水平井砂岩酸化模拟设计及软件研制
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摘要
随着水平井技术的巨大进步以及水平井数量的逐年增加，水平井砂岩酸化成为油气藏增产的重要技术之一。由于水平井的污染特征、设计方法、施工参数和施工工艺与直井有显著差别，直井砂岩酸化模拟及设计的模型与方法不能满足水平井砂岩酸化的情况。基于水平井砂岩酸化的技术需要，本文主要完成以下研究内容：
(1) 建立了渗透率各向异性地层水平井基质酸化过程中压力场与流速场分布模型。通过变量变换，分离变量等数学手段，将二维数值模型转化为一维数值模型，得出了公式简单实用，物理意义明确的解析解。该模型表明：考虑了地层渗透率各向异性的影响之后，除井壁处的等压线为圆形外，地层中的等压线的形状为一族同心椭圆，流速场也不是圆形状径向辐射状。而呈平面椭圆状径向流；
(2) 分析了水平井的污染特征，并且在物质守恒定律的基础上，采用卡特模型，通过积分变换，建立了水平井钻井过程中钻井液滤失模型、有效侵入深度与最大侵入深度模型。改进了传统的表皮因子的算法，使之更适合水平井的情况，考察了水平井表皮因子的变化规律和影响因素；
(3) 建立了注酸过程中水平井井筒温度场模型及渗透率各向异性地层温度场模型，提出了对酸化施工有指导意义的结论和建议；
(4) 建立了渗透率各向异性地层前置液酸化模型。模型中考虑了前置液盐酸对酸化过程的影响，得出了前置液酸化后地层孔隙度和渗透率的分布；
(5) 结合水平井砂岩酸化的实际情况，引用先进的“两酸、三矿物”酸化模型，并且考虑了地层渗透率各向异性的影响，能够真实反映酸化过程中酸岩反应的反应过程及反应机理，更有效地指导酸化设计，提高了对酸化效果的预测能力；
(6) 提出了一套较为完整、考虑因素较全面的水平井砂岩酸化设计计算方法，给出了酸化施工参数；
(7) 编制了水平井砂岩酸化优化设计软件。软件界面友好，使用方便。通过在新疆两口水平井的成功应用，验证了软件的合理性和可靠性。
With the huge advances of the technology and the increasing of the amount of horizontal well, the sandstone acidizing of horizontal well has become an important means to enhance the output of oilfields. Because the pollution characteristics, designing method, treatment parameters and technology of horizontal well is different from vertical well, the model and method of simulation and design of vertical well can not adapt to the situation of horizontal well. To satisfy the requirement of sandstone acidizing technology of horizontal well, this paper accomplished the main contents as followed:
(1) Set up the pressure and velocity field model of acid flow for Permeability anisotropic formation matrix acidizing. Through mathematic means of variant separation and transformation, 2D numerical model was changed into 1D numerical model and acquire the single analytic solution of the equation. This model indicated that considering formation anisotropy, except that the equal pressure curve near well bore is circular, others in formation are elliptoid and velocity field distribution is also not circular radial, but present an elliptoid radial flow;
(2) Analyzed the characteristics of horizontal well. Based on the law of conservation of mass, this paper applied Carter model, through integral transformation and set up the drilling loss model and polluting equivalent depth and maximal depth of horizontal well. Improved the traditional model of skin factor and adapted it to the situation of horizontal well, and observed the variational regularity and influential factors of skin factor;
(3) Set up well bore temperature field model and permeability anisotropic formation temperature field model, and put forward some instructive advices for acidizing job;
(4) Set up HC1 preflush acidizing in anisotropic formation model. This model took into account the effect of HC1 preflush on the design of matrix designing and developed the distribution of porosity and permeability after HC1 preflush acidizing;
(5) Based on the actual situation of horizontal well, "two-acid, three-mineral" generalized distribution parameter model was introduced and the effect of formation anisotropy was taken into account. It could reflect the actual the reaction process and reaction mechanism. Thus, it could instruct the
acidizing design more effective and could improve the ability of the model to anticipate the effect of the acidizing treatment;
(6) Presented a method of optimizing treatment parameter of horizontal well matrix acidizing. Considering more factors in the scheme, it is an integral and all-sided method;
(7) Programmed horizontal well matrix acidizing software. The interfaces of the software is friendly and convenient in operation. Two successful applications in two horizontal wells of Xinjiang oilfield checked the reasonability and reliability of the software.
