基于簇的无线传感器网络路由及其鲁棒性评估研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络是一种低功耗自组织的新型网络结构，其节点一般采用微型化设计并使用电池供电，很难提供充足的能量供给，同时，一些不定因素对网络性能的影响较大，因而，提高能效及数据传输可靠性是无线传感器网络的核心问题。本论文从网络层研究了无线传感器网络在数据传输过程中的高能效性及高可靠性等关键问题，构建了基于簇的高能效无线传感器网络，提出了一种高可靠性的路由算法。同时，针对路由算法鲁棒性强弱的评价问题，本文在云理论的基础上，提出了一种科学的评估方法。此外，为了确定路由过程中的数据源或事发点的地理位置，论文也给出了一种节点自身定位算法。具体如下：
1、研究了无线传感器网络路由中的区域划分技术，提出一种基于双基站功率控制的虚拟网格划分方法，将大范围的目标区域划分为多节点、小范围的虚拟网格区域，并为每个网格区域分配一个区域ID。
2、在虚拟网格划分的基础上，构建了一种并行、分布式、自组织的簇协议(Parallel Distributed Self-Organization Clustering Protocol，PDSOCP)。该协议采用基于簇的层次结构，根据节点的剩余能量及节点在各自网格区域内的相对位置竞选簇头，使选择的簇头更具合理性，簇头节点依据其区域ID自适应的建立路由。研究表明，算法有效提高了无线传感器网络的能效，延长了网络生命周期。
3、PDSOCP建立的路由采用的是单播模式，数据传输的可靠性并不高，为了解决不可靠节点和易失无线链路面临的数据传输可靠性问题，提出了一种基于虚拟网格划分的高可靠性路由算法(Grid-based High Reliability Routing，GHRR)。GHRR算法建立了基于区域ID的梯度域，数据沿着源节点到目的节点的“信息传送带”进行传输，而不局限于单个节点的数据收发。论文从理论和仿真两个角度对GHRR算法的可靠性、链路负荷、能耗等参数进行了分析，经过与同类算法的比较，得到较好结果。
4、数据来源或者事发点的地理位置在无线传感器网络的应用中占有举足轻重的地位，没有位置信息的数据是没有实际意义的，虽然PDSOCP实现了数据源所属区域的定位，但定位精度不高。为此，本文基于质心定位技术，提出一种基于功率控制的质心定位算法(Centroid Localization Algorithm based on Power Control，CLAPC)，进一步提高了定位精度。
5、为了更为科学的衡量路由算法对环境变化的适应能力，本文对路由鲁棒性的评估问题做出了有益的探索。分析了无线传感器网络鲁棒性评估的特点，在云理论的基础上，建立了路由鲁棒性评估模型，提出相应的评估方法和步骤，并通过实例验证了方法的可行性。
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a low-power and self-organized network. The nodes are tiny designed and battery power supplied, which makes it hard to supply continuously sufficient energy. What's more, some inconstant factors would provide great affection to network performance. Consequently, how to enhance the energy efficient and reliability of WSN are the key questions. Focusing on these, these dissertation researches on energy efficiency and reliability of WSN during data transmitting in network layer, and builds an energy-efficient WSN based on cluster, after that, presents a high reliability routing algorithm. At the same time, the dissertation discusses the question of robustness evaluation of routing algorithm, and presents a scientific method of evaluation. On the other hand, the dissertation presents a localization algorithm for the sake of measuring the geography position of data source or event spring during routing. The details are as following:
1. The technology of area partition in WSN routing is studied, and a method of virtual grid partition based on power control of two base stations is presented, which partitions the large areas of target scope into a series of virtual grid cells, where each cell is determined by multi-nodes and assigned with a unique virtual ID.
2. Based on the virtual grid cells, this thesis presents a Parallel Distributed Self-Organization Clustering Protocol (PDSOCP) which builds a layer structure of cluster. It selects cluster head according to residual energy of nodes and its relative localization in each grid cells, which make the selected cluster head more reasonable. What's more, the cluster heads create routing adaptively by its grid ID. The presented research shows that the algorithm yields an improvement in saving energy and prolonging system lifetime, as well as achieving better performance.
3. The routing in PDSOCP is based on the unitary mode in essentially whose reliability of data transmitting is lower. This paper presents a Grid-based High Reliability Routing (GHRR) which is designed specifically for robust data delivery in face of unreliable nodes and fallible wireless links. GHRR builds a gradient field based on virtual ID of grid cells, forwards data along a band of interleaved mesh from each source to the receiver. The GHRR performance has been evaluated in reliability, link overhead, energy dissipation etc. through both theoretic analysis and extensive simulation. Compared with other similar work, the performance of GHRR is more favorable.
4. The geography position of data source or event spring plays an important role in many applications of WSN, and it would be nonsensical for these data without position information. Although PDSOCP algorithm has already mentioned it, the localization error is not small. Fortunately, Centroid Localization Algorithm based on Power Control (CLAPC) is presented in this dissertation which enhances the localization precision.
