延长县崩塌的数值模拟和运动机理研究
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摘要
崩塌是指陡峻边坡岩体或土体在自重和外力作用下,突然脱离母岩(土)体而突然猛烈的由高处崩落的物理地质现象。崩塌是一种常见的自然现象,但也可以形成地质灾害。为此,本文依托“陕西省延长县地质灾害详细调查”项目,开展了延长县崩塌灾害的地质背景、分类和分布规律的研究,探讨了崩塌的形成条件和影响因素,进行了崩塌的稳定性分析和运动机理研究,得出崩滑距的线性回归方程。主要工作及成果如下:
首先,通过对野外调查资料的整理和统计,对延长县崩塌进行了分类,并对崩塌的发育基本特征和分布规律进行了归纳总结。延长县共有崩塌71处,崩塌规模以小型为主,一般发生在60o,相对高差大多数8m以上的斜坡上,大都发生于暴雨、连阴雨过程中或滞后。崩塌的空间分布规律受地形地貌和地层岩性的控制,大都分布在延河凹岸、道路两侧和黄土梁峁及残塬陡坡和人类工程的活动强烈区;崩塌的时间分布规律主要发生在降雨比较集中的月份和降雨比较大的年份及人类工程活动比较强烈的时期。
其次,通过对调查资料的分析和研究,对延长县崩塌的形成条件和影响因素进行了归纳总结。崩塌的形成和影响因素很多,分为静态和动态因素,静态因素包括:地形地貌、地层岩性、斜坡结构、地质构造、地下水类型等;动态因素一般包括:人类活动、降雨、河流侵蚀、地震、风化作用等;其中静态因素是崩塌崩塌的形成条件,而动态因素是崩塌的引发因素。
再次,应用崩塌稳定性分析方法,对延长县典型岩质崩塌应用赤平投影进行了稳定性评价,得出岩质崩塌大都处于不稳定。对土质崩塌应用数值模拟进行了分析,并用Flac3D模拟了斜坡开挖窑洞后的应力应变,分析了卸荷裂隙存在下的窑洞稳定性和可能破坏的位置。
最后,从运动学观点出发分析了崩塌的运动形式和运动轨迹,建立了倾倒式和拉裂坠落式崩塌的运动学方程;运用离散元详细分析了延长县典型崩塌的运动机理,并得出崩滑距的线性回归方程,用于确定崩塌的威胁范围。
本文所取得的成果,对于延长县崩塌灾害预测和防治将起到重要作用。
The collapses is a physical geology phenomenon refering to the high and precipitous slope rock mass or the soil body, under the effect of dead weight and exogenic force, suddenly separated from the mother rock (earth) body and violently came down from the high place. The avalanche, a kind of common natural phenomenon,may also cauded the geological disaster. Therefore, backing the project which is entitled“the particular investigation of geological hazards in Yanchang County of Shaanxi Province”, this thesis has studied the collapse hazards around Yanchang County, including geological background, classified and the distribution , and discussed the collapses’forming condition and the influencing factors and carried on the research of collapses’stability analysis and the movement mechanism, and then obtained linear motion equation of the collapses. The major tasks and achievements are as follows:
Firstly, through reorganizing and adding up the field investigation materials, the thesis classified the Yanchang collapses and concluded collapses’growth essential feature and the distribution . There are altogether 71 collapses in Yanchang County generally with small scale, locating at the slope with gradient of 60°and height of 8 metres. Collapses occur mostly in the progress or lag of rainstorm and the continuous rain. The collapses’spatial distribution is restricted by the terrain landform and the forming lithology, so the collapses distribute mostly in the concave bank of the Yan River, the both sides of paths and loess girders, the remnant of steep plateaus and the active intense areas of man-made projects. Its time distribution mainly occurs in the months or years when the rainfall is quite centralized and the time when man-made projects’activities are quite intense.
Secondly, through investigating the materials, the collapses’forming conditions and the influencing factors in Yanchang County were analyzed and summarized. There are many factors on collapses’forming, divided into the static factors and the dynamic factors.The static factors include: Terrain and physiognomy, lithology of stratum, structure of slopes, geologic structure, types of ground water and so on. The dynamic factor includes: Human activity, rainfall, rivers’erosion, earthquake, weathering and so on. And the static factor is collapses’forming condition, while the dynamic factor is collapses’initiation factor.
Thirdly, applicating the stability analyses methods of collapses and the chek projection, the stability to the collapses of typical rock was appraised in Yanchang County. The rockfalls are mostly instability. As to the landfalls, the thesis carried on the analysis appling the numerical simulation, and simulated the the stress strain aroused by excavating the dwelling on slopes with the Flac3D, and analyzed the dwellings’stability and position possibly destroyed with the discharged crevasse.