(1) 建立了渗透率各向异性地层水平井基质酸化过程中压力场与流速场分布模型。通过变量变换，分离变量等数学手段，将二维数值模型转化为一维数值模型，得出了公式简单实用，物理意义明确的解析解。该模型表明：考虑了地层渗透率各向异性的影响之后，除井壁处的等压线为圆形外，地层中的等压线的形状为一族同心椭圆，流速场也不是圆形状径向辐射状。而呈平面椭圆状径向流；
(2) 分析了水平井的污染特征，并且在物质守恒定律的基础上，采用卡特模型，通过积分变换，建立了水平井钻井过程中钻井液滤失模型、有效侵入深度与最大侵入深度模型。改进了传统的表皮因子的算法，使之更适合水平井的情况，考察了水平井表皮因子的变化规律和影响因素；
(3) 建立了注酸过程中水平井井筒温度场模型及渗透率各向异性地层温度场模型，提出了对酸化施工有指导意义的结论和建议；
(4) 建立了渗透率各向异性地层前置液酸化模型。模型中考虑了前置液盐酸对酸化过程的影响，得出了前置液酸化后地层孔隙度和渗透率的分布；
(5) 结合水平井砂岩酸化的实际情况，引用先进的“两酸、三矿物”酸化模型，并且考虑了地层渗透率各向异性的影响，能够真实反映酸化过程中酸岩反应的反应过程及反应机理，更有效地指导酸化设计，提高了对酸化效果的预测能力；
(6) 提出了一套较为完整、考虑因素较全面的水平井砂岩酸化设计计算方法，给出了酸化施工参数；
(7) 编制了水平井砂岩酸化优化设计软件。软件界面友好，使用方便。通过在新疆两口水平井的成功应用，验证了软件的合理性和可靠性。
With the huge advances of the technology and the increasing of the amount of horizontal well, the sandstone acidizing of horizontal well has become an important means to enhance the output of oilfields. Because the pollution characteristics, designing method, treatment parameters and technology of horizontal well is different from vertical well, the model and method of simulation and design of vertical well can not adapt to the situation of horizontal well. To satisfy the requirement of sandstone acidizing technology of horizontal well, this paper accomplished the main contents as followed:
(1) Set up the pressure and velocity field model of acid flow for Permeability anisotropic formation matrix acidizing. Through mathematic means of variant separation and transformation, 2D numerical model was changed into 1D numerical model and acquire the single analytic solution of the equation. This model indicated that considering formation anisotropy, except that the equal pressure curve near well bore is circular, others in formation are elliptoid and velocity field distribution is also not circular radial, but present an elliptoid radial flow;
(2) Analyzed the characteristics of horizontal well. Based on the law of conservation of mass, this paper applied Carter model, through integral transformation and set up the drilling loss model and polluting equivalent depth and maximal depth of horizontal well. Improved the traditional model of skin factor and adapted it to the situation of horizontal well, and observed the variational regularity and influential factors of skin factor;
(3) Set up well bore temperature field model and permeability anisotropic formation temperature field model, and put forward some instructive advices for acidizing job;
(4) Set up HC1 preflush acidizing in anisotropic formation model. This model took into account the effect of HC1 preflush on the design of matrix designing and developed the distribution of porosity and permeability after HC1 preflush acidizing;
(5) Based on the actual situation of horizontal well, "two-acid, three-mineral" generalized distribution parameter model was introduced and the effect of formation anisotropy was taken into account. It could reflect the actual the reaction process and reaction mechanism. Thus, it could instruct the
acidizing design more effective and could improve the ability of the model to anticipate the effect of the acidizing treatment;
(6) Presented a method of optimizing treatment parameter of horizontal well matrix acidizing. Considering more factors in the scheme, it is an integral and all-sided method;
(7) Programmed horizontal well matrix acidizing software. The interfaces of the software is friendly and convenient in operation. Two successful applications in two horizontal wells of Xinjiang oilfield checked the reasonability and reliability of the software.
