注浆控制岩溶隧道突水地质灾害的机理和模拟方法研究
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摘要
岩溶地貌是具有溶蚀力的水对可溶岩进行溶蚀等作用所形成的地表和地下形态的总称,又称为喀斯特地貌。分布在世界各地可溶岩地区的岩溶地貌,面积达2200万平方公里,涉及十亿人口,我国的岩溶地貌的面积约有130万平方公里,其中尤以西南地区最为集中。
岩溶地区的生态环境异常脆弱,需要细心的管理和保持,但为了各地区的平衡协调发展,大型基础工程在岩溶区不断上马。隧道等地下工程往往成为地下水排泄的新通道,从而严重影响岩溶区原有的水文地质环境,甚至造成隧址区的环境灾难,所以需要改变以往隧道建设过程中以排为主的理念。
纵观隧道发展史,其建设趋势在向着“长、大、深”方向发展。在此过程中,隧道的常规建设技术得到了长足进步,但是在面对突水、岩爆、塌陷等地质灾害时,人类也遭受了前所未有的惨痛教训。在各种地质灾害中,论及破坏力之大和发生频率之高,非突水莫属。其破坏力轻则冲毁机具、淹没隧道、耽误工期,重则造成人员伤亡、甚至报废整个工程,给国民经济造成极大损失。为了尽可能的降低突水的破坏性和指导突水防治工作,本文采用FLOW-3D软件对不同驱动力的隧道突水进行了数值分析工作。
本文以沪蓉西高速公路龙潭隧道、齐岳山隧道和锦屏二级电站的引水辅助洞为依托工程。龙潭隧道在施工过程中多次发生涌水涌泥,耗时五年零五个月,接近预计工期的两倍,仅仅左线的最后五米,就耗时五个月,可见突水突泥的严重性。齐岳山隧道穿越清江之源,其中管道交错,溶洞密布,暗河穿越,地质极为复杂,在施工过程中也多次发生涌水事件,往往隧外下大雨,隧内涌大水,多次淹没逆坡施工的出口段,极大的耽误了工程进度。引水辅助洞埋深超过两千米,其岩溶形态多以贯通性较好的溶隙裂隙存在,在极大水头压力的作用下,以极快的速度瞬间进发而出,其破坏力与高压水枪无异。
随着现代注浆技术的不断发展,以及新型浆材的不断涌现和注浆设备的不断改进,注浆技术已经成为处理岩溶隧道突水地质灾害的主要手段。但是作为一门科学,它的理论性和系统性还有待完善。注浆理论的研究需要从被注介质特性和浆液流变特性两个方面进行。本文从岩溶区特有的地质特点出发,对被注介质的特性进行研究,认为岩溶区的浆液扩散不再由岩体渗流理论所控制,而必须从流体的质量和动量守恒方程出发,对其进行系统研究。浆液扩散研究必须考虑浆液的粘度时变性,在综合考虑理论合理性和求解可行性的基础上,本文采用粘度时变性的牛顿流体作为浆液模型。在两者的基础上,推导出了质量和动量守恒方程,形成了关于速度场和压力的封闭方程组。
由质量和动量守恒所推导而得的控制方程是复杂的二阶偏微分方程,以现在的数学和流体力学理论无法对其进行理论求解,所以必须借助于现代的计算机技术进行离散求解。本文以流体动力学中应用最为广泛的有限体积法为基础,分别采用HQUICK、中心差分、Crank-Nicolson、Adams-Bashforth等离散格式对控制方程对流和扩散等项在空间域和时间域上进行离散,得到控制方程的离散格式,最后采用压力泊松方程法在非交错非结构的离散网格上求得压力和速度场,从而在理论上完成了整套的数值求解工作。
借助于Matlab(?)高级编程语言,对离散格式的控制方程进行了代码编译工作,开发出了GSK(Grouting Simulation in Karst zone)软件包。GSK主要包括网格构建、参数设置、计算分析和结果显示四个部分。借助于非结构网格的优势,GSK可以建立任意形状的网格,从而满足了岩溶区被注介质的形状复杂性要求。参数设置主要包括初边值条件、浆液属性、计算参数等几个方面。结果显示部分可以用云图、矢量图、等值线图以及动画方式展示速度场、压力等结果,也可以绘制注浆量、注浆压力等随时间的变化曲线。
提出了集综合预报、预警和处治为一身的三位一体岩溶水防治体系。岩溶区突水的防治工作是一个系统工程,单纯的依靠注浆堵水技术往往事倍功半,甚至可能半途而废,所以在防治过程中必须依靠隧道综合超前地质预报技术,以对被注介质的缺陷做到了然于胸,使注浆工作有的放矢。岩溶隧道突水具有极大的危害性,一旦发生,后果往往不堪设想,但借助于先进的预警体系和设备可以有效减小突水的灾难性后果。本文最后将岩溶突水的三位一体防治体系成功应用于现场试验,并采用自己开发的GSK软件包对其中的串跑浆现象进行了模拟验证。
Karst landform is a general name for the morphology of the earth's surface and underground, which formed in the process of soluble rock dissolved by the running water. Karst landform distributes in the whole world with the total area of about 22 million square kilometers, and influences one billion people's life. For China, the area is about 1.3 million square kilometers, and it mainly centralized in the Southwest area.
In the karst area, the ecological environment is very weak, which requires management and maintenance with patience. However, in order to keep the balance of development between the regions, many large foundation engineering are constructing in the karst area. The tunnel will be the new path for the underground water, and the hydrogeology will be seriously affected. Therefore, the traditional concept, which mainly depends on the drainage method, should be changed during the tunnel construction.