Finally, embarking from the kinematics viewpoint, collapses’movement form and path were analyzed, and the kinematics equation of collapses with models of lean and tension fracture crashes were established. Using the separate element, the movement mechanism of typical landlipes in Yanchang County was analyzed, and the linear regress equation on collapses and landslides distance was obtained, which are used to ascertain the minatory bound coming from the collapses.
首先,通过对野外调查资料的整理和统计,对延长县崩塌进行了分类,并对崩塌的发育基本特征和分布规律进行了归纳总结。延长县共有崩塌71处,崩塌规模以小型为主,一般发生在60o,相对高差大多数8m以上的斜坡上,大都发生于暴雨、连阴雨过程中或滞后。崩塌的空间分布规律受地形地貌和地层岩性的控制,大都分布在延河凹岸、道路两侧和黄土梁峁及残塬陡坡和人类工程的活动强烈区;崩塌的时间分布规律主要发生在降雨比较集中的月份和降雨比较大的年份及人类工程活动比较强烈的时期。
其次,通过对调查资料的分析和研究,对延长县崩塌的形成条件和影响因素进行了归纳总结。崩塌的形成和影响因素很多,分为静态和动态因素,静态因素包括:地形地貌、地层岩性、斜坡结构、地质构造、地下水类型等;动态因素一般包括:人类活动、降雨、河流侵蚀、地震、风化作用等;其中静态因素是崩塌崩塌的形成条件,而动态因素是崩塌的引发因素。
再次,应用崩塌稳定性分析方法,对延长县典型岩质崩塌应用赤平投影进行了稳定性评价,得出岩质崩塌大都处于不稳定。对土质崩塌应用数值模拟进行了分析,并用Flac3D模拟了斜坡开挖窑洞后的应力应变,分析了卸荷裂隙存在下的窑洞稳定性和可能破坏的位置。
最后,从运动学观点出发分析了崩塌的运动形式和运动轨迹,建立了倾倒式和拉裂坠落式崩塌的运动学方程;运用离散元详细分析了延长县典型崩塌的运动机理,并得出崩滑距的线性回归方程,用于确定崩塌的威胁范围。
本文所取得的成果,对于延长县崩塌灾害预测和防治将起到重要作用。
The collapses is a physical geology phenomenon refering to the high and precipitous slope rock mass or the soil body, under the effect of dead weight and exogenic force, suddenly separated from the mother rock (earth) body and violently came down from the high place. The avalanche, a kind of common natural phenomenon,may also cauded the geological disaster. Therefore, backing the project which is entitled“the particular investigation of geological hazards in Yanchang County of Shaanxi Province”, this thesis has studied the collapse hazards around Yanchang County, including geological background, classified and the distribution , and discussed the collapses’forming condition and the influencing factors and carried on the research of collapses’stability analysis and the movement mechanism, and then obtained linear motion equation of the collapses. The major tasks and achievements are as follows:
Firstly, through reorganizing and adding up the field investigation materials, the thesis classified the Yanchang collapses and concluded collapses’growth essential feature and the distribution . There are altogether 71 collapses in Yanchang County generally with small scale, locating at the slope with gradient of 60°and height of 8 metres. Collapses occur mostly in the progress or lag of rainstorm and the continuous rain. The collapses’spatial distribution is restricted by the terrain landform and the forming lithology, so the collapses distribute mostly in the concave bank of the Yan River, the both sides of paths and loess girders, the remnant of steep plateaus and the active intense areas of man-made projects. Its time distribution mainly occurs in the months or years when the rainfall is quite centralized and the time when man-made projects’activities are quite intense.
Secondly, through investigating the materials, the collapses’forming conditions and the influencing factors in Yanchang County were analyzed and summarized. There are many factors on collapses’forming, divided into the static factors and the dynamic factors.The static factors include: Terrain and physiognomy, lithology of stratum, structure of slopes, geologic structure, types of ground water and so on. The dynamic factor includes: Human activity, rainfall, rivers’erosion, earthquake, weathering and so on. And the static factor is collapses’forming condition, while the dynamic factor is collapses’initiation factor.
Thirdly, applicating the stability analyses methods of collapses and the chek projection, the stability to the collapses of typical rock was appraised in Yanchang County. The rockfalls are mostly instability. As to the landfalls, the thesis carried on the analysis appling the numerical simulation, and simulated the the stress strain aroused by excavating the dwelling on slopes with the Flac3D, and analyzed the dwellings’stability and position possibly destroyed with the discharged crevasse.
