肿瘤相关标志物及细胞表面聚糖检测新方法
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摘要
肿瘤的早期诊断和治疗是提高患者生存率的关键。后基因组时代,蛋白质组研究日益深入,新的肿瘤标志物不断发现,为肿瘤的早期诊断、分型和预后提供了新的依据,也为肿瘤的个体化治疗带来了希望;方兴未艾的糖组学研究,不断解密糖基化变异在细胞恶变和肿瘤转移中的重要作用,正在成为探索新的聚糖相关肿瘤标志物和治疗靶点的强大推动力。发展性能优良的蛋白质和聚糖分子检测方法对于探索潜在肿瘤标志物与肿瘤早期诊断具有重要意义。本论文将分子生物学、生物分析化学与纳米技术、链接化学技术相结合,发展了一系列简单、实用的分析方法,并用于肿瘤相关标志物的超灵敏检测和肿瘤细胞表面聚糖的原位监测,主要包括以下五个部分:
1.滚环扩增和量子点标签的联级信号放大用于蛋白质的超灵敏检测
结合滚环扩增(RCA)、寡核苷酸功能化量子点(QDs)生物素-亲和素系统以及阳极溶出伏安检测,设计了一种联级信号扩增策略,提出了蛋白质的超灵敏检测方法。滚环扩增形成的串联重复序列可以作为优良的模板,用于大量量子点的有序组装,从而将单个的蛋白质识别事件转化为大量的量子点标签并用于电化学检测。所建立的联级信号扩增策略具有很强的信号放大能力、极少的非特异性吸附和低的背景信号,适用于复杂生物基质中蛋白质的定量检测。以人血管内细胞生长因子(VEGF)为靶蛋白,该方法可检测100μL待测样品中的16个VEGF分子,其检测线性范围为1 aM~1 pM,达六个数量级。该方法有望成为低丰度蛋白检测的有力工具,在蛋白质组研究中发挥重要作用。
2.核酸识体引发的滚环扩增用于蛋白质的超灵敏扫描分析
提出了一种基于核酸识体引发滚环扩增的蛋白质检测新方法。该方法用修饰于芯片表面的核酸识体识别待测靶蛋白与环状模板。通过与环状模板形成双链引发滚环扩增,滚环扩增形成的串联重复序列结合金纳米粒子标记的寡核苷酸,利用金纳米粒子催化银沉积反应;用简单的平板扫描仪进行信号的快速扫描读取,实现蛋白质的简单、快速、超灵敏检测。以人血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)为靶蛋白,所建立的方法对VEGF的检测线性范围为10 fM~1 nM,达5个数量级,并且具有良好的特异性和低的基质效应。本章所提出的蛋白质超灵敏检测方法简单、实用,有望成为肿瘤相关蛋白标志物的筛选、临床诊断应用的有力工具。
3.多肽金纳米探针的设计与基质金属蛋白酶的超灵敏扫描分析
设计了一种多肽金纳米探针,利用氨基三乙酸修饰芯片以及金纳米粒子催化的银沉积信号放大,发展了一种简单的扫描分析技术,用于基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)的超灵敏检测。以基质金属蛋白酶-7(MMP-7)为靶分子,设计的多肽金纳米探针包含一段MMP-7特异性识别序列和一段六个组氨酸构成的标签。在镍离子的介导下,金纳米探针可以通过组氨酸标签大量地结合在氨基三乙酸修饰的芯片上。MMP-7催化金纳米探针上的多肽序列水解,可阻断金纳米粒子在芯片上的结合,导致金纳米粒子催化的银增强信号下降。本方法能够方便地定量检测2.5μL样品中1.2×10-17摩尔的MMP-7分子,其线性范围为0.1-100 ng mL-1,具有良好的重复性、稳定性、准确性以及低的基质效应。本工作为MMPs作为潜在的标志物在肿瘤研究和诊疗中的应用提供简单实用的分析平台。
4.双重信号放大用于肿瘤细胞电化学传感及细胞表面糖基检测新方法
基于精氨酸-甘氨酸-门冬氨酸-丝氨酸(RGDS)四肽功能化的单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)构建了一种新颖的电化学细胞传感器。应用拉曼光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱证实了RGDS四肽与单壁碳纳米管的共价结合。以胃癌细胞(BGC-823)为模型,通过RGD基序与细胞表面丰富的整合素受体的特异性识别结合,四肽功能化单壁碳纳米管修饰的电极表面能够有效地捕获肿瘤细胞。同时,细胞表面的甘露糖基能够特异性地结合辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的伴刀豆球蛋白A(ConA)从而产生酶催化的电化学信号。基于单壁碳纳米管和酶催化的双重信号扩增,细胞传感器能够对低至620细胞mL~-1的BGC细胞产生响应,其检测线性范围为1.0×10~3-1.0×10~7 mL~-1。同时,所构建的细胞传感器可检测完整BGC细胞表面甘露糖基数量,测得每个BGC细胞表面表达约5.3×107个甘露糖分子。
5.可抛式电化学细胞传感器阵列用于肿瘤细胞表面聚糖的动态监测
本章工作发展了一种可抛式的电化学细胞传感器阵列,用于细胞表面聚糖的多组分同时分析。以RGDS四肽共价功能化单壁碳纳米管修饰的四通道印刷电极(SPCEs)为细胞传感界面捕获肿瘤细胞,用HRP标记的四种凝集素(ConA、WGA、DBA、PNA)进行胞表面四种不同聚糖的特异性识别。由于传感器阵列较低的非特异性吸附和背景响应,该方法具有灵敏度高、准确性佳、重复性好等优良分析性能。所设计的电化学细胞传感器阵列实现了对人白血病K562细胞在药物诱导以及向红系分化过程中细胞表面聚糖的动态监测,有望成为细胞表面糖组学研究的有力手段,在新的肿瘤治疗靶点与肿瘤标志物的筛选中发挥重要作用。
