浙江省植被覆盖动态监测与森林景观更新技术研究
|
摘要
绿色植被是表征生态环境的最敏感和最主要的环境因子,一方面植被的变化直接或间接的影响到其他环境因子的变化;另一方面植被的变化又是周围土壤、空气、局部小环境等环境因子的指示器。因此,获取地表植被覆盖及其变化信息,对于揭示植被空间变化规律,探讨变化的驱动因子,分析评价区域生态环境质量具有重要的现实意义。本研究利用1km空间分辨率SPOT VGT-NDVI数据对2001-2009年浙江省植被覆盖变化进行分析,探讨了省域尺度植被覆盖动态监测技术;利用30m空间分辨率、多时相Landsat TM、ETM+影像数据反演植被覆盖度,对浙江省庆元县1994-2007年植被覆盖度变化进行分析,探讨了县域尺度植被覆盖动态监测技术;最终结合2008年浙江省森林资源二类调查资料,对近年来庆元县54省道沿途发生明显衰退现象的杉木林分进行森林植被景观更新方案设计,从而构建了一套由省域尺度到县域尺度的植被覆盖动态监测及森林景观更新技术体系。旨在将相关成熟的科研技术总结提炼,使之简明有效的应用于基层的实践工作中,另外也为浙江省植被恢复和生态环境建设及监管工作提供方法和依据。
2001-2009年间浙江省NDVI值相对稳定,总体呈并不明显的波动上升趋势,NDVI平均值相对较低的区域主要分布在杭嘉湖平原、宁绍平原、金衢盆地以及东部沿海的温黄平原、温瑞平原等地,浙江省山区的NDVI值平均值普遍较高。9年间浙江省约有29.40%的区域年平均NDVI显著增加,主要分布在西北部、中部和东部的山区,约有65.54%的区域无明显变化,只有5.06%的区域年平均NDVI显著减少,主要分布于杭嘉湖平原和宁绍平原。与往年平均水平相比较,2009年NDVI显著增加的区域占浙江省总面积的11.39%,主要分布于中南部山区,以丽水市、武义县等地最为突出,约有74.25%的区域无明显变化,NDVI显著减少的区域约为总面积14.36%,主要集中在杭嘉湖平原地区、宁绍平原以及台州、温州的沿海地区。9年间浙江省森林植被的年平均NDVI都表现出波动上升的趋势,除天然混交林、人工混交林和人工阔叶林外,其他森林类型的NDVI上升趋势显著,其中人工针叶林、人工竹林以及天然竹林的NDVI净增加区域所占比例较高。嵊州市、兰溪市等地的森林植被覆盖恢复明显,桐乡市等地的森林植被覆盖出现衰退现象。
13年来,庆元县植被覆盖度持续增长,至2007年高植被覆盖度区域占全县总面积的90.77%,植被覆盖度等级间的转移方向以中高覆盖区(50～75%)向高覆盖区(>75%)转变为主。13年间植被覆盖度随坡度的增大而增加,坡度越小植被覆盖度增长幅度越大,特别是地形平缓区域(<15°)的植被覆盖度增长幅度达15%以上。全县植被覆盖度时空变化分级统计结果显示,1994-1999年,庆元县东部地区的植被恢复较为明显,1999-2007年,百山祖保护区等地的植被恢复较好。13年间各类植被覆盖区的景观破碎度不断降低,平均斑块面积不断增大,特别是高覆盖区在总体面积大幅提高的同时,平均斑块面积由9.66hm2增长到182.82 hm2,增加了18倍。
针对林分退化现象,以庆元县54省道“黄田镇区段”沿途杉木林景观更新设计为例,尝试建立森林景观敏感度评价标准体系,为景观更新方案建立相对客观的判别依据,并基于三维虚拟现实技术模拟不同的方案效果以供对比和检验,探索出了符合实际的森林景观更新技术。
Vegetation as an important ecological factor is the bearer of climate change, showed positive feedback effect for climate change, and a reflection of the sensitive ecological indicator of environmental changes. The research and monitoring in regional vegetation was great significance for vegetation protection especially the rational use of vegetation resources.Based on SPOT VGT 1km resolution data S10, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of NDVI in Zhejiang Province in 2001-2009. Then the dimidiate pixel model was used to determine vegetation coverage of Qingyuan County from 1994 to 2007 based on multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image data. Finally, with the help of the second class survey of forest resource, landscape regeneration design was done to the Chinese fir forests along Qingyuan No.54 Provincial Highway, which had a tendency of recession found by the remote sensing monitoring. This study builds up the technology system of monitoring vegetation coverage with different scales and landscape regeneration design for forest, which can provide certain reference for ecological environment construction.
