《儿女英雄传》量词研究
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摘要
《儿女英雄传》,原名《正法眼藏五十三参》,是19世纪中期满洲旗人文康写成的长篇小说,它基本上是用当时的北京口语写成的。本书的语言特点和近代汉语的特点比较一致,它是汉语发展历史上的一个重要阶段的代表,呈现出汉语从近代向现代过渡时期的一些特点,但目前学术界对该书语言的研究还不够全面,关于量词还没有进行专门的研究。本文以《儿女英雄传》中的量词为研究对象,主要运用了统计法、比较法和归纳法等研究方法,分别从语法、语义和作用几个角度对量词进行了较为全面的分析和描写,在分析的同时还结合了现代汉语中量词的特点,从而总结出了量词在该历史时期的语法特征、在具体语境中体现出来的作用以及一些名量搭配的规律等。
全文分为八个部分：引言介绍了《儿女英雄传》的研究现状及其在汉语史上的研究价值,介绍了本文的研究方法和所依据的版本。第二章对量词的发展、命名及分类作了整体介绍；第三章、第四章、第五章和第六章分别对《儿女英雄传》量词的构成系统、语法特征、意义和作用进行分析；第七章对书中出现的“个”作了专门分析。结论部分是对全文的概括总结,指出了《儿女英雄传》所处的历史时期是汉语量词系统发展的过渡时期,与汉语其他阶段的量词相比,该书的量词有以下特点：第一,量词发展不平衡。第二,具有一些现代汉语中所没有的量词。第三,个别量词对数词有选择,例如量词“拉(l(?))”、“派”和“腔”等。第四,个别量词的写法还不规范。第五,《儿女英雄传》中出现量词连用的现象,例如“些个”和“些座”等。第六,一些量词表现出鲜明的时代特色和地域特色,例如量词“任”、“榜”、“房”、“品”和“硌”等。第七,一些量词的搭配对象或范围或意义与现代汉语还不一致。第八,一些量词表现出鲜明的口语语体色彩。
总之,根据对《儿女英雄传》量词的分析,我们不难发现现代汉语量词系统此时已基本形成。《儿女英雄传》中的量词对古代汉语量词有所继承,而又有所发展。这部著作中的一些量词具有鲜明的时代特色和地域特色,还呈现出来一些过渡期的语言特点,研究这部著作中的量词可以帮助我们更好地了解、研究和使用现代汉语。
"Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan", originally called "Zhengfayancang 53 participants" is a long novel written in mid-19th century by a person called Wenkang of Manchu race, it is basically written by using Beijing dialect of that time. The language characteristics of this book is more consistent with the characteristics of modern Chinese language, which is also an important representative stage in development of Chinese language history, showing a number of features in this the transition period contemporary Chinese; modern Chinese. But the academic study of the Language of this book is not very comprehensive; there is no specialized study of it from the Quantifiers perspective. In this paper, the object of the research is the Quantifiers mainly by using a statistical method, comparative, inductive and other research methods from the perspectives of syntax, semantics and function respectively; at the same time I also compare it with the characteristics of Quantifiers in Modern Chinese while analyzing in order to achieve the aim of summarizing the syntactical features of Quantifiers in certain historical period, the functions of Quantifiers embodied in the specific context and regularity of the collocations of nouns and quantifiers and so on.
Full-text is divided into eight parts:Foreword introduced the current situation and research value of the "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan" in Chinese history, illustrating and writing methods and its based versions. The second chapter gives overall introduction of the development of Quantifiers, rectification and classification of names;Ⅲchapter,ⅣChapter,ⅤChapter,Ⅵand ChapterⅦof "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan" analyzes the Quantifiers classification, grammatical features, meaning, effect and the "a" respectively,. Conclusion part is the general introduction of the full text. It points out that the historical period which "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan", was produced is the transitional period of the development of Chinese Quantifiers, compared with the development of the Quantifiers in other stages of Chinese, the Quantifiers in this book possess the following characteristics:Quantifiers in this book possess the following characteristics:First, there is uneven development of Quantifiers. Second, there exist a number of quantifiers which don't occur in modern Chinese. Third, the usage of numerals depend on the choice or selection of the individual classifier such as quantifier "la", "pai" and "qiang" and so on. Fourth, the wording of individual Quantifiers is still not standardized. Fifth, several Quantifiers are used together in "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan"; such as uantifiers "xie ge" and "xie zuo", and so on. Sixth, some of the Quantifiers in this book demonstrate distinctive contemporary and regional characteristics, such as Quantifiers "ren", "ba ng", "fang", "pin", "luo" and so on. Seventh, the collocation, scope of application and applied meaning of some Quantifiers are also inconsistent with the modern Chinese. Eighth, some Quantifiers show distinct color colloquialism.
