15sample, webelieve the reason is that there are easily dissociatve potassium salts existed in thiscomposite. In solution infiltration method, different amount of K_2CO3was dissolvedin aqueous solution, and then mixed with1g SBA-15respectively, finally driedovernight to form K_2CO3/SBA-15composites. The composites obtained by thismethod have highly ordered mesoporous structure, and the optimal loading ratio is1gSBA-15added0.16g K_2CO3. Ordered pore structure, high specific surface area andpore volume created by this composite can adsorb lots of water molecule, acceleratethe transmission of the particles, which play a crucial role to improve the sensitivity ofthe material towards humidity.
View on the research of the last chapter, we found that mesoporous structure hasgreat help to improve the sensitivity of materials to humidity. In the third chapter, weadopted the synchronous self-assembly techniques loading metal oxides on the SiO_2matrix to form the mesoporous wall by one-pot synthesis. This method is that whenthe surfactant molecules formed micelles in solution, synchronously adding siliconsource and metal oxide precursor by continuous stirring make the silicon source andprecursor evenly attach to the surface of the micelles. Finally, mesoporous structureformed by calcining process, and SiO_2and metal oxide mixed evenly to form porewall. We have chosen two different metal oxides, ZnO and Fe_2O3in this chapter. Theexperimental results show that this method not only operates easily, but also can formhighly ordered mesoporous structure after calcinations. Analysis on thehumid-sensitivity properties of two materials, we found that pure ZnO or Fe_2O3arenot sensitive to humidity, when loading two metal oxides to the pore walls, thehumidity sensitivity significantly improved. For amorphous ZnO-SiO_2composites,the best ratio is Zn/Si=1：1, and for highly crystallization Fe_2O3/SiO_2composites, thebest ratio is Fe/Si=0.5：1. For their humidity sensing mechanism, we were also doing adetailed study.
We composed different types of materials with SiO_2in order to prepare newhumidity-sensitive materials, which broaden the ideas in the application ofmesoporous materials on the humidity sensor.
Magnetic materials due to they can be easily removed from the reaction system byan external magnetic field have been highly concerned by many researchers.Functional materials composed with magnetic materials, which both havefunctionality and magnetism, can greatly increase the practicability of materials. Thefourth chapter, we first prepared Fe_3O_4microspheres, in which sodium citrate wasadded. Our aim is to graft hydrophilic group“–COOH” to the surface of magneticcore, showing a good dispersibility in polar solvents such as water or ethanol in orderto facilitate subsequent coating. The second step, the entity SiO_2coated on the surfaceof the magnetic core to form the monodisperse Fe_3O_4@SiO_2core-shell structure. Thethird step, CTAB as pore formed template, TEOS as silica source, by adjusting theratio of CTAB and TEOS, mesoporous SiO_2shell coated on the surface ofFe_3O_4@SiO_2microspheres to form Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@meso-SiO_2composites withflower-like morphology. This composite has monodisperse core-shell structure, largespecific surface area and pore volume, which has strong adsorption towards the heavymetal ions of Pb_(2+)、Cd_(2+)in industrial wastewater. Otherwise, the strong magnetismthis composite has makes great help for recovery and recycling from externalmagnetic fields. Therefore, this material can be used as a good adsorbent in sewagetreatment.
TiO_2is an important semiconductor material. Due to its abundant source,non-toxicity, having a wide band gap and good photocatalytic activity in the nearultraviolet region, light and chemical corrosion resisted, TiO_2is widely used inphotocatalysis. Among them, mesoporous TiO_2due to the high surface area,developed pore structure causes the reaction active centers increased. Narrow anduniform pore size distribution is also beneficial for molecular to diffuse and reach thereactivity centers. Therefore, compared with non-porous TiO_2, mesoporous TiO_2has ahigher photocatalytic activity. The fifth chapter of this thesis continued the research ofthe fourth chapter, Mesoporous TiO_2shell was chosen to coat on the surface of Fe_3O_4microspheres。As direct coating will produce a photodissolution phenomenon in orderto reduce the photocatalytic activity of TiO_2,we still select the entity SiO_2as aninterlayer to prepare Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@meso-TiO_2composite. This composite both hasthe structure characteristics of mesoporous TiO_2and magnetic properties of Fe_3O_4. Inaddition, TiO_2shell exists as crystalline anatase phase. In the experiments on the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under UV light, compared with non-porousFe3O4@SiO_2@TiO_2, Fe3O4@SiO_2@meso-TiO_2composite showed higherphotocatalytic activity. Excellent properties make this composite expected to be anew-type photocatalyst in the treatment of industrial wastewater.