Throughout the history of tunnel development, the construction trend is longer, larger, and deeper. During this process, conventional technology for the tunnel has a considerable progress. However, when facing geological disasters, such as water inrush, rock burst, and collapse, human still suffered the bitter lessons. Among all the disasters, water inrush is the worst one, because of its destructive effects and frequent occurrences. Water inrush can destroy the equipments, submerge the tunnel, delay the construction period, scrap the whole project, and even cost great loss of the national economy. In order to decrease the destructive force of water inrush and guide the treatment, numerical computation was studied in this paper under different driving forces in the tunnel with the FLOW-3D.
For this dissertation, the research is based on three tunnels, one is Longtan tunnel, the other one is Qiyueshan tunnel in the Hurong west, the last one is auxiliary tunnel for the Jinping second hydropower station. Disasters of water and mud inrush have occurred many times during the construction of Longtan tunnel. The construction period is five months and five years which is twice of the predicted one. For the last 5 meters of the left line, it cost five months to pass, from which we can know the severity of the disasters. The Qiyueshan tunnel passes through the source of Qingjiang, which is full of conduits, cavities, and even underground rivers. The geological condition is so complex that water inrush has occurred many times during the construction process. Especially when it was raining outside, water was running in the tunnel. The outlets for the reverse slope construction have also been submerged several times. The engineering's process has been severely delayed. The buried depth of the auxiliary tunnel is more than two thousand meters, and the karst morphology is mainly fractures with good interconnectivity. Under the high pressure, water will inrush into the tunnel in an extremely high speed, and the destructive force would be ghastly.
With the development of the modern grouting technology, emergence of the new grouts and improvement of the grouting equipments, grouting has become the main way to treat the water inrush geological disaster in the karst tunnel. However, as a science, the theory of grouting and its systematicness still need to be well established. For the grouting theory research, the model of injected medium and the rheological property of the grouts have to be studied. Starting from the unique features in the karst zone, by studying the injected medium, the conclusions obtained in the dissertation are that the grouts diffusion in karst zone isn't controlled by the seepage theory, but by the mass and momentum conservation. Because the viscosity changes with time has to be considered, based on the feasibility of the solution and the rationality of the theory, Newton fluid model with changing viscosity upon time has been selected. The mass and momentum conservation equations have derived from thess theory, and the closed equations in the velocity and pressure have been acquired.