引文
1 万仁溥 主编：水平井开采技术，石油工业出版社，1993，3；
2 李志明，关志忠译，水平井完井和增产措施技术，石油工业出版社，1995，11；
3 徐同台等编，水平井钻井液与完井液，石油工业出版社，1998，2；
4 M．J．埃克诺米德斯，K．G．诺尔特等著，张宏逵等译，油藏增产技术，石油工业出版社，1991，12；
5 李克向等译，国外大位移井钻井技术，石油工业出版社，1996，9；
6 B．B．威廉斯等著，罗景琪译，油井酸化原理，石油工业出版社，1983，3；
7 四川石油管理局，西南石油学院，油气井酸化读本，石油工业出版社，1976，2；
8 J．M．延斯利等著，完井酸化压裂，石油工业出版社，1986，9；
9 李颖川等著，采油工程，石油工业出版社，2002，2；
10 M．J．埃克诺米德斯，A．D．希尔等著，金友煌译，石油开采系统，石油工业出版社，1998，3；
11 万仁溥，罗英俊，采油技术手册(第九分册)，石油工业出版社，1998，1；
12 许岱文，郑桂荣等译，1996年第二届国际SPE／CIM水平井技术会议论文集(上、下册)，石油工业出版社，1999，7；
13 蒋官澄、鄢捷年等，水平井储层损害的室内评价方法，石油大学学报，1993(4)；
14 Dariush Malekzdeh and Djebbar Tiab, A New Technique for the Calculation of Mechanical Skin Damage of Horizontal Wells Caused by the Drilling Fluids,SPE23788,1992;
15 D.Malekzadeh,M.M.Rahman, J.J.Day,Formation Damage Assessment Around Horizontal Wells During Injection Processes, SPE31148,1996;
16 Frick, T.P. Horizontal Well Damage Characterization and Removal.SPE21795,1991;
17 陈浩，砂岩油气层酸化设计方法及设计计算程序研制，西南石油学院硕士论文，1989，4；
18 M.A. Buijse, et al: Novel Application of Emulsified Acids to Matrix
Stimulation of Heterogeneous Formations. SPE65355,2000;
19 张怀文：水平井酸化压裂技术，1992；
20 方娅，刘继延：酸液添加剂现状及发展趋势．钻井液与完井液，2000，17(5)：25～35；
21 Tamdini M. An Effective Matrix Stimulation Technique for Horizontal.SPE24993,1992;
22 T.P.Frick and M.J.Economides,State-of-the Art in the Matrix Stimulation of Horizontal Wells,SPE26997,1994;
23 Hill,A.D.,Lindsay, D.M.,Silberberg,I.H.,and Seheehter, R.S., Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Sandstone Aeidizing, SPEJ,February1981;
24 Gidley, U.L.,Stimulation of Sandstone Formation with the Acid-Mutual Solvent Method, JPT May1971;
25 M.J. Economides, A Method of Horizontal Well Matrix Acidizing,SPE19719,1991;
26 T.P.Frick and M.J.Economides, Optimization of Horizontal Well Matrix Treatment, SPE22334,1993;
27 D.Zhu: Using Integrated Information to Optimizing Matrix Acidizing, SPE68930,2001;
28 Nicholas Kume. A New Hydrofluoric Acid System Improves Sandstone Matrix Acidizing. JPT, Vol.52, No.3:34～35;
29 M.A. Buijse, et al: Novel Application of Emulsified Acids to Matrix Stimulation of Heterogeneous Formations. SPE65355,2000;
30 蒋建勋，油气藏酸化模型及专家系统，西南石油学院博士论文，1997，5；
31 孙艾因，刘蜀知，砂岩射孔井基质酸化数学模型的建立及应用，石油钻采工艺，1997，5；
32 张黎明，任书泉，砂岩土酸酸化基本模型新认识，石油钻采工艺，1995，4；
33 P.H. Morphy, K G. Greenwald: Operational Experience with Foam—diverted Acid Jobs in the Gulf of Mexico. JPT, Vol.50, No.3: 44～45;
34 王鸿勋，李平，水力压裂过程中井筒温度场的数值计算方法，石油学报，1987，2；
35 赵金州，任书泉，井筒内液体温度分布规律的数值计算方法，石油钻采工艺，1986，2；
36 赵立强，任书泉，砂岩基质酸化地层温度的数值计算方法，天然气工业，1992，5；
37 N.A. Menzies: Modeling of Gel Diverter Placement in Horizontal Wells.SPE56742,1999;
38 F.F.Chang: Experience in Acid Diversion in High Permeability Deep Water Formations Using Visco-Elastic-Surfactant.SPE68919,2001;