In short, based on Quantifiers analysis of the "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan" we can easily find modern Chinese Quantifiers system has been basically formed at this modern time. "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan" in the Quantifiers. Quantifiers have inherited the ancient Chinese, but they developed. Some of the Quantifiers in this work are demonstrating very distinctive characteristics of certain age and geography, but also presents the characteristics of some of the language of the transition period. The study of the Quantifiers in this work can help us understand, study and use modern Chinese better.
全文分为八个部分：引言介绍了《儿女英雄传》的研究现状及其在汉语史上的研究价值,介绍了本文的研究方法和所依据的版本。第二章对量词的发展、命名及分类作了整体介绍；第三章、第四章、第五章和第六章分别对《儿女英雄传》量词的构成系统、语法特征、意义和作用进行分析；第七章对书中出现的“个”作了专门分析。结论部分是对全文的概括总结,指出了《儿女英雄传》所处的历史时期是汉语量词系统发展的过渡时期,与汉语其他阶段的量词相比,该书的量词有以下特点：第一,量词发展不平衡。第二,具有一些现代汉语中所没有的量词。第三,个别量词对数词有选择,例如量词“拉(l(?))”、“派”和“腔”等。第四,个别量词的写法还不规范。第五,《儿女英雄传》中出现量词连用的现象,例如“些个”和“些座”等。第六,一些量词表现出鲜明的时代特色和地域特色,例如量词“任”、“榜”、“房”、“品”和“硌”等。第七,一些量词的搭配对象或范围或意义与现代汉语还不一致。第八,一些量词表现出鲜明的口语语体色彩。
总之,根据对《儿女英雄传》量词的分析,我们不难发现现代汉语量词系统此时已基本形成。《儿女英雄传》中的量词对古代汉语量词有所继承,而又有所发展。这部著作中的一些量词具有鲜明的时代特色和地域特色,还呈现出来一些过渡期的语言特点,研究这部著作中的量词可以帮助我们更好地了解、研究和使用现代汉语。
"Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan", originally called "Zhengfayancang 53 participants" is a long novel written in mid-19th century by a person called Wenkang of Manchu race, it is basically written by using Beijing dialect of that time. The language characteristics of this book is more consistent with the characteristics of modern Chinese language, which is also an important representative stage in development of Chinese language history, showing a number of features in this the transition period contemporary Chinese; modern Chinese. But the academic study of the Language of this book is not very comprehensive; there is no specialized study of it from the Quantifiers perspective. In this paper, the object of the research is the Quantifiers mainly by using a statistical method, comparative, inductive and other research methods from the perspectives of syntax, semantics and function respectively; at the same time I also compare it with the characteristics of Quantifiers in Modern Chinese while analyzing in order to achieve the aim of summarizing the syntactical features of Quantifiers in certain historical period, the functions of Quantifiers embodied in the specific context and regularity of the collocations of nouns and quantifiers and so on.
Full-text is divided into eight parts:Foreword introduced the current situation and research value of the "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan" in Chinese history, illustrating and writing methods and its based versions. The second chapter gives overall introduction of the development of Quantifiers, rectification and classification of names;Ⅲchapter,ⅣChapter,ⅤChapter,Ⅵand ChapterⅦof "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan" analyzes the Quantifiers classification, grammatical features, meaning, effect and the "a" respectively,. Conclusion part is the general introduction of the full text. It points out that the historical period which "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan", was produced is the transitional period of the development of Chinese Quantifiers, compared with the development of the Quantifiers in other stages of Chinese, the Quantifiers in this book possess the following characteristics:Quantifiers in this book possess the following characteristics:First, there is uneven development of Quantifiers. Second, there exist a number of quantifiers which don't occur in modern Chinese. Third, the usage of numerals depend on the choice or selection of the individual classifier such as quantifier "la", "pai" and "qiang" and so on. Fourth, the wording of individual Quantifiers is still not standardized. Fifth, several Quantifiers are used together in "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan"; such as uantifiers "xie ge" and "xie zuo", and so on. Sixth, some of the Quantifiers in this book demonstrate distinctive contemporary and regional characteristics, such as Quantifiers "ren", "ba ng", "fang", "pin", "luo" and so on. Seventh, the collocation, scope of application and applied meaning of some Quantifiers are also inconsistent with the modern Chinese. Eighth, some Quantifiers show distinct color colloquialism.