The control equations about the mass and momentum conservation are complicated partial difference ones, it is impossible to solve them using the mathematics and fluid mechanics for now, so numerical solution based on the modern computer technology has to be selected. In this dissertation, based upon the finite volume method which are widely used in the fluid dynamics, several discretizations schemes such as HQUICK, Central Difference, Crank-Nicolson, Adams-Bashforth, have been applied to discrete the diffusion and convection term in the time and spatial domain. Based on the discrete form of the equation, the velocity and pressure have been solved by the Pressure Poisson Equation Method by applying the non-staggered and non-structural grid. Now, the numerical solution has been theoretically calculated.
Based on the advanced programming software Matlab(?), the discrete form of equations has been programmed, and the GSK (Grouting Simulation in Karst zone) software package has been developed. GSK software package includes four parts, which are grid construction, preferences, analysis, and post-processing. By using non-structural gird, the model with arbitrary shape can be established, so the complexity requirement of the injected medium in the karst zone can be satisfied. Preferences part includes the initial and boundary condition, grouts properties and computational parameters. Run and restart are the two functions of the analysis parts. The pressure and velocity can be plotted by the contour map, vector map, cloud map, and in the animation form. It can plot the curves, which indicate the grouting volume, grouting pressure, diffusion radius changes with respect to time as well.
Triune control system of the karst water has been proposed, it can be revealed as the comprehensive advanced predictions, early warning and treatment. Water inrush controlling is a systematic engineering in the karst zone. If only depending on the grouting technology itself, the effects might not be good enough, or it even doesn't work. But when combining with the comprehensive advanced predictions, the exact condition of the injected medium could be well understood, and the grouting work will be more efficient. In order to reduce the catastrophic damage caused by the water inrush in the karst zone, the advanced early warning system and device must be adopted. At last, the control system of the karst water inrsush is successfully applied to the field test, and the simulation of the grout loss phenomenon has been verified by the GSK package.
岩溶地区的生态环境异常脆弱,需要细心的管理和保持,但为了各地区的平衡协调发展,大型基础工程在岩溶区不断上马。隧道等地下工程往往成为地下水排泄的新通道,从而严重影响岩溶区原有的水文地质环境,甚至造成隧址区的环境灾难,所以需要改变以往隧道建设过程中以排为主的理念。
纵观隧道发展史,其建设趋势在向着“长、大、深”方向发展。在此过程中,隧道的常规建设技术得到了长足进步,但是在面对突水、岩爆、塌陷等地质灾害时,人类也遭受了前所未有的惨痛教训。在各种地质灾害中,论及破坏力之大和发生频率之高,非突水莫属。其破坏力轻则冲毁机具、淹没隧道、耽误工期,重则造成人员伤亡、甚至报废整个工程,给国民经济造成极大损失。为了尽可能的降低突水的破坏性和指导突水防治工作,本文采用FLOW-3D软件对不同驱动力的隧道突水进行了数值分析工作。