39 王中泽等：液体转向酸化技术研究及现场应用。石油钻采工艺，1999，21(1)：79～81；
40 Bell, C E, et al: Effective Diverting on Horizontal Wells in the Austin Chalk.SPE26582,1993;
41 D. Zhu: An Experimental Study of Acid Placement in Variable Inclination Laterals.SPE58710,2000;
42 王宝峰，汪绪刚：砂岩基质酸化酸岩反应及二次伤害机理试验研究的新方法．钻井液与完井液，2000，17(3)：32～36；
43 王宝峰等：砂岩基质酸化中的短岩心和长岩心流动模拟试验研究．钻采工艺，2000，23(4)：38～46；
44 王宝峰：砂岩基质酸化中HF与石英的反应动力学．西安石油学院学报(自然科学版)，2000，15(4)：52～55；
45 段国彬：利用酸液动态滤失实验研究确定酸压施工用酸量．天然气工业，2000，20(5)：50-52；
46 S.K. Mohamed, et al: Acid Stimulation of Power Water Injectors and Saltwater Disposal Wells in a Carbonate Reservoir in Saudi Arabia: Laboratory Testing and Field Results. SPE56533,1999;
47 张怀文，水平井酸化处理工艺技术综述．新疆石油科技，2000，10(4)：29-31；艺，2001，23(4)：61-65；
48 J.D.Lynn: Achieving Maximum Horizontal Well Performance with Pre-Completion Mild Stimulation. SPE65034, 2001;
49 S. Mascar, et al. Acidizing Deep Open-Hole Horizontal Wells: A ease History on Selective Stimulation and Coil Tubing Deployed Jetting System.SPE54738,1999;
50 Nelson, R.L et al: Multiple Pad-Acid Fracs in a Deep Horizontal Well.SPE39943,1998;
51 Paccaloni.Get al: Key Factors for Enhanced Results of Matrix Stimulation Treatments.SPE7154,1988;
52 王宝锋：砂岩酸化设计模型的研究及发展．河南石油，1999，2：28-31；
53 Hill,A.D.,Sepehrnoori,K.,and Wu,EY., Design of the HC1 Prdflush in Sandstone Acidizing, SPE21720.1991;
54 Hekim.Y, Fogler.H.s,and McCune, C.D.,The Radial Movement of Permeability Fronts and Multiple Reaction Zones in Porous Media, SPEJ.February 1982;
55 A.T.Jones,D.R.Davies,Quantifying Acid Placement: The Key to Understanding Damage Removal in Horizontal Wells, SPE31146,1996;
56 Taha,R.,Hill,A.D.,and Sepehrnoori,k.,Sandstone Acidizing Design with a Generalized Model,SPEPE,February 1989;
57 Labrid, Jean Claude, Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects of Argillaceous Sandstone Acidizing. SPE5156,1975;
58 Paccaloni et al: Advances in Matrix Stimulation Technology,SPE20623,1993;
59 Sevougian et al: A New Geochemical Simulator To Design More Effective Sandstone Acidizing Treatments. SPE24780,1992;
60 Taha,R.M, Single Well Model for the Field Studies of Sandstone Matrix Acidizing, Ph.D,disertation,U.of Texas,Austion, 1987;
61 Da.Motta, E.P.,Plavnik,B,.and Schechter, R.S., Optmizing Sandstone Acidizing, SPERE,February 1992a;
62 Economides.M.J,Ben-Naceur, K.,and Klem,R.c.,Matrix Stimulation Method for Horizontal Wells, SPE16250.1987;
63 Prouvost L.P et al: Applications of Real-Time Matrix-Acidizing Evaluation Method.SPE17156,1989;
64 Bryant, S.L., An Improved Model of Mud Acid/Sandstone Chemistry,SPE22855,1991;
2 李志明，关志忠译，水平井完井和增产措施技术，石油工业出版社，1995，11；
3 徐同台等编，水平井钻井液与完井液，石油工业出版社，1998，2；
4 M．J．埃克诺米德斯，K．G．诺尔特等著，张宏逵等译，油藏增产技术，石油工业出版社，1991，12；