5. For the sake of evaluating the adaptability of routing algorithm to dynamic environment, the dissertation provides some beneficial exploration on routing robustness evaluation. It involves analyzing the characteristics of WSN routing robustness, creating robustness evaluation model based on cloud theory, presenting corresponding methods and steps, validating its feasibility by some examples.
1、研究了无线传感器网络路由中的区域划分技术，提出一种基于双基站功率控制的虚拟网格划分方法，将大范围的目标区域划分为多节点、小范围的虚拟网格区域，并为每个网格区域分配一个区域ID。
2、在虚拟网格划分的基础上，构建了一种并行、分布式、自组织的簇协议(Parallel Distributed Self-Organization Clustering Protocol，PDSOCP)。该协议采用基于簇的层次结构，根据节点的剩余能量及节点在各自网格区域内的相对位置竞选簇头，使选择的簇头更具合理性，簇头节点依据其区域ID自适应的建立路由。研究表明，算法有效提高了无线传感器网络的能效，延长了网络生命周期。
3、PDSOCP建立的路由采用的是单播模式，数据传输的可靠性并不高，为了解决不可靠节点和易失无线链路面临的数据传输可靠性问题，提出了一种基于虚拟网格划分的高可靠性路由算法(Grid-based High Reliability Routing，GHRR)。GHRR算法建立了基于区域ID的梯度域，数据沿着源节点到目的节点的“信息传送带”进行传输，而不局限于单个节点的数据收发。论文从理论和仿真两个角度对GHRR算法的可靠性、链路负荷、能耗等参数进行了分析，经过与同类算法的比较，得到较好结果。
4、数据来源或者事发点的地理位置在无线传感器网络的应用中占有举足轻重的地位，没有位置信息的数据是没有实际意义的，虽然PDSOCP实现了数据源所属区域的定位，但定位精度不高。为此，本文基于质心定位技术，提出一种基于功率控制的质心定位算法(Centroid Localization Algorithm based on Power Control，CLAPC)，进一步提高了定位精度。
5、为了更为科学的衡量路由算法对环境变化的适应能力，本文对路由鲁棒性的评估问题做出了有益的探索。分析了无线传感器网络鲁棒性评估的特点，在云理论的基础上，建立了路由鲁棒性评估模型，提出相应的评估方法和步骤，并通过实例验证了方法的可行性。
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a low-power and self-organized network. The nodes are tiny designed and battery power supplied, which makes it hard to supply continuously sufficient energy. What's more, some inconstant factors would provide great affection to network performance. Consequently, how to enhance the energy efficient and reliability of WSN are the key questions. Focusing on these, these dissertation researches on energy efficiency and reliability of WSN during data transmitting in network layer, and builds an energy-efficient WSN based on cluster, after that, presents a high reliability routing algorithm. At the same time, the dissertation discusses the question of robustness evaluation of routing algorithm, and presents a scientific method of evaluation. On the other hand, the dissertation presents a localization algorithm for the sake of measuring the geography position of data source or event spring during routing. The details are as following:
1. The technology of area partition in WSN routing is studied, and a method of virtual grid partition based on power control of two base stations is presented, which partitions the large areas of target scope into a series of virtual grid cells, where each cell is determined by multi-nodes and assigned with a unique virtual ID.
2. Based on the virtual grid cells, this thesis presents a Parallel Distributed Self-Organization Clustering Protocol (PDSOCP) which builds a layer structure of cluster. It selects cluster head according to residual energy of nodes and its relative localization in each grid cells, which make the selected cluster head more reasonable. What's more, the cluster heads create routing adaptively by its grid ID. The presented research shows that the algorithm yields an improvement in saving energy and prolonging system lifetime, as well as achieving better performance.
3. The routing in PDSOCP is based on the unitary mode in essentially whose reliability of data transmitting is lower. This paper presents a Grid-based High Reliability Routing (GHRR) which is designed specifically for robust data delivery in face of unreliable nodes and fallible wireless links. GHRR builds a gradient field based on virtual ID of grid cells, forwards data along a band of interleaved mesh from each source to the receiver. The GHRR performance has been evaluated in reliability, link overhead, energy dissipation etc. through both theoretic analysis and extensive simulation. Compared with other similar work, the performance of GHRR is more favorable.
4. The geography position of data source or event spring plays an important role in many applications of WSN, and it would be nonsensical for these data without position information. Although PDSOCP algorithm has already mentioned it, the localization error is not small. Fortunately, Centroid Localization Algorithm based on Power Control (CLAPC) is presented in this dissertation which enhances the localization precision.
5. For the sake of evaluating the adaptability of routing algorithm to dynamic environment, the dissertation provides some beneficial exploration on routing robustness evaluation. It involves analyzing the characteristics of WSN routing robustness, creating robustness evaluation model based on cloud theory, presenting corresponding methods and steps, validating its feasibility by some examples.
引文
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