In the study period, the vegetation cover in the Province had a slowly increasing trend, the area with a significant increase of NDVI occupied 29.40% of the total, which mainly distributed in mountain district, and the area with a significant decrease of NDVI occupied 5.06% of the total, which mainly distributed in Hangjiahu Plain and Ningshao Plain. Compared to the past8 years, in 2009, the area with a significant increase of NDVI occupied 11.39% of the total, which mainly distributed in central south mountain district, Linshui City and Wuyin County were Typical Examples. The area with a significant decrease of NDVI occupied 14.36% of the total, which mainly distributed in plain district. This shows the fact that the social and economic development, urban construction has a very negative impact on the vegetation coverage.From 2001 to 2009, all the types of forest had a significant increasing of NDVI, except natural mixed forest, artificial mixed forest and artificial broad leaved forest. The vegetation cover in artificial coniferous forests, artificial bamboo and natural bamboo had a better increasing trend. The forest vegetation cover conversion in Shengzhou City and Lanxi City etc took vegetation restoration as important, while Tongxiang City etc took vegetation degradation as important.
Results showed that in 2007, 90.8% of the total area was considered a high vegetation coverage area with 657.4 km2 of the medium high vegetation coverage area during these 13 years being converted into high vegetation coverage, especially from 1994 to 1999. During the research period, the steeper sloping area had higher vegetation coverage. However, the less the slope, the faster the vegetation coverage increased with gently sloping areas (<15○) increasing to over 15% coverage. Results of vegetation coverage change showed that in the eastern part of Qingyuan County, vegetation restoration was favorable from 1994 to 1999 as it was in the Baishanzu Nature Reserve from 1999 to 2007. Also, during the 13 year research period, the landscape fragmentation index continuously decreased, whereas the mean patch size increased, especially for the high vegetation coverage area that saw an increase from 9.66 to 182.82 ha. Thus, from 1994 to 2007, vegetation coverage in Qingyuan County increased favorably. Our study confirms that this is a feasible approach in the estimation of vegetation coverage over large area from remote sensing data.
Focusing on the degradation of forest stands, taking the landscape design of Chinese fir forests of Huangtian section in Qingyuan No.54 Provincial Highway as an example, a composite value evaluation system is set up for landscape sensitivity of forest along the highway, which can be used as foundation for the forest landscape regeneration design. Moreover,based on application of virtual reality technique in comparing the differences between scheme designs, this thesis proposed the practical strategy, systematic method for the landscape regeneration design of forest.
2001-2009年间浙江省NDVI值相对稳定,总体呈并不明显的波动上升趋势,NDVI平均值相对较低的区域主要分布在杭嘉湖平原、宁绍平原、金衢盆地以及东部沿海的温黄平原、温瑞平原等地,浙江省山区的NDVI值平均值普遍较高。9年间浙江省约有29.40%的区域年平均NDVI显著增加,主要分布在西北部、中部和东部的山区,约有65.54%的区域无明显变化,只有5.06%的区域年平均NDVI显著减少,主要分布于杭嘉湖平原和宁绍平原。与往年平均水平相比较,2009年NDVI显著增加的区域占浙江省总面积的11.39%,主要分布于中南部山区,以丽水市、武义县等地最为突出,约有74.25%的区域无明显变化,NDVI显著减少的区域约为总面积14.36%,主要集中在杭嘉湖平原地区、宁绍平原以及台州、温州的沿海地区。9年间浙江省森林植被的年平均NDVI都表现出波动上升的趋势,除天然混交林、人工混交林和人工阔叶林外,其他森林类型的NDVI上升趋势显著,其中人工针叶林、人工竹林以及天然竹林的NDVI净增加区域所占比例较高。嵊州市、兰溪市等地的森林植被覆盖恢复明显,桐乡市等地的森林植被覆盖出现衰退现象。
13年来,庆元县植被覆盖度持续增长,至2007年高植被覆盖度区域占全县总面积的90.77%,植被覆盖度等级间的转移方向以中高覆盖区(50～75%)向高覆盖区(>75%)转变为主。13年间植被覆盖度随坡度的增大而增加,坡度越小植被覆盖度增长幅度越大,特别是地形平缓区域(<15°)的植被覆盖度增长幅度达15%以上。全县植被覆盖度时空变化分级统计结果显示,1994-1999年,庆元县东部地区的植被恢复较为明显,1999-2007年,百山祖保护区等地的植被恢复较好。13年间各类植被覆盖区的景观破碎度不断降低,平均斑块面积不断增大,特别是高覆盖区在总体面积大幅提高的同时,平均斑块面积由9.66hm2增长到182.82 hm2,增加了18倍。
针对林分退化现象,以庆元县54省道“黄田镇区段”沿途杉木林景观更新设计为例,尝试建立森林景观敏感度评价标准体系,为景观更新方案建立相对客观的判别依据,并基于三维虚拟现实技术模拟不同的方案效果以供对比和检验,探索出了符合实际的森林景观更新技术。