In Chapter4and5, combined with today’s hot of magnetic recovery, differentmesoporous materials were coated on the surface of the magnetic core to preparemagnetic nanocomposites with mesoporous structure, which not only increase theusefulness of functional materials, but also make a step toward the practicalapplication for mesoporous materials.
In this thesis, by using different materials, different synthesis methods, several newfunctional composites based on mesoporous structure have been prepared. Our aim isto utilize the features of the ordered mesoporous structure to expand practicalapplication fields of mesoporous materials, so as to achieve the purpose of materialsserved application.
首先，我们选择以介孔SBA-15为主体材料，分别采用固相研磨和溶液浸润混合两种合成方法，制备出两种不同类型的K_2CO_3/SBA-15复合材料并研究了其湿度敏感性质。实验结果表明，两种方法均能制备出湿敏性能良好的传感器件。固相研磨方法中最佳的混合比例为1g SBA-15中加入0.8g K_2CO_3；溶液浸润方法中最佳的负载比例为1g SBA-15中加入0.16g K_2CO_3，对于两种材料的湿敏机制我们给出了详细的分析。下一章节，通过利用介孔材料的结构特点能够提升材料对湿度的敏感性的启发，我们改进了实验方法采用原位合成的方法将金属氧化物和SiO_2材料复合在一起形成介孔孔壁，制备出介孔ZnO-SiO_2、Fe_2O_3/SiO_2复合物。该方法不仅操作简单，而且能形成稳定的介孔结构。通过调节金属氧化物与SiO_2的摩尔比例，最终得到最佳摩尔比例的湿敏器件。介孔ZnO-SiO_2复合物出现在Zn/Si=1:1处，介孔Fe_2O_3/SiO_2复合物出现在Fe/Si=0.5:1处，同样讨论了两种材料的湿敏机制。下个部分，我们将磁性材料与介孔材料复合在一起，目的在于得到的复合物兼具介孔材料的功能性和良好的磁学性质，通过外加磁场，能够将目标材料轻松回收并循环使用。首先，我们制备出单分散的Fe_3O_4微球并以其作为磁核展开下一步的包覆工作，为了便于介孔材料包覆成功，我们选择以实体SiO_2材料作为夹层。第一个部分，将介孔SiO_2包覆在磁核表面，制备出花状形貌的Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@meso-SiO_2复合材料，该材料对工业废水中的重金属离子具有良好的吸附性。第二部分，将介孔TiO_2包覆在磁核表面，得到Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@meso-TiO_2复合材料，并以其作为光催化剂，开展有机污染物降解和磁回收技术研究。这些方向同时涉及了物理学、化学、环境污染处理以及多孔材料科学等几大热点领域，具有一定的理论和现实意义。
Since the Mobil scientists first reported the synthesis of highly ordered M41S seriesof mesoporous silicate molecular sieve in1992, mesoporous materials with regularpore structure, high specific surface area and pore volume, uniform and adjustablepore size have been greatly concerned by the international physics, chemistry andmaterials academia. So far, the study on the synthesis of mesoporous materials hasachieved fruitful results. However, compared with the results achieved in thesynthesis of mesoporous materials, in the application areas of progress is slow. In thisthesis, the main line of mesoporous materials, different materials and methods havebeen adopted to synthesize functional composite materials with a mesoporousstructure and their application value on the field of humidity sensor, sewage treatment,photocatalysis have also been studied. Our researches make contribute to realizelarge-scale industrial application of mesoporous materials
In the second chapter, mesoporous silicon-based materials SBA-15was used ashost materials to mix with K_2CO3to form K_2CO3/SBA-15composites by solid-phasegrinding and solution infiltration two different ways. Firstly, mesoporous SBA-15powders with two-dimensional hexagonal ordered structure, high thermal stabilitywere synthesized by hydrothermal method. In the solid-phase grinding process,different amount of K_2CO3was selected to mix with1g SBA-15by grinding with amortar, and finally formed K_2CO3/SBA-15composites through the calcination process.Compared with pure SBA-15, the sensitivity to humidity of K_2CO3/SBA-15wassignificantly improved. The optimal mixing ratio was1g SBA-15added0.8g K_2CO3. The composite formed by this ratio showed good humidity sensitive characteristics.However, in the calcination process, the mesoporous structure completely collapsed.Analysis on the humidity sensitivity mechanism of0.8g K_2CO3/SBA-15sample, webelieve the reason is that there are easily dissociatve potassium salts existed in thiscomposite. In solution infiltration method, different amount of K_2CO3was dissolvedin aqueous solution, and then mixed with1g SBA-15respectively, finally driedovernight to form K_2CO3/SBA-15composites. The composites obtained by thismethod have highly ordered mesoporous structure, and the optimal loading ratio is1gSBA-15added0.16g K_2CO3. Ordered pore structure, high specific surface area andpore volume created by this composite can adsorb lots of water molecule, acceleratethe transmission of the particles, which play a crucial role to improve the sensitivity ofthe material towards humidity.
