多级纳米结构材料的合成，应用和发展
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摘要
多级纳米结构材料可以分成五类,包括基本的纳米单元,纳米结构,纳米点之间作用的材料,可以直接作为半导体的纳米器件和生物模拟矿化材料。多级纳米结构的制备合成有很多方法,主要包括定向聚集方法-自组装,非定向聚集方法-气凝胶等,液相合成方法。液相合成方法包括沉淀方法,水热-溶剂热方法,溶胶-凝胶方法,微乳液方法,电化学合成等。人们利用上述的方法人工地将纳米尺度的物质单元组装、排列构成零维、一维、二维和三维的人工纳米结构组装体系,或者通过弱的和较小方向性的非共价键和弱离子键协同作用把原子、离子或分子连接在一起构成纳米结构自组装体系,这样获得的纳米结构材料因同时具有四大物理效应(量子尺寸效应,小尺寸效应,表面效应和宏观量子隧道效应)而表现出一系列不同于大块物质的物理和化学特性。多级纳米结构材料的性质主要包括电学性质(导电性如Ⅰ-Ⅴ曲线,压电性如介电性和铁电性,场效应及电化学性质),磁学性质(铁磁性,超顺磁性和顺磁性如H-M曲线),光学性质(如荧光,紫外-可见光谱,光致发光,动态光散射),质能化(如气敏性),热性质(比热),催化性质(光催化和化学催化)和力学性质(抗弯折性,延展性)等。纳米结构材料经历了十多年的研究,已向人们展示了巨大的发展潜力。虽然它是一种新兴的材料,但由于其独特的性能,具有广泛的应用前景。
The hierarchical nanostructured materials can be defined as five parts, it includes basic nanocell, nanometer structure, nanoparticle interacted materials, nanodevice acted as semiconductor and biology simulated mineralization. There are many methods for synthesis and preparation of the hierarchical nanostructured materials. It mainly contains directional congregation, that is self-assembly, indirectional congregation such as aerogel; liquid phase synthesis. The liquid phase synthesis mainly contains deposition method, hydrothermal and solvothermal method, sol-gel methods, microemulsion method and electrochemical synthesis. Many scientists used the above methods to assemble artificially and arrange into zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional manual nanostractured assembled systems. They also can link the atom, the ion or the molecule together to form nanostructured self-assembly systems through the cooperation function of the less directional non-covalent bond and weak ionic bond. The obtained nanostructured materials behaved a series of physical and chemical characteristics different from the bulk substance because of they possess simultaneity four physical effect (quantum size effect, small size effect, surface effect and macroscopical quantum tunnel effect). The properties of the hierarchical nanostructured materials mainly contain electrics characters(such as electricⅠ-Ⅴcurves, meso-electrical and ferric electrical, field effect and electrochemical properties), magnetics characters (ferromagnetic, paramagnetism, supra-paramagnetism such as H-M curves), optics(fluorescence, UV-Vis, luminescence of light, dynamic light dispersion) calorifics characters(specific heat), catalysis characters(photic catalysis and chemical catalysis) and mechanical characters (antiflexural and tractility) and so on. The nanostructured materials have exhibited enormous potential of development to us after more than ten years' research. Though it is a rising material, it has extensive foreground in application because of its unique performance.
The hierarchical nanostructured materials can be defined as five parts, it includes basic nanocell, nanometer structure, nanoparticle interacted materials, nanodevice acted as semiconductor and biology simulated mineralization. There are many methods for synthesis and preparation of the hierarchical nanostructured materials. It mainly contains directional congregation, that is self-assembly, indirectional congregation such as aerogel; liquid phase synthesis. The liquid phase synthesis mainly contains deposition method, hydrothermal and solvothermal method, sol-gel methods, microemulsion method and electrochemical synthesis. Many scientists used the above methods to assemble artificially and arrange into zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional manual nanostractured assembled systems. They also can link the atom, the ion or the molecule together to form nanostructured self-assembly systems through the cooperation function of the less directional non-covalent bond and weak ionic bond. The obtained nanostructured materials behaved a series of physical and chemical characteristics different from the bulk substance because of they possess simultaneity four physical effect (quantum size effect, small size effect, surface effect and macroscopical quantum tunnel effect). The properties of the hierarchical nanostructured materials mainly contain electrics characters(such as electricⅠ-Ⅴcurves, meso-electrical and ferric electrical, field effect and electrochemical properties), magnetics characters (ferromagnetic, paramagnetism, supra-paramagnetism such as H-M curves), optics(fluorescence, UV-Vis, luminescence of light, dynamic light dispersion) calorifics characters(specific heat), catalysis characters(photic catalysis and chemical catalysis) and mechanical characters (antiflexural and tractility) and so on. The nanostructured materials have exhibited enormous potential of development to us after more than ten years' research. Though it is a rising material, it has extensive foreground in application because of its unique performance.
引文
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