Vegetation as an important ecological factor is the bearer of climate change, showed positive feedback effect for climate change, and a reflection of the sensitive ecological indicator of environmental changes. The research and monitoring in regional vegetation was great significance for vegetation protection especially the rational use of vegetation resources.Based on SPOT VGT 1km resolution data S10, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of NDVI in Zhejiang Province in 2001-2009. Then the dimidiate pixel model was used to determine vegetation coverage of Qingyuan County from 1994 to 2007 based on multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image data. Finally, with the help of the second class survey of forest resource, landscape regeneration design was done to the Chinese fir forests along Qingyuan No.54 Provincial Highway, which had a tendency of recession found by the remote sensing monitoring. This study builds up the technology system of monitoring vegetation coverage with different scales and landscape regeneration design for forest, which can provide certain reference for ecological environment construction.
In the study period, the vegetation cover in the Province had a slowly increasing trend, the area with a significant increase of NDVI occupied 29.40% of the total, which mainly distributed in mountain district, and the area with a significant decrease of NDVI occupied 5.06% of the total, which mainly distributed in Hangjiahu Plain and Ningshao Plain. Compared to the past8 years, in 2009, the area with a significant increase of NDVI occupied 11.39% of the total, which mainly distributed in central south mountain district, Linshui City and Wuyin County were Typical Examples. The area with a significant decrease of NDVI occupied 14.36% of the total, which mainly distributed in plain district. This shows the fact that the social and economic development, urban construction has a very negative impact on the vegetation coverage.From 2001 to 2009, all the types of forest had a significant increasing of NDVI, except natural mixed forest, artificial mixed forest and artificial broad leaved forest. The vegetation cover in artificial coniferous forests, artificial bamboo and natural bamboo had a better increasing trend. The forest vegetation cover conversion in Shengzhou City and Lanxi City etc took vegetation restoration as important, while Tongxiang City etc took vegetation degradation as important.
Results showed that in 2007, 90.8% of the total area was considered a high vegetation coverage area with 657.4 km2 of the medium high vegetation coverage area during these 13 years being converted into high vegetation coverage, especially from 1994 to 1999. During the research period, the steeper sloping area had higher vegetation coverage. However, the less the slope, the faster the vegetation coverage increased with gently sloping areas (<15○) increasing to over 15% coverage. Results of vegetation coverage change showed that in the eastern part of Qingyuan County, vegetation restoration was favorable from 1994 to 1999 as it was in the Baishanzu Nature Reserve from 1999 to 2007. Also, during the 13 year research period, the landscape fragmentation index continuously decreased, whereas the mean patch size increased, especially for the high vegetation coverage area that saw an increase from 9.66 to 182.82 ha. Thus, from 1994 to 2007, vegetation coverage in Qingyuan County increased favorably. Our study confirms that this is a feasible approach in the estimation of vegetation coverage over large area from remote sensing data.
Focusing on the degradation of forest stands, taking the landscape design of Chinese fir forests of Huangtian section in Qingyuan No.54 Provincial Highway as an example, a composite value evaluation system is set up for landscape sensitivity of forest along the highway, which can be used as foundation for the forest landscape regeneration design. Moreover,based on application of virtual reality technique in comparing the differences between scheme designs, this thesis proposed the practical strategy, systematic method for the landscape regeneration design of forest.
引文
[1]苏宏新,马克平.生物多样性和生态系统功能对全球变化的响应与适应:进展与展望[J].自然杂志.2010,32(6):344–347.
[2] TUCKER C J,SLAYBACK D A,PINZON J E,et al.Higher northern latitude normalized difference vegetation index and growing season trends from 1982 to 1999[J].International Journal of Biometeorology.2001,45(4):184–190.
[3]滑永春.基于MODIS京津风沙源工程治理区植被动态监测[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2010.