Early diagnosis and therapeutics plays a crucial role in improving the survival rate of cancer patients. In the post-genomic era, discovery of potential cancer biomarkers due to the development of proteomics has held the promise of‘‘individualized medicine,’’bringing a new dimension to disease diagnosis, classification and prognosis. The emerging glycomics which deciphers altered glycosylation in oncogenic transformation, invasion and metastasis is quickly becoming a driving force for discovering new glycan-based cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Thus, it is very important to develop analytical technologies with significant performance for potential biomarkers discovery and early cancer diagnosis and therapeutics.
In this dissertation, by integrating analytical biochemistry, molecular biotechnology, nanotechnology and bioconjugate chemistry, a series of new methods have been developed for simple and ultrasensitive detection of cancer biomarkers and in situ evaluation of carcinoma cell surface glycans. This dissertation includes the following five parts:
1. A cascade signal amplification strategy for sub-attomolar protein detection by rolling circle amplification and quantum dots tagging
A cascade signal amplification strategy was proposed for detection of protein target at ultra-low concentration by combining rolling circle amplification (RCA) with oligonucleotide functionalized quantum dots (QDs), multiplex binding of biotin-strepavidin system and anodic stripping voltammetric detection. The RCA product containing tandem-repeat sequences serve as excellent template for periodic assembly of QDs, which present per protein recognition event to numerous quantum dot tags for electrochemical readout. Both the RCA and the multiplex binding system show remarkable amplification efficiency, very little nonspecific adsorption and low background signal. Using human vascular endothelial growth factor as a model protein, the designed strategy could quantitatively detect protein down to 16 molecules in a 100-μL sample with a linear calibration range from 1 aM to 1 pM, and be amenable to quantification of protein target in complex biological matrices.
2. A facile scanometric strategy for ultrasensitive detection of protein using aptamer-initiated RCA
This work proposed a simple strategy for ultrasensitive detection of protein biomarker. This strategy contained aptamer-initiated rolling circle amplification, Au nanoparticle probe and simple scanometric readout. The method showed a dynamic range of five orders of magnitude and a detection limit down to 10 fM protein molecule, featuring high specificity and low matrix effect. By integrating multiple molecular biotechnologies, nanobiotechnology, immobilization chemistry and scanometric detection, this primary research opened new horizons for integrating different disciplines to develop pragmatic and simple technology with significant analytical performance. The proposed strategy would become a powerful tool for proteomics research and clinical diagnostics.