Finally, embarking from the kinematics viewpoint, collapses’movement form and path were analyzed, and the kinematics equation of collapses with models of lean and tension fracture crashes were established. Using the separate element, the movement mechanism of typical landlipes in Yanchang County was analyzed, and the linear regress equation on collapses and landslides distance was obtained, which are used to ascertain the minatory bound coming from the collapses.
引文
[1]曾廉.崩塌与防治[M] .西南交通大学出版社,1995
[2]周维垣,杨强.岩石力学数值计算方法[M] .中国电力出版社, 2005
[3]延长县土地管理局[R] .陕西省延长县土地资源,1993
[4]陕西省宝鸡市陇县地质灾害详细调查报告[R] .中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,2007
[5]陕西省延安市宝塔区地质灾害详细调查报告[R] .中国地质调查局西安地调中心,2006
[6]唐红梅,易朋莹.危岩落石运动路径研究[J] .重庆建筑大学学报,2003,25(1):18—23
[7]王念琴,张倬元.黄土滑坡灾害研究[M] .兰州大学出版社, 2004
[8] 2D-Block二维离散元工程软件用户手册[M] .软脑软件(北京)有限公司,
[9]胡广韬,赵法锁.工程地质原理[M] .西安工程学院印刷,1992
[10]王景明.黄土结构节理的理论及应用[M] .中国水利水电出版社, 1996
[11]徐芝纶.弹性力学简明教程[M] .高等教育出版社. 2001
[12]刘佑荣,唐辉明.岩体力学[M] .中国地质大学出版社, 2005
[13]徐开礼,朱志澄.构造地质学[M] .中国地质大学出版社, 2004
[14]李亚美,陈国勋.地质学基础[M] .地质出版社, 2004
[15]刘锦华等.块体理论在工程岩体稳定性分析中的应用[R] .水利水电出版社, 1986
[16]中华人民共和国水利水电部科学研究所等.水利水电工程地质[M] .科学出版社, 1974
[17]刘玉海,陈志新,倪万魁等.大同城市地质研究[M] .西安:西安地图出版社, 1995
[18]王秉忱,刘玉海,陈志新等.中国城市地质[M] .北京中国大地出版社, 2005
[19]谷振德.岩体工程地质力学基础[M] .北京:科学出版社, 1983
[20]王思敬,杨志法,浏竹华.地下工程岩体稳定分析[M] .成都:成都科技大学出版社, 1998
[21]小飒工作室.最新经典ANSYS及Workbench教程[M] .北京:电子工作出版社,2004
[22]郝文化等. ANSYS土木工程应用实例[M] .北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005
[23]黄润秋,许强戚国庆等.降雨及水库诱发滑坡的评价与预测[M] .北京:科学出版社,2007
[24]甘肃省武山县地质灾害详细调查报告[R] .甘肃省地质环境监测院,2007
[25]刘玉海,张骏,倪万魁,王万明等.延安城市工程地质[M] .中国地质大学出版社,1988
[26]胡厚田.崩塌落石研究[J] .铁道工程学报,2005,增刊:388—392
[27]赵晓颜,胡厚田等.万县长江三峡库区塌岸的数值模拟分析[J] .水土保持学报,2003,17(5):158—160
[28]罗永忠,徐志文,祝世强.达县城区石子危岩形成机制分析及稳定性评价[J] .地质灾害与环境保护,2004,15(2):32—37
[29]高云河,雷建海,田景富等.流杯池小区危岩运动特征分析及其防治建议[J] .地球与环境,2005,33(3):150—153
[30]刘永平,李广杰等.某高边坡崩塌落石运动特征分析及其防治[J] .水文地质工程地质,2005,1:30—33
[31]中国地质调查局.地质灾害调查与监测技术方法论文集[C] .北京:中国大地出版社,2005:136—150
[32]中国地质学会工程地质专业委员会.全国首届工程地质学会会议论文选集[C] .科学出版社,1983:146—152
[33] Quido Zaruba & Vojtech Mencl. Landslides and control(2nd ed.). Elservier Scientific Publishning Co,1982
[34] Tien H.Wu et al. Prediction and mapping of landlide hazard. Canadian Geotenchical Journal,2000
[35] Hunger O,Salgado F.M. Byme D.M. Evaluation of a three-dimensional method of slop stability anslysis. Cana. Geotech.Journal,1989
[36] S.K.Sarma. Stability analysis of embankments and slopes. Geotechnique,1997