本文以沪蓉西高速公路龙潭隧道、齐岳山隧道和锦屏二级电站的引水辅助洞为依托工程。龙潭隧道在施工过程中多次发生涌水涌泥,耗时五年零五个月,接近预计工期的两倍,仅仅左线的最后五米,就耗时五个月,可见突水突泥的严重性。齐岳山隧道穿越清江之源,其中管道交错,溶洞密布,暗河穿越,地质极为复杂,在施工过程中也多次发生涌水事件,往往隧外下大雨,隧内涌大水,多次淹没逆坡施工的出口段,极大的耽误了工程进度。引水辅助洞埋深超过两千米,其岩溶形态多以贯通性较好的溶隙裂隙存在,在极大水头压力的作用下,以极快的速度瞬间进发而出,其破坏力与高压水枪无异。
随着现代注浆技术的不断发展,以及新型浆材的不断涌现和注浆设备的不断改进,注浆技术已经成为处理岩溶隧道突水地质灾害的主要手段。但是作为一门科学,它的理论性和系统性还有待完善。注浆理论的研究需要从被注介质特性和浆液流变特性两个方面进行。本文从岩溶区特有的地质特点出发,对被注介质的特性进行研究,认为岩溶区的浆液扩散不再由岩体渗流理论所控制,而必须从流体的质量和动量守恒方程出发,对其进行系统研究。浆液扩散研究必须考虑浆液的粘度时变性,在综合考虑理论合理性和求解可行性的基础上,本文采用粘度时变性的牛顿流体作为浆液模型。在两者的基础上,推导出了质量和动量守恒方程,形成了关于速度场和压力的封闭方程组。
由质量和动量守恒所推导而得的控制方程是复杂的二阶偏微分方程,以现在的数学和流体力学理论无法对其进行理论求解,所以必须借助于现代的计算机技术进行离散求解。本文以流体动力学中应用最为广泛的有限体积法为基础,分别采用HQUICK、中心差分、Crank-Nicolson、Adams-Bashforth等离散格式对控制方程对流和扩散等项在空间域和时间域上进行离散,得到控制方程的离散格式,最后采用压力泊松方程法在非交错非结构的离散网格上求得压力和速度场,从而在理论上完成了整套的数值求解工作。
借助于Matlab(?)高级编程语言,对离散格式的控制方程进行了代码编译工作,开发出了GSK(Grouting Simulation in Karst zone)软件包。GSK主要包括网格构建、参数设置、计算分析和结果显示四个部分。借助于非结构网格的优势,GSK可以建立任意形状的网格,从而满足了岩溶区被注介质的形状复杂性要求。参数设置主要包括初边值条件、浆液属性、计算参数等几个方面。结果显示部分可以用云图、矢量图、等值线图以及动画方式展示速度场、压力等结果,也可以绘制注浆量、注浆压力等随时间的变化曲线。
提出了集综合预报、预警和处治为一身的三位一体岩溶水防治体系。岩溶区突水的防治工作是一个系统工程,单纯的依靠注浆堵水技术往往事倍功半,甚至可能半途而废,所以在防治过程中必须依靠隧道综合超前地质预报技术,以对被注介质的缺陷做到了然于胸,使注浆工作有的放矢。岩溶隧道突水具有极大的危害性,一旦发生,后果往往不堪设想,但借助于先进的预警体系和设备可以有效减小突水的灾难性后果。本文最后将岩溶突水的三位一体防治体系成功应用于现场试验,并采用自己开发的GSK软件包对其中的串跑浆现象进行了模拟验证。
Karst landform is a general name for the morphology of the earth's surface and underground, which formed in the process of soluble rock dissolved by the running water. Karst landform distributes in the whole world with the total area of about 22 million square kilometers, and influences one billion people's life. For China, the area is about 1.3 million square kilometers, and it mainly centralized in the Southwest area.
In the karst area, the ecological environment is very weak, which requires management and maintenance with patience. However, in order to keep the balance of development between the regions, many large foundation engineering are constructing in the karst area. The tunnel will be the new path for the underground water, and the hydrogeology will be seriously affected. Therefore, the traditional concept, which mainly depends on the drainage method, should be changed during the tunnel construction.
Throughout the history of tunnel development, the construction trend is longer, larger, and deeper. During this process, conventional technology for the tunnel has a considerable progress. However, when facing geological disasters, such as water inrush, rock burst, and collapse, human still suffered the bitter lessons. Among all the disasters, water inrush is the worst one, because of its destructive effects and frequent occurrences. Water inrush can destroy the equipments, submerge the tunnel, delay the construction period, scrap the whole project, and even cost great loss of the national economy. In order to decrease the destructive force of water inrush and guide the treatment, numerical computation was studied in this paper under different driving forces in the tunnel with the FLOW-3D.