[4]宋怡,马明国.基于SPOT VEGETATION数据的中国西北植被覆盖变化分析[J].中国沙漠.2007,27(1):89–93.
[5]董永平,吴新宏,戎郁萍.草原遥感监测技术[M].化学工业出版社,2005.
[6]宋富强,康慕谊,杨朋,等.陕北地区GIMMS、SPOT–VGT和MODIS归一化植被指数的差异分析[J].北京林业大学学报.2010,32(4):72–80.
[7] HOPE A S,BOYNTON W L,STOW D A,et al.Interannual growth dynamics of vegetation in the Kuparuk River watershed,Alaska based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing.2003,24(17):3413–3425.
[8] VICENTE–SERRANO S M, LASANTA T, ROMO A.Analysis of spatial and temporal evolution of vegetation cover in the Spanish central Pyrenees:role of human management[J].Environmental Management.2004,34(6):802–818.
[9]侯西勇,应兰兰,高猛,等.1998～2008年中国东部沿海植被覆盖变化特征[J].地理科学.2010,30(5):735–741.
[10]王红说,黄敬峰.基于MODIS NDVI时间序列的植被覆盖变化特征研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版).2009,35(1):105–110.
[11]吴云,曾源,赵炎,等.基于MODIS数据的海河流域植被覆盖度估算及动态变化分析[J].资源科学.2010,32(7):1417–1424.
[12]李登科,范建忠,王娟.陕西省植被覆盖度变化特征及其成因[J].应用生态学报.2010,21(11):2896–2903.
[13]戴声佩,张勃.基于GIS的祁连山植被NDVI对气温降水的旬响应分析[J].生态环境学报.2010,19(1):140–145.
[14]李惠敏,刘洪斌,武伟.近10年重庆市归一化植被指数变化分析[J].地理科学.2010,30(1):119–123.
[15]张莲芝,李明,吴正方,等.基于SPOT NDVI的中国东北地表植被覆盖动态变化及其机理研究[J].干旱区资源与环境.2011,25(1):171–175.
[16]马娅,匡耀求,黄宁生,等.基于ETM+的植被覆盖信息提取及其动态变化分析——以广州市为例[J].测绘科学.2009,34(4):114–116.
[17]顾祝军,曾志远,史学正,等.基于ETM+图像的植被覆盖度遥感估算模型[J].生态环境.2008,17(2):771–776.
[18]刘勇,岳文泽.基于图像融合与混合像元分解的城市植被盖度提取[J].生态学报.2010,30(1):93–99.
[19]胡健波,陈玮,李小玉,等.基于线性混合像元分解的沈阳市三环内城市植被盖度变化[J].应用生态学报.2009,20(5):1140–1146.
[20]邹蒲,王云鹏,王志石,等.基于ETM+图像的混合像元线性分解方法在澳门植被信息提取中的应用及效果评价[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版).2007(2):131–136.
[21]莫宏伟,任志远.陕北榆阳区1978年至2005年植被覆盖率变化分析[J].资源科学.2009,31(8):1409–1414.
[22]胡勇,刘良云,贾建华.北京山区植被动态及生态恢复的遥感监测[J].应用生态学报.2010,21(11):2876–2882.
[23]李苗苗,吴炳方,颜长珍,等.密云水库上游植被覆盖度的遥感估算[J].资源科学.2004,26(4):153–159.
[24]李一静,曾辉,魏建兵.基于归一化植被指数变化分级的深圳市植被变化[J].应用生态学报.2008,19(5):1064–1070.
[25]苏伟,孙中平,李道亮,等.基于多时相Landsat遥感影像的海州露天煤矿排土场植被时空特征分析[J].生态学报.2009,29(11):5860–5868.
[26]兰明娟,魏虹,熊春妮,等.基于TM影像的重庆市北碚区地表植被覆盖变化[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版).2009,31(4):100–104.
[27]胡姝婧,胡德勇,赵文吉.基于LSMM和改进的FCM提取城市植被覆盖度——以北京市海淀区为例[J].生态学报.2010,30(4):1018–1024.
[28]章明.基于Spot Vegetation的海南岛植被类型NDVI变化特征研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2009.
[29] ROERINK G J,MENENTI M,VERHOEF W.Reconstructing cloudfree NDVI composites using Fourier analysis of time series[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing.2000,21(9):1911–1918.
[30]王丹,姜小光,唐伶俐,等.利用时间序列傅立叶分析重构无云NDVI图像[J].国土资源遥感.2005(2):29–32.
[31] LEE J,WONG D.Statistical analysis of geographic information with ArcView GIS and ArcGIS[M].USA:Wiley,2005.