3. Ultrasensitive scanometric detection of matrix metalloproteinases using a histidine tagged peptide–Au nanoparticle probe
A simple scanometric approach was proposed for ultrasensitive assay of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) based on their discriminatory and proteolytic activity. This approach integrated a newly designed peptide-gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probe, a nitrilotriacetic acid modified chip and silver signal amplification. Using MMP-7 as a model of MMPs, the peptide-AuNP probe contained a six-histidine (His) tag and a MMP-7 specific peptide sequence. The His tag could trap a large number of AuNPs on the modified chip by Ni2+ induced affinity binding to obtain silver enhanced signal. In presence of MMP-7, the proteolysis of the peptide sequence led to the cleavage of His tag from AuNPs, and decreased the amount of AuNPs bound on the modified chip, which decreased the scanometric readout signal. The proposed method could conveniently quantify MMP-7 down to 1.2×10-17 moles in a 2.5-μL sample with a linear range from 0.1 to 100 ng mL-1. This protocol showed good reproducibility, stability, accuracy and low matrix effect. The designed strategy presented a useful platform for ultrasensitive detection of MMPs.
4. Effective cell capture with tetrapeptide functionalized carbon nanotubes and dual signal amplification for cytosensing and evaluation of cell surface carbohydrate
A novel electrochemical cytosenor was designed based on the specific recognition of integrin receptors on cell surface to arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine (RGDS) functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The conjugated RGDS showed predominant ability to capture cells on electrode surface by the specific combination of RGD domains with integrin receptors. Using BGC-823 human gastric carcinoma cells (BGC cells) as model, the cell surface mannosyl groups could specifically bind with horseradish peroxidase labeled concanavalin A, producing an electrochemical cytosensor. Based on the dual signal amplification of SWNTs and enzymatic catalysis the cytosensor could response down to 620 cells mL-1 BGC cells with a linear calibration range from 1.0×103 to 1.0×107 cells mL-1, showing very high sensitivity. The dual signal amplification could be further used to evaluate the mannosyl groups on cell surface, and the mannosyl groups on single living intact BGC cell were detected to correspond to 5.3×107 molecules of mannose.
5. Electrochemical cytosensor array for simple dynamic analysis of carcinoma cell surface glycans
A facile electrochemical cytosensor array was proposed for sensitive multiple analysis of intact cell surface glycome and effective monitoring of dynamic variation in cell surface glycan expression profile during drug treatment. This method utilized arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed carbon electrode to capture cancer cells and maintain their biological activity, and horseradish peroxidase labeled lectins to recognize cell surface specific glycans. The proposed strategy showed very little nonspecific adsorption and background signal and conducted more sensitive profile of low abundance of glycans than flow cytometric analysis. The proposed method could monitor the dynamic change of glycome during drug treatment with high sensitivity and acceptable accuracy and reproducibility. It could be anticipated that this facile cytosensor array would become a powerful and pragmatic tool to decode cell surface glycome and discover potential glycan biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
