结合景观遗传学的滇金丝猴栖息地景观连接度分析
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摘要
全球变化下的物种栖息地丧失和破碎化给生物多样性保护带来了新的问题和挑战。由景观生态学和种群遗传学结合而成的景观遗传学,在定量确定栖息地景观特征对种群遗传结构的影响方面是一个有力的工具,并且在生物多样性保护和自然保护区管理方面有巨大的潜力。通过关联基因流构型与景观结构,来评估景观对物种运动的促进程度(景观连接度)已成为当前景观遗传学研究的焦点。
滇金丝猴是我国特有的珍稀濒危物种之一。滇金丝猴栖息地丧失及破碎化的严峻问题,使得滇金丝猴的基因交流受阻,遗传多样性水平受到严重威胁。论文总结论述了景观遗传学的概念、方法和应用,从而为利用景观遗传学对生物多样性保护和自然保护区管理提供理论、方法的支撑和参考；对滇金丝猴栖息地景观格局进行了分析,选取景观总体面积特征、周长特征、斑块面积、周长特征,景观多样性与均匀度等指标对研究区景观格局和破碎化程度进行定性、定量分析和评价。以阐明各景观组分的差异,评价其景观破碎化程度,进一步了解滇金丝猴生境的分布状况和重要性；结合景观遗传学方法,优化最小费用距离模型,对栖息地景观连接度及潜在扩散廊道进行分析,从而实现景观连接度的定量分析和潜在廊道,敏感区域的定位,在生物多样性保护和自然保护区管理规划方面,为廊道恢复及连接度改善提供实际可行的参考。
研究结果表明：(1)整个研究区景观是以林地为主导的景观格局。研究区景观格局已经出现了一定程度的景观破碎化,适宜生境的破碎化程度在所有景观组分中处在一个较低的水平。但由于其他景观组分,尤其是人工斑块的存在及扩张,滇金丝猴各个种群栖息地斑块之间仍面临着被孤立的情况。滇金丝猴生境植被的保护和恢复有待进一步加强。
(2)研究区内的5个亚群中,仅S3亚群内的5个种群保持着较好的连接度,有利于各种群的扩散交流。其余无论是亚群内种群的连接度,还是各亚群间的连接度水平都较低。总体来说,亚群内的连接度相对于各亚群间连接度保持的较好。除S3亚群中的G6、G7、G8、G9、G10种群间的潜在扩散廊道最为理想外,其余种群间的潜在扩散廊道均不甚理想,受人工斑块的影响,多数廊道被人工障碍阻断,或面临即将被阻断的情况,对于滇金丝猴的扩散交流影响较大。
(3)敏感区域多集中在中南部的三个亚群当中。S3亚群与S4亚群间定位了三个敏感区域；S4亚群与S5亚群间,G11与G13种群间定位了两个敏感区域,G12与G13种群间定位了三个敏感区域；S5亚群内的G14与G15种群间定位了一个敏感区域。这些敏感区域应作为景观恢复及保护区规划的重要优先区域。
Biodiversity conservation is becoming more challenging and imminent due to rapid habitat loss and fragmentation under ever growing global natural resource demanding. Habitat loss and fragmentation can lower migration rate between populations of a species, thereby reducing gene flow and genetic variability, leading to increased risk of extinction. Because of the relationship between genetic diversity and landscape characters, biodiversity conservation should involve the study of landscape characteristics and their changes. Thus, conservation efforts should not only focus on single species but also should consider all components of its habitats. Landscape genetics is the interdisciplinary of population genetics, landscape ecology, and spatial statistics. It is used to quantify the effects of landscape characters on population genetic structures. Results from such studies may have great implications for biodiversity conservation and reserve management. The current focus of the research is landscape connectivity combining with genetic data.
Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) is one of the rarest species in severe danger. Due to habitat loss and fragmentation, its gene communication was blocked and genetic diversity was threatened. Major concepts and techniques of landscape genetics were discussed in this paper, aimed to provide theories and methods for biodiversity conservation and reserve management. By the landscape pattern analysis, area properties index, perimeter properties index, patch area properties index, patch shape properties index, and landscape diversity index were selected to illustrate the differences of various landscape types. Landscape pattern and fragmentation of habitat were analyzed quantitative and evaluated.
Meanwhile, the method utilizing least-cost model and genetic data is developed to evaluate landscape connectivity. To demonstrate the use and potential of this method, the paper presented an example of application to a case study for the Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys, and evaluated the landscape connectivity, identified those habitat areas that were sensitive to overall landscape connectivity. This method can guide biodiversity conservation and reserve management more effectively and practically.
All results show that:(1) Forest land area, including suitable habitat was 2/3 of the total landscape area, and it is the dominant landscape type. The landscape pattern of study area was influenced by human activity less, but a certain extent fragmentation had appeared. The suitable habitat area was 308212.44 hm2,18.86% of the total landscape area, and its fragmentation degree was relative low. But it was still essential to control the arisen fragmentation, and protect the habitat of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys through habitat restoring and corridor rebuilding. (2) Among the five subpopulations, only monkey groups in S3 were connected better, the landscape connectivity of the others was rather low. The landscape connectivity among subpopulations was worse compared to connectivity in the monkey subpopulation. And the subpopulations north to S3 were affected by anthropogenic barriers less than the subpopulations south to S3. (3) The potential dispersal corridor between populations was protracted and the important area to restore was located. The sensitive areas were concentrated in subpopulations of central and south. Three sensitive areas were located between S3 and S4; two sensitive areas were located between G11 and G13; three sensitive areas were located between G12 and G13; one sensitive area was located between G14 and G15. These sensitive areas should be protect and restore preferential.