View on the research of the last chapter, we found that mesoporous structure hasgreat help to improve the sensitivity of materials to humidity. In the third chapter, weadopted the synchronous self-assembly techniques loading metal oxides on the SiO_2matrix to form the mesoporous wall by one-pot synthesis. This method is that whenthe surfactant molecules formed micelles in solution, synchronously adding siliconsource and metal oxide precursor by continuous stirring make the silicon source andprecursor evenly attach to the surface of the micelles. Finally, mesoporous structureformed by calcining process, and SiO_2and metal oxide mixed evenly to form porewall. We have chosen two different metal oxides, ZnO and Fe_2O3in this chapter. Theexperimental results show that this method not only operates easily, but also can formhighly ordered mesoporous structure after calcinations. Analysis on thehumid-sensitivity properties of two materials, we found that pure ZnO or Fe_2O3arenot sensitive to humidity, when loading two metal oxides to the pore walls, thehumidity sensitivity significantly improved. For amorphous ZnO-SiO_2composites,the best ratio is Zn/Si=1：1, and for highly crystallization Fe_2O3/SiO_2composites, thebest ratio is Fe/Si=0.5：1. For their humidity sensing mechanism, we were also doing adetailed study.
We composed different types of materials with SiO_2in order to prepare newhumidity-sensitive materials, which broaden the ideas in the application ofmesoporous materials on the humidity sensor.
Magnetic materials due to they can be easily removed from the reaction system byan external magnetic field have been highly concerned by many researchers.Functional materials composed with magnetic materials, which both havefunctionality and magnetism, can greatly increase the practicability of materials. Thefourth chapter, we first prepared Fe_3O_4microspheres, in which sodium citrate wasadded. Our aim is to graft hydrophilic group“–COOH” to the surface of magneticcore, showing a good dispersibility in polar solvents such as water or ethanol in orderto facilitate subsequent coating. The second step, the entity SiO_2coated on the surfaceof the magnetic core to form the monodisperse Fe_3O_4@SiO_2core-shell structure. Thethird step, CTAB as pore formed template, TEOS as silica source, by adjusting theratio of CTAB and TEOS, mesoporous SiO_2shell coated on the surface ofFe_3O_4@SiO_2microspheres to form Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@meso-SiO_2composites withflower-like morphology. This composite has monodisperse core-shell structure, largespecific surface area and pore volume, which has strong adsorption towards the heavymetal ions of Pb_(2+)、Cd_(2+)in industrial wastewater. Otherwise, the strong magnetismthis composite has makes great help for recovery and recycling from externalmagnetic fields. Therefore, this material can be used as a good adsorbent in sewagetreatment.
TiO_2is an important semiconductor material. Due to its abundant source,non-toxicity, having a wide band gap and good photocatalytic activity in the nearultraviolet region, light and chemical corrosion resisted, TiO_2is widely used inphotocatalysis. Among them, mesoporous TiO_2due to the high surface area,developed pore structure causes the reaction active centers increased. Narrow anduniform pore size distribution is also beneficial for molecular to diffuse and reach thereactivity centers. Therefore, compared with non-porous TiO_2, mesoporous TiO_2has ahigher photocatalytic activity. The fifth chapter of this thesis continued the research ofthe fourth chapter, Mesoporous TiO_2shell was chosen to coat on the surface of Fe_3O_4microspheres。As direct coating will produce a photodissolution phenomenon in orderto reduce the photocatalytic activity of TiO_2,we still select the entity SiO_2as aninterlayer to prepare Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@meso-TiO_2composite. This composite both hasthe structure characteristics of mesoporous TiO_2and magnetic properties of Fe_3O_4. Inaddition, TiO_2shell exists as crystalline anatase phase. In the experiments on the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under UV light, compared with non-porousFe3O4@SiO_2@TiO_2, Fe3O4@SiO_2@meso-TiO_2composite showed higherphotocatalytic activity. Excellent properties make this composite expected to be anew-type photocatalyst in the treatment of industrial wastewater.
In Chapter4and5, combined with today’s hot of magnetic recovery, differentmesoporous materials were coated on the surface of the magnetic core to preparemagnetic nanocomposites with mesoporous structure, which not only increase theusefulness of functional materials, but also make a step toward the practicalapplication for mesoporous materials.
In this thesis, by using different materials, different synthesis methods, several newfunctional composites based on mesoporous structure have been prepared. Our aim isto utilize the features of the ordered mesoporous structure to expand practicalapplication fields of mesoporous materials, so as to achieve the purpose of materialsserved application.
引文
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