In short, based on Quantifiers analysis of the "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan" we can easily find modern Chinese Quantifiers system has been basically formed at this modern time. "Ernv Yingxiong Zhuan" in the Quantifiers. Quantifiers have inherited the ancient Chinese, but they developed. Some of the Quantifiers in this work are demonstrating very distinctive characteristics of certain age and geography, but also presents the characteristics of some of the language of the transition period. The study of the Quantifiers in this work can help us understand, study and use modern Chinese better.
引文
[1]袁兵,徐时仪,史佩信,等.二十世纪的近代汉语研究(下册)[M].太原：书海出版社,2001：631.
[2]太田辰夫.汉语史通考[M].江蓝生,白维国译.重庆：重庆出版社,1991.
[3]何杰.现代汉语量词研究(增编版)[M].北京：北京语言大学出版社,2000.
[4]马建忠.马氏文通[M].北京：商务印书馆,1983：34.
[5]黎锦熙.新著国语文法[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001：81.
[6]吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京：商务印书馆,1982：18.
[7]王力.中国现代语法[M].北京：商务印书馆,1985：214.
[8]高名凯.汉语语法论[M].北京：商务印书馆,1986：160.
[9]丁声树,吕叔湘,李荣,等.现代汉语语法讲话[M].北京：商务印书馆,1979.
[10]杨伯峻.论语译注[M].北京：中华书局,1980.
[11]朱德熙.语法讲义[M].北京：商务印书馆,1997：48.
[12]刘子平.汉语量词词典[M].呼和浩特市：内蒙古教育出版社,1996：120.
[13]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典(修订本)[M].北京：商务印书馆,1996：639.
[14]俞光中,植田均.近代汉语语法研究[M].上海：学林出版社,1999：240.
[15]王力.汉语语法史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1989：28.
[16]刘世儒.魏晋南北朝量词研究[M].北京：中华书局,1965：291.
[17]王绍新.唐代诗文小说中名量词的运用[A]//.程湘清.隋唐五代汉语研究[C].济南：山东教育出版社,1992：327-385.
[18]陈长伟,李德鹏.《儿女英雄传》词语重叠式语义研究[J].现代语文(语言研究),2008,(10).
[19]李佐丰.上古汉语语法研究[C].北京：北京广播学院出版社,2004.
[20]郭先珍.汉语量词的应用[M].北京：中国物资出版社,1987.
[21]李力.谈谈汉语量词的文化意义[J].长春大学学报,2002,(3).
[22]马叔骏.汉语量词的量和质[J].汉字文化,2008,(2).
[23]王力.汉语史稿[M].北京：中华书局,.1980.
[24]周芍.名词与量词组合关系说略[J].汉语学习,2006,(1).
[25]赵元任.汉语口语语法[M].北京：商务印书馆,1997.
[26]张向群.量词修辞审美论[M].西安：陕西人民教育出版社,1995.
[27]周一民.北京口语语法(词法卷)[M].北京：语文出版社,1998.
[28]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词[M].北京：商务印书馆,1998.
[29]朱德熙.现代汉语语法研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,1980.
[30]孙锡信.汉语历史语法要略[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1992.
[31]志村良治.中国中世语法史研究[M].江蓝生,白维国译.北京：中华书局,1995.
[32]陆俭明.现代汉语语法研究教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2005.
[33]郭锐.现代汉语词类研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2002.
[34]胡明扬.词类问题考察[M].北京：北京语言文化大学出版社,1996.
[35]王德春.对外汉语论丛(第四集)[M].上海：学林出版社,2005.
[36]陈颖.苏轼作品量词[M].成都：巴蜀出版社,2003.