1.滚环扩增和量子点标签的联级信号放大用于蛋白质的超灵敏检测
结合滚环扩增(RCA)、寡核苷酸功能化量子点(QDs)生物素-亲和素系统以及阳极溶出伏安检测,设计了一种联级信号扩增策略,提出了蛋白质的超灵敏检测方法。滚环扩增形成的串联重复序列可以作为优良的模板,用于大量量子点的有序组装,从而将单个的蛋白质识别事件转化为大量的量子点标签并用于电化学检测。所建立的联级信号扩增策略具有很强的信号放大能力、极少的非特异性吸附和低的背景信号,适用于复杂生物基质中蛋白质的定量检测。以人血管内细胞生长因子(VEGF)为靶蛋白,该方法可检测100μL待测样品中的16个VEGF分子,其检测线性范围为1 aM~1 pM,达六个数量级。该方法有望成为低丰度蛋白检测的有力工具,在蛋白质组研究中发挥重要作用。
2.核酸识体引发的滚环扩增用于蛋白质的超灵敏扫描分析
提出了一种基于核酸识体引发滚环扩增的蛋白质检测新方法。该方法用修饰于芯片表面的核酸识体识别待测靶蛋白与环状模板。通过与环状模板形成双链引发滚环扩增,滚环扩增形成的串联重复序列结合金纳米粒子标记的寡核苷酸,利用金纳米粒子催化银沉积反应;用简单的平板扫描仪进行信号的快速扫描读取,实现蛋白质的简单、快速、超灵敏检测。以人血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)为靶蛋白,所建立的方法对VEGF的检测线性范围为10 fM~1 nM,达5个数量级,并且具有良好的特异性和低的基质效应。本章所提出的蛋白质超灵敏检测方法简单、实用,有望成为肿瘤相关蛋白标志物的筛选、临床诊断应用的有力工具。
3.多肽金纳米探针的设计与基质金属蛋白酶的超灵敏扫描分析
设计了一种多肽金纳米探针,利用氨基三乙酸修饰芯片以及金纳米粒子催化的银沉积信号放大,发展了一种简单的扫描分析技术,用于基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)的超灵敏检测。以基质金属蛋白酶-7(MMP-7)为靶分子,设计的多肽金纳米探针包含一段MMP-7特异性识别序列和一段六个组氨酸构成的标签。在镍离子的介导下,金纳米探针可以通过组氨酸标签大量地结合在氨基三乙酸修饰的芯片上。MMP-7催化金纳米探针上的多肽序列水解,可阻断金纳米粒子在芯片上的结合,导致金纳米粒子催化的银增强信号下降。本方法能够方便地定量检测2.5μL样品中1.2×10-17摩尔的MMP-7分子,其线性范围为0.1-100 ng mL-1,具有良好的重复性、稳定性、准确性以及低的基质效应。本工作为MMPs作为潜在的标志物在肿瘤研究和诊疗中的应用提供简单实用的分析平台。
4.双重信号放大用于肿瘤细胞电化学传感及细胞表面糖基检测新方法
基于精氨酸-甘氨酸-门冬氨酸-丝氨酸(RGDS)四肽功能化的单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)构建了一种新颖的电化学细胞传感器。应用拉曼光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱证实了RGDS四肽与单壁碳纳米管的共价结合。以胃癌细胞(BGC-823)为模型,通过RGD基序与细胞表面丰富的整合素受体的特异性识别结合,四肽功能化单壁碳纳米管修饰的电极表面能够有效地捕获肿瘤细胞。同时,细胞表面的甘露糖基能够特异性地结合辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的伴刀豆球蛋白A(ConA)从而产生酶催化的电化学信号。基于单壁碳纳米管和酶催化的双重信号扩增,细胞传感器能够对低至620细胞mL~-1的BGC细胞产生响应,其检测线性范围为1.0×10~3-1.0×10~7 mL~-1。同时,所构建的细胞传感器可检测完整BGC细胞表面甘露糖基数量,测得每个BGC细胞表面表达约5.3×107个甘露糖分子。
5.可抛式电化学细胞传感器阵列用于肿瘤细胞表面聚糖的动态监测
本章工作发展了一种可抛式的电化学细胞传感器阵列,用于细胞表面聚糖的多组分同时分析。以RGDS四肽共价功能化单壁碳纳米管修饰的四通道印刷电极(SPCEs)为细胞传感界面捕获肿瘤细胞,用HRP标记的四种凝集素(ConA、WGA、DBA、PNA)进行胞表面四种不同聚糖的特异性识别。由于传感器阵列较低的非特异性吸附和背景响应,该方法具有灵敏度高、准确性佳、重复性好等优良分析性能。所设计的电化学细胞传感器阵列实现了对人白血病K562细胞在药物诱导以及向红系分化过程中细胞表面聚糖的动态监测,有望成为细胞表面糖组学研究的有力手段,在新的肿瘤治疗靶点与肿瘤标志物的筛选中发挥重要作用。
Early diagnosis and therapeutics plays a crucial role in improving the survival rate of cancer patients. In the post-genomic era, discovery of potential cancer biomarkers due to the development of proteomics has held the promise of‘‘individualized medicine,’’bringing a new dimension to disease diagnosis, classification and prognosis. The emerging glycomics which deciphers altered glycosylation in oncogenic transformation, invasion and metastasis is quickly becoming a driving force for discovering new glycan-based cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Thus, it is very important to develop analytical technologies with significant performance for potential biomarkers discovery and early cancer diagnosis and therapeutics.