[32]高大伟,张小伟,蔡菊珍,等.浙江省植被覆盖时空动态及其与生态气候指标的关系[J].应用生态学报.2010,21(6):1518–1522.
[33] MORAWITZ D F,BLEWETT T M,COHEN A,et al.Using NDVI to assess vegetative land cover change in central Puget Sound[J].Environmental monitoring and assessment.2006,114(1):85–106.
[34]韩秀珍,李三妹,罗敬宁,等.近20年中国植被时空变化研究[J].干旱区研究.2008,25(6):753–759.
[35]朴世龙,方精云.最近18年来中国植被覆盖的动态变化[J].第四纪研究.2001,21(4):294–302.
[36]郭徵,江洪,陈健,等.基于遥感的杭州余杭森林景观格局变化[J].浙江林学院学报.2010,27(1):36–43.
[37]颜磊,许学工,谢正磊,等.北京市域生态敏感性综合评价[J].生态学报.2009,29(6):3117–3125.
[38]韩贵锋,赵珂,袁兴中,等.基于空间分析的山地生态敏感性评价——以四川省万源市为例[J].山地学报.2008,26(5):531–537.
[39]张小飞,李正国,王如松,等.基于功能网络评价的城市生态安全格局研究——以常州市为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版).2009,45(4):728–736.
[40]祝佳杰,宋峰,包立奎.基于综合价值评判的风景区村落整治与保护研究:以浙江江郎山风景名胜区为例[J].中国园林.2009(6):30–33.
[41]汤国安,杨昕.ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].科学出版社,2006.
[42]覃婕,周志翔,滕明君,等.武汉市九峰城市森林保护区景观敏感度评价[J].长江流域资源与环境.2009,18(5):453–458.
[43]基于景观敏感度的森林公园景点评价[Z].
[44]芦原义信,培桐尹,建筑科学.外部空间设计[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1985.
[45]倪成群.森林景观可视化技术的应用研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2005.
[46]张敏.森林经营可视化模拟技术研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2009.
[2] TUCKER C J,SLAYBACK D A,PINZON J E,et al.Higher northern latitude normalized difference vegetation index and growing season trends from 1982 to 1999[J].International Journal of Biometeorology.2001,45(4):184–190.
[3]滑永春.基于MODIS京津风沙源工程治理区植被动态监测[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2010.
[4]宋怡,马明国.基于SPOT VEGETATION数据的中国西北植被覆盖变化分析[J].中国沙漠.2007,27(1):89–93.
[5]董永平,吴新宏,戎郁萍.草原遥感监测技术[M].化学工业出版社,2005.
[6]宋富强,康慕谊,杨朋,等.陕北地区GIMMS、SPOT–VGT和MODIS归一化植被指数的差异分析[J].北京林业大学学报.2010,32(4):72–80.
[7] HOPE A S,BOYNTON W L,STOW D A,et al.Interannual growth dynamics of vegetation in the Kuparuk River watershed,Alaska based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing.2003,24(17):3413–3425.
[8] VICENTE–SERRANO S M, LASANTA T, ROMO A.Analysis of spatial and temporal evolution of vegetation cover in the Spanish central Pyrenees:role of human management[J].Environmental Management.2004,34(6):802–818.
[9]侯西勇,应兰兰,高猛,等.1998～2008年中国东部沿海植被覆盖变化特征[J].地理科学.2010,30(5):735–741.
[10]王红说,黄敬峰.基于MODIS NDVI时间序列的植被覆盖变化特征研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版).2009,35(1):105–110.
[11]吴云,曾源,赵炎,等.基于MODIS数据的海河流域植被覆盖度估算及动态变化分析[J].资源科学.2010,32(7):1417–1424.
[12]李登科,范建忠,王娟.陕西省植被覆盖度变化特征及其成因[J].应用生态学报.2010,21(11):2896–2903.
[13]戴声佩,张勃.基于GIS的祁连山植被NDVI对气温降水的旬响应分析[J].生态环境学报.2010,19(1):140–145.
[14]李惠敏,刘洪斌,武伟.近10年重庆市归一化植被指数变化分析[J].地理科学.2010,30(1):119–123.
[15]张莲芝,李明,吴正方,等.基于SPOT NDVI的中国东北地表植被覆盖动态变化及其机理研究[J].干旱区资源与环境.2011,25(1):171–175.
[16]马娅,匡耀求,黄宁生,等.基于ETM+的植被覆盖信息提取及其动态变化分析——以广州市为例[J].测绘科学.2009,34(4):114–116.