For this dissertation, the research is based on three tunnels, one is Longtan tunnel, the other one is Qiyueshan tunnel in the Hurong west, the last one is auxiliary tunnel for the Jinping second hydropower station. Disasters of water and mud inrush have occurred many times during the construction of Longtan tunnel. The construction period is five months and five years which is twice of the predicted one. For the last 5 meters of the left line, it cost five months to pass, from which we can know the severity of the disasters. The Qiyueshan tunnel passes through the source of Qingjiang, which is full of conduits, cavities, and even underground rivers. The geological condition is so complex that water inrush has occurred many times during the construction process. Especially when it was raining outside, water was running in the tunnel. The outlets for the reverse slope construction have also been submerged several times. The engineering's process has been severely delayed. The buried depth of the auxiliary tunnel is more than two thousand meters, and the karst morphology is mainly fractures with good interconnectivity. Under the high pressure, water will inrush into the tunnel in an extremely high speed, and the destructive force would be ghastly.
With the development of the modern grouting technology, emergence of the new grouts and improvement of the grouting equipments, grouting has become the main way to treat the water inrush geological disaster in the karst tunnel. However, as a science, the theory of grouting and its systematicness still need to be well established. For the grouting theory research, the model of injected medium and the rheological property of the grouts have to be studied. Starting from the unique features in the karst zone, by studying the injected medium, the conclusions obtained in the dissertation are that the grouts diffusion in karst zone isn't controlled by the seepage theory, but by the mass and momentum conservation. Because the viscosity changes with time has to be considered, based on the feasibility of the solution and the rationality of the theory, Newton fluid model with changing viscosity upon time has been selected. The mass and momentum conservation equations have derived from thess theory, and the closed equations in the velocity and pressure have been acquired.
The control equations about the mass and momentum conservation are complicated partial difference ones, it is impossible to solve them using the mathematics and fluid mechanics for now, so numerical solution based on the modern computer technology has to be selected. In this dissertation, based upon the finite volume method which are widely used in the fluid dynamics, several discretizations schemes such as HQUICK, Central Difference, Crank-Nicolson, Adams-Bashforth, have been applied to discrete the diffusion and convection term in the time and spatial domain. Based on the discrete form of the equation, the velocity and pressure have been solved by the Pressure Poisson Equation Method by applying the non-staggered and non-structural grid. Now, the numerical solution has been theoretically calculated.
Based on the advanced programming software Matlab(?), the discrete form of equations has been programmed, and the GSK (Grouting Simulation in Karst zone) software package has been developed. GSK software package includes four parts, which are grid construction, preferences, analysis, and post-processing. By using non-structural gird, the model with arbitrary shape can be established, so the complexity requirement of the injected medium in the karst zone can be satisfied. Preferences part includes the initial and boundary condition, grouts properties and computational parameters. Run and restart are the two functions of the analysis parts. The pressure and velocity can be plotted by the contour map, vector map, cloud map, and in the animation form. It can plot the curves, which indicate the grouting volume, grouting pressure, diffusion radius changes with respect to time as well.
Triune control system of the karst water has been proposed, it can be revealed as the comprehensive advanced predictions, early warning and treatment. Water inrush controlling is a systematic engineering in the karst zone. If only depending on the grouting technology itself, the effects might not be good enough, or it even doesn't work. But when combining with the comprehensive advanced predictions, the exact condition of the injected medium could be well understood, and the grouting work will be more efficient. In order to reduce the catastrophic damage caused by the water inrush in the karst zone, the advanced early warning system and device must be adopted. At last, the control system of the karst water inrsush is successfully applied to the field test, and the simulation of the grout loss phenomenon has been verified by the GSK package.
引文
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