[37]陆俭明.现代汉语中数量词的作用[A].//陆俭明.语法研究和探索(4)[C].北京：北京大学出版社,1988.
[38]吕叔湘,马庆株.语法研究入门[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004.
[39]李佐丰.古代汉语语法学[M].北京：商务印书馆,2004.
[40]陆俭明,沈阳.汉语和汉语研究十五讲[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004.
[41]杨春冉.《儿女英雄传》的助词研究[D].信阳：信阳师范学院,2007.
[42]高纯.《儿女英雄传》中的北京方言词语研究[D].南京：南京师范大学,2007.
[2]太田辰夫.汉语史通考[M].江蓝生,白维国译.重庆：重庆出版社,1991.
[3]何杰.现代汉语量词研究(增编版)[M].北京：北京语言大学出版社,2000.
[4]马建忠.马氏文通[M].北京：商务印书馆,1983：34.
[5]黎锦熙.新著国语文法[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001：81.
[6]吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京：商务印书馆,1982：18.
[7]王力.中国现代语法[M].北京：商务印书馆,1985：214.
[8]高名凯.汉语语法论[M].北京：商务印书馆,1986：160.
[9]丁声树,吕叔湘,李荣,等.现代汉语语法讲话[M].北京：商务印书馆,1979.
[10]杨伯峻.论语译注[M].北京：中华书局,1980.
[11]朱德熙.语法讲义[M].北京：商务印书馆,1997：48.
[12]刘子平.汉语量词词典[M].呼和浩特市：内蒙古教育出版社,1996：120.
[13]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典(修订本)[M].北京：商务印书馆,1996：639.
[14]俞光中,植田均.近代汉语语法研究[M].上海：学林出版社,1999：240.
[15]王力.汉语语法史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1989：28.
[16]刘世儒.魏晋南北朝量词研究[M].北京：中华书局,1965：291.
[17]王绍新.唐代诗文小说中名量词的运用[A]//.程湘清.隋唐五代汉语研究[C].济南：山东教育出版社,1992：327-385.
[18]陈长伟,李德鹏.《儿女英雄传》词语重叠式语义研究[J].现代语文(语言研究),2008,(10).
[19]李佐丰.上古汉语语法研究[C].北京：北京广播学院出版社,2004.
[20]郭先珍.汉语量词的应用[M].北京：中国物资出版社,1987.
[21]李力.谈谈汉语量词的文化意义[J].长春大学学报,2002,(3).
[22]马叔骏.汉语量词的量和质[J].汉字文化,2008,(2).
[23]王力.汉语史稿[M].北京：中华书局,.1980.
[24]周芍.名词与量词组合关系说略[J].汉语学习,2006,(1).
[25]赵元任.汉语口语语法[M].北京：商务印书馆,1997.
[26]张向群.量词修辞审美论[M].西安：陕西人民教育出版社,1995.
[27]周一民.北京口语语法(词法卷)[M].北京：语文出版社,1998.
[28]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词[M].北京：商务印书馆,1998.
[29]朱德熙.现代汉语语法研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,1980.
[30]孙锡信.汉语历史语法要略[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1992.
[31]志村良治.中国中世语法史研究[M].江蓝生,白维国译.北京：中华书局,1995.
[32]陆俭明.现代汉语语法研究教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2005.
[33]郭锐.现代汉语词类研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2002.
[34]胡明扬.词类问题考察[M].北京：北京语言文化大学出版社,1996.
[35]王德春.对外汉语论丛(第四集)[M].上海：学林出版社,2005.
[36]陈颖.苏轼作品量词[M].成都：巴蜀出版社,2003.
[37]陆俭明.现代汉语中数量词的作用[A].//陆俭明.语法研究和探索(4)[C].北京：北京大学出版社,1988.
[38]吕叔湘,马庆株.语法研究入门[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004.
[39]李佐丰.古代汉语语法学[M].北京：商务印书馆,2004.
[40]陆俭明,沈阳.汉语和汉语研究十五讲[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004.
[41]杨春冉.《儿女英雄传》的助词研究[D].信阳：信阳师范学院,2007.
[42]高纯.《儿女英雄传》中的北京方言词语研究[D].南京：南京师范大学,2007.