In this dissertation, by integrating analytical biochemistry, molecular biotechnology, nanotechnology and bioconjugate chemistry, a series of new methods have been developed for simple and ultrasensitive detection of cancer biomarkers and in situ evaluation of carcinoma cell surface glycans. This dissertation includes the following five parts:
1. A cascade signal amplification strategy for sub-attomolar protein detection by rolling circle amplification and quantum dots tagging
A cascade signal amplification strategy was proposed for detection of protein target at ultra-low concentration by combining rolling circle amplification (RCA) with oligonucleotide functionalized quantum dots (QDs), multiplex binding of biotin-strepavidin system and anodic stripping voltammetric detection. The RCA product containing tandem-repeat sequences serve as excellent template for periodic assembly of QDs, which present per protein recognition event to numerous quantum dot tags for electrochemical readout. Both the RCA and the multiplex binding system show remarkable amplification efficiency, very little nonspecific adsorption and low background signal. Using human vascular endothelial growth factor as a model protein, the designed strategy could quantitatively detect protein down to 16 molecules in a 100-μL sample with a linear calibration range from 1 aM to 1 pM, and be amenable to quantification of protein target in complex biological matrices.
2. A facile scanometric strategy for ultrasensitive detection of protein using aptamer-initiated RCA
This work proposed a simple strategy for ultrasensitive detection of protein biomarker. This strategy contained aptamer-initiated rolling circle amplification, Au nanoparticle probe and simple scanometric readout. The method showed a dynamic range of five orders of magnitude and a detection limit down to 10 fM protein molecule, featuring high specificity and low matrix effect. By integrating multiple molecular biotechnologies, nanobiotechnology, immobilization chemistry and scanometric detection, this primary research opened new horizons for integrating different disciplines to develop pragmatic and simple technology with significant analytical performance. The proposed strategy would become a powerful tool for proteomics research and clinical diagnostics.
3. Ultrasensitive scanometric detection of matrix metalloproteinases using a histidine tagged peptide–Au nanoparticle probe
A simple scanometric approach was proposed for ultrasensitive assay of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) based on their discriminatory and proteolytic activity. This approach integrated a newly designed peptide-gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probe, a nitrilotriacetic acid modified chip and silver signal amplification. Using MMP-7 as a model of MMPs, the peptide-AuNP probe contained a six-histidine (His) tag and a MMP-7 specific peptide sequence. The His tag could trap a large number of AuNPs on the modified chip by Ni2+ induced affinity binding to obtain silver enhanced signal. In presence of MMP-7, the proteolysis of the peptide sequence led to the cleavage of His tag from AuNPs, and decreased the amount of AuNPs bound on the modified chip, which decreased the scanometric readout signal. The proposed method could conveniently quantify MMP-7 down to 1.2×10-17 moles in a 2.5-μL sample with a linear range from 0.1 to 100 ng mL-1. This protocol showed good reproducibility, stability, accuracy and low matrix effect. The designed strategy presented a useful platform for ultrasensitive detection of MMPs.
4. Effective cell capture with tetrapeptide functionalized carbon nanotubes and dual signal amplification for cytosensing and evaluation of cell surface carbohydrate
A novel electrochemical cytosenor was designed based on the specific recognition of integrin receptors on cell surface to arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine (RGDS) functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The conjugated RGDS showed predominant ability to capture cells on electrode surface by the specific combination of RGD domains with integrin receptors. Using BGC-823 human gastric carcinoma cells (BGC cells) as model, the cell surface mannosyl groups could specifically bind with horseradish peroxidase labeled concanavalin A, producing an electrochemical cytosensor. Based on the dual signal amplification of SWNTs and enzymatic catalysis the cytosensor could response down to 620 cells mL-1 BGC cells with a linear calibration range from 1.0×103 to 1.0×107 cells mL-1, showing very high sensitivity. The dual signal amplification could be further used to evaluate the mannosyl groups on cell surface, and the mannosyl groups on single living intact BGC cell were detected to correspond to 5.3×107 molecules of mannose.
5. Electrochemical cytosensor array for simple dynamic analysis of carcinoma cell surface glycans
A facile electrochemical cytosensor array was proposed for sensitive multiple analysis of intact cell surface glycome and effective monitoring of dynamic variation in cell surface glycan expression profile during drug treatment. This method utilized arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed carbon electrode to capture cancer cells and maintain their biological activity, and horseradish peroxidase labeled lectins to recognize cell surface specific glycans. The proposed strategy showed very little nonspecific adsorption and background signal and conducted more sensitive profile of low abundance of glycans than flow cytometric analysis. The proposed method could monitor the dynamic change of glycome during drug treatment with high sensitivity and acceptable accuracy and reproducibility. It could be anticipated that this facile cytosensor array would become a powerful and pragmatic tool to decode cell surface glycome and discover potential glycan biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
引文
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