滇金丝猴是我国特有的珍稀濒危物种之一。滇金丝猴栖息地丧失及破碎化的严峻问题,使得滇金丝猴的基因交流受阻,遗传多样性水平受到严重威胁。论文总结论述了景观遗传学的概念、方法和应用,从而为利用景观遗传学对生物多样性保护和自然保护区管理提供理论、方法的支撑和参考；对滇金丝猴栖息地景观格局进行了分析,选取景观总体面积特征、周长特征、斑块面积、周长特征,景观多样性与均匀度等指标对研究区景观格局和破碎化程度进行定性、定量分析和评价。以阐明各景观组分的差异,评价其景观破碎化程度,进一步了解滇金丝猴生境的分布状况和重要性；结合景观遗传学方法,优化最小费用距离模型,对栖息地景观连接度及潜在扩散廊道进行分析,从而实现景观连接度的定量分析和潜在廊道,敏感区域的定位,在生物多样性保护和自然保护区管理规划方面,为廊道恢复及连接度改善提供实际可行的参考。
研究结果表明：(1)整个研究区景观是以林地为主导的景观格局。研究区景观格局已经出现了一定程度的景观破碎化,适宜生境的破碎化程度在所有景观组分中处在一个较低的水平。但由于其他景观组分,尤其是人工斑块的存在及扩张,滇金丝猴各个种群栖息地斑块之间仍面临着被孤立的情况。滇金丝猴生境植被的保护和恢复有待进一步加强。
(2)研究区内的5个亚群中,仅S3亚群内的5个种群保持着较好的连接度,有利于各种群的扩散交流。其余无论是亚群内种群的连接度,还是各亚群间的连接度水平都较低。总体来说,亚群内的连接度相对于各亚群间连接度保持的较好。除S3亚群中的G6、G7、G8、G9、G10种群间的潜在扩散廊道最为理想外,其余种群间的潜在扩散廊道均不甚理想,受人工斑块的影响,多数廊道被人工障碍阻断,或面临即将被阻断的情况,对于滇金丝猴的扩散交流影响较大。
(3)敏感区域多集中在中南部的三个亚群当中。S3亚群与S4亚群间定位了三个敏感区域；S4亚群与S5亚群间,G11与G13种群间定位了两个敏感区域,G12与G13种群间定位了三个敏感区域；S5亚群内的G14与G15种群间定位了一个敏感区域。这些敏感区域应作为景观恢复及保护区规划的重要优先区域。
Biodiversity conservation is becoming more challenging and imminent due to rapid habitat loss and fragmentation under ever growing global natural resource demanding. Habitat loss and fragmentation can lower migration rate between populations of a species, thereby reducing gene flow and genetic variability, leading to increased risk of extinction. Because of the relationship between genetic diversity and landscape characters, biodiversity conservation should involve the study of landscape characteristics and their changes. Thus, conservation efforts should not only focus on single species but also should consider all components of its habitats. Landscape genetics is the interdisciplinary of population genetics, landscape ecology, and spatial statistics. It is used to quantify the effects of landscape characters on population genetic structures. Results from such studies may have great implications for biodiversity conservation and reserve management. The current focus of the research is landscape connectivity combining with genetic data.
Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) is one of the rarest species in severe danger. Due to habitat loss and fragmentation, its gene communication was blocked and genetic diversity was threatened. Major concepts and techniques of landscape genetics were discussed in this paper, aimed to provide theories and methods for biodiversity conservation and reserve management. By the landscape pattern analysis, area properties index, perimeter properties index, patch area properties index, patch shape properties index, and landscape diversity index were selected to illustrate the differences of various landscape types. Landscape pattern and fragmentation of habitat were analyzed quantitative and evaluated.
Meanwhile, the method utilizing least-cost model and genetic data is developed to evaluate landscape connectivity. To demonstrate the use and potential of this method, the paper presented an example of application to a case study for the Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys, and evaluated the landscape connectivity, identified those habitat areas that were sensitive to overall landscape connectivity. This method can guide biodiversity conservation and reserve management more effectively and practically.
All results show that:(1) Forest land area, including suitable habitat was 2/3 of the total landscape area, and it is the dominant landscape type. The landscape pattern of study area was influenced by human activity less, but a certain extent fragmentation had appeared. The suitable habitat area was 308212.44 hm2,18.86% of the total landscape area, and its fragmentation degree was relative low. But it was still essential to control the arisen fragmentation, and protect the habitat of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys through habitat restoring and corridor rebuilding. (2) Among the five subpopulations, only monkey groups in S3 were connected better, the landscape connectivity of the others was rather low. The landscape connectivity among subpopulations was worse compared to connectivity in the monkey subpopulation. And the subpopulations north to S3 were affected by anthropogenic barriers less than the subpopulations south to S3. (3) The potential dispersal corridor between populations was protracted and the important area to restore was located. The sensitive areas were concentrated in subpopulations of central and south. Three sensitive areas were located between S3 and S4; two sensitive areas were located between G11 and G13; three sensitive areas were located between G12 and G13; one sensitive area was located between G14 and G15. These sensitive areas should be protect and restore preferential.
引文
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