[37] Dyskin, A. V. and Germanovich, L. N. Rock Mechanics. Rotterdam: Balkema press,1995
[38] Bieniawski Z T. Rock mass classification in rock engineering. Pruc. Symp,on Exploration for Rock Engineering,Ralkema,Rotterdam,1976
[39]郑西铁路客运专线公司筹备组等.黄土基本特性及工程实践综述[M] .兰州:中国大地出版社,2005
[2]周维垣,杨强.岩石力学数值计算方法[M] .中国电力出版社, 2005
[3]延长县土地管理局[R] .陕西省延长县土地资源,1993
[4]陕西省宝鸡市陇县地质灾害详细调查报告[R] .中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,2007
[5]陕西省延安市宝塔区地质灾害详细调查报告[R] .中国地质调查局西安地调中心,2006
[6]唐红梅,易朋莹.危岩落石运动路径研究[J] .重庆建筑大学学报,2003,25(1):18—23
[7]王念琴,张倬元.黄土滑坡灾害研究[M] .兰州大学出版社, 2004
[8] 2D-Block二维离散元工程软件用户手册[M] .软脑软件(北京)有限公司,
[9]胡广韬,赵法锁.工程地质原理[M] .西安工程学院印刷,1992
[10]王景明.黄土结构节理的理论及应用[M] .中国水利水电出版社, 1996
[11]徐芝纶.弹性力学简明教程[M] .高等教育出版社. 2001
[12]刘佑荣,唐辉明.岩体力学[M] .中国地质大学出版社, 2005
[13]徐开礼,朱志澄.构造地质学[M] .中国地质大学出版社, 2004
[14]李亚美,陈国勋.地质学基础[M] .地质出版社, 2004
[15]刘锦华等.块体理论在工程岩体稳定性分析中的应用[R] .水利水电出版社, 1986
[16]中华人民共和国水利水电部科学研究所等.水利水电工程地质[M] .科学出版社, 1974
[17]刘玉海,陈志新,倪万魁等.大同城市地质研究[M] .西安:西安地图出版社, 1995
[18]王秉忱,刘玉海,陈志新等.中国城市地质[M] .北京中国大地出版社, 2005
[19]谷振德.岩体工程地质力学基础[M] .北京:科学出版社, 1983
[20]王思敬,杨志法,浏竹华.地下工程岩体稳定分析[M] .成都:成都科技大学出版社, 1998
[21]小飒工作室.最新经典ANSYS及Workbench教程[M] .北京:电子工作出版社,2004
[22]郝文化等. ANSYS土木工程应用实例[M] .北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005
[23]黄润秋,许强戚国庆等.降雨及水库诱发滑坡的评价与预测[M] .北京:科学出版社,2007
[24]甘肃省武山县地质灾害详细调查报告[R] .甘肃省地质环境监测院,2007
[25]刘玉海,张骏,倪万魁,王万明等.延安城市工程地质[M] .中国地质大学出版社,1988
[26]胡厚田.崩塌落石研究[J] .铁道工程学报,2005,增刊:388—392
[27]赵晓颜,胡厚田等.万县长江三峡库区塌岸的数值模拟分析[J] .水土保持学报,2003,17(5):158—160
[28]罗永忠,徐志文,祝世强.达县城区石子危岩形成机制分析及稳定性评价[J] .地质灾害与环境保护,2004,15(2):32—37
[29]高云河,雷建海,田景富等.流杯池小区危岩运动特征分析及其防治建议[J] .地球与环境,2005,33(3):150—153
[30]刘永平,李广杰等.某高边坡崩塌落石运动特征分析及其防治[J] .水文地质工程地质,2005,1:30—33
[31]中国地质调查局.地质灾害调查与监测技术方法论文集[C] .北京:中国大地出版社,2005:136—150
[32]中国地质学会工程地质专业委员会.全国首届工程地质学会会议论文选集[C] .科学出版社,1983:146—152
[33] Quido Zaruba & Vojtech Mencl. Landslides and control(2nd ed.). Elservier Scientific Publishning Co,1982
[34] Tien H.Wu et al. Prediction and mapping of landlide hazard. Canadian Geotenchical Journal,2000
[35] Hunger O,Salgado F.M. Byme D.M. Evaluation of a three-dimensional method of slop stability anslysis. Cana. Geotech.Journal,1989
[36] S.K.Sarma. Stability analysis of embankments and slopes. Geotechnique,1997
[37] Dyskin, A. V. and Germanovich, L. N. Rock Mechanics. Rotterdam: Balkema press,1995
[38] Bieniawski Z T. Rock mass classification in rock engineering. Pruc. Symp,on Exploration for Rock Engineering,Ralkema,Rotterdam,1976
[39]郑西铁路客运专线公司筹备组等.黄土基本特性及工程实践综述[M] .兰州:中国大地出版社,2005