[17]顾祝军,曾志远,史学正,等.基于ETM+图像的植被覆盖度遥感估算模型[J].生态环境.2008,17(2):771–776.
[18]刘勇,岳文泽.基于图像融合与混合像元分解的城市植被盖度提取[J].生态学报.2010,30(1):93–99.
[19]胡健波,陈玮,李小玉,等.基于线性混合像元分解的沈阳市三环内城市植被盖度变化[J].应用生态学报.2009,20(5):1140–1146.
[20]邹蒲,王云鹏,王志石,等.基于ETM+图像的混合像元线性分解方法在澳门植被信息提取中的应用及效果评价[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版).2007(2):131–136.
[21]莫宏伟,任志远.陕北榆阳区1978年至2005年植被覆盖率变化分析[J].资源科学.2009,31(8):1409–1414.
[22]胡勇,刘良云,贾建华.北京山区植被动态及生态恢复的遥感监测[J].应用生态学报.2010,21(11):2876–2882.
[23]李苗苗,吴炳方,颜长珍,等.密云水库上游植被覆盖度的遥感估算[J].资源科学.2004,26(4):153–159.
[24]李一静,曾辉,魏建兵.基于归一化植被指数变化分级的深圳市植被变化[J].应用生态学报.2008,19(5):1064–1070.
[25]苏伟,孙中平,李道亮,等.基于多时相Landsat遥感影像的海州露天煤矿排土场植被时空特征分析[J].生态学报.2009,29(11):5860–5868.
[26]兰明娟,魏虹,熊春妮,等.基于TM影像的重庆市北碚区地表植被覆盖变化[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版).2009,31(4):100–104.
[27]胡姝婧,胡德勇,赵文吉.基于LSMM和改进的FCM提取城市植被覆盖度——以北京市海淀区为例[J].生态学报.2010,30(4):1018–1024.
[28]章明.基于Spot Vegetation的海南岛植被类型NDVI变化特征研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2009.
[29] ROERINK G J,MENENTI M,VERHOEF W.Reconstructing cloudfree NDVI composites using Fourier analysis of time series[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing.2000,21(9):1911–1918.
[30]王丹,姜小光,唐伶俐,等.利用时间序列傅立叶分析重构无云NDVI图像[J].国土资源遥感.2005(2):29–32.
[31] LEE J,WONG D.Statistical analysis of geographic information with ArcView GIS and ArcGIS[M].USA:Wiley,2005.
[32]高大伟,张小伟,蔡菊珍,等.浙江省植被覆盖时空动态及其与生态气候指标的关系[J].应用生态学报.2010,21(6):1518–1522.
[33] MORAWITZ D F,BLEWETT T M,COHEN A,et al.Using NDVI to assess vegetative land cover change in central Puget Sound[J].Environmental monitoring and assessment.2006,114(1):85–106.
[34]韩秀珍,李三妹,罗敬宁,等.近20年中国植被时空变化研究[J].干旱区研究.2008,25(6):753–759.
[35]朴世龙,方精云.最近18年来中国植被覆盖的动态变化[J].第四纪研究.2001,21(4):294–302.
[36]郭徵,江洪,陈健,等.基于遥感的杭州余杭森林景观格局变化[J].浙江林学院学报.2010,27(1):36–43.
[37]颜磊,许学工,谢正磊,等.北京市域生态敏感性综合评价[J].生态学报.2009,29(6):3117–3125.
[38]韩贵锋,赵珂,袁兴中,等.基于空间分析的山地生态敏感性评价——以四川省万源市为例[J].山地学报.2008,26(5):531–537.
[39]张小飞,李正国,王如松,等.基于功能网络评价的城市生态安全格局研究——以常州市为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版).2009,45(4):728–736.
[40]祝佳杰,宋峰,包立奎.基于综合价值评判的风景区村落整治与保护研究:以浙江江郎山风景名胜区为例[J].中国园林.2009(6):30–33.
[41]汤国安,杨昕.ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].科学出版社,2006.
[42]覃婕,周志翔,滕明君,等.武汉市九峰城市森林保护区景观敏感度评价[J].长江流域资源与环境.2009,18(5):453–458.
[43]基于景观敏感度的森林公园景点评价[Z].
[44]芦原义信,培桐尹,建筑科学.外部空间设计[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1985.
[45]倪成群.森林景观可视化技术的应用研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2005.
[46]张敏.森林经营可视化模拟技术研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2009.