5 李克向等译，国外大位移井钻井技术，石油工业出版社，1996，9；
6 B．B．威廉斯等著，罗景琪译，油井酸化原理，石油工业出版社，1983，3；
7 四川石油管理局，西南石油学院，油气井酸化读本，石油工业出版社，1976，2；
8 J．M．延斯利等著，完井酸化压裂，石油工业出版社，1986，9；
9 李颖川等著，采油工程，石油工业出版社，2002，2；
10 M．J．埃克诺米德斯，A．D．希尔等著，金友煌译，石油开采系统，石油工业出版社，1998，3；
11 万仁溥，罗英俊，采油技术手册(第九分册)，石油工业出版社，1998，1；
12 许岱文，郑桂荣等译，1996年第二届国际SPE／CIM水平井技术会议论文集(上、下册)，石油工业出版社，1999，7；
13 蒋官澄、鄢捷年等，水平井储层损害的室内评价方法，石油大学学报，1993(4)；
14 Dariush Malekzdeh and Djebbar Tiab, A New Technique for the Calculation of Mechanical Skin Damage of Horizontal Wells Caused by the Drilling Fluids,SPE23788,1992;
15 D.Malekzadeh,M.M.Rahman, J.J.Day,Formation Damage Assessment Around Horizontal Wells During Injection Processes, SPE31148,1996;
16 Frick, T.P. Horizontal Well Damage Characterization and Removal.SPE21795,1991;
17 陈浩，砂岩油气层酸化设计方法及设计计算程序研制，西南石油学院硕士论文，1989，4；
18 M.A. Buijse, et al: Novel Application of Emulsified Acids to Matrix
Stimulation of Heterogeneous Formations. SPE65355,2000;
19 张怀文：水平井酸化压裂技术，1992；
20 方娅，刘继延：酸液添加剂现状及发展趋势．钻井液与完井液，2000，17(5)：25～35；
21 Tamdini M. An Effective Matrix Stimulation Technique for Horizontal.SPE24993,1992;
22 T.P.Frick and M.J.Economides,State-of-the Art in the Matrix Stimulation of Horizontal Wells,SPE26997,1994;
23 Hill,A.D.,Lindsay, D.M.,Silberberg,I.H.,and Seheehter, R.S., Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Sandstone Aeidizing, SPEJ,February1981;
24 Gidley, U.L.,Stimulation of Sandstone Formation with the Acid-Mutual Solvent Method, JPT May1971;
25 M.J. Economides, A Method of Horizontal Well Matrix Acidizing,SPE19719,1991;
26 T.P.Frick and M.J.Economides, Optimization of Horizontal Well Matrix Treatment, SPE22334,1993;
27 D.Zhu: Using Integrated Information to Optimizing Matrix Acidizing, SPE68930,2001;
28 Nicholas Kume. A New Hydrofluoric Acid System Improves Sandstone Matrix Acidizing. JPT, Vol.52, No.3:34～35;
29 M.A. Buijse, et al: Novel Application of Emulsified Acids to Matrix Stimulation of Heterogeneous Formations. SPE65355,2000;
30 蒋建勋，油气藏酸化模型及专家系统，西南石油学院博士论文，1997，5；
31 孙艾因，刘蜀知，砂岩射孔井基质酸化数学模型的建立及应用，石油钻采工艺，1997，5；
32 张黎明，任书泉，砂岩土酸酸化基本模型新认识，石油钻采工艺，1995，4；
33 P.H. Morphy, K G. Greenwald: Operational Experience with Foam—diverted Acid Jobs in the Gulf of Mexico. JPT, Vol.50, No.3: 44～45;
34 王鸿勋，李平，水力压裂过程中井筒温度场的数值计算方法，石油学报，1987，2；
35 赵金州，任书泉，井筒内液体温度分布规律的数值计算方法，石油钻采工艺，1986，2；
36 赵立强，任书泉，砂岩基质酸化地层温度的数值计算方法，天然气工业，1992，5；
37 N.A. Menzies: Modeling of Gel Diverter Placement in Horizontal Wells.SPE56742,1999;
38 F.F.Chang: Experience in Acid Diversion in High Permeability Deep Water Formations Using Visco-Elastic-Surfactant.SPE68919,2001;
39 王中泽等：液体转向酸化技术研究及现场应用。石油钻采工艺，1999，21(1)：79～81；
40 Bell, C E, et al: Effective Diverting on Horizontal Wells in the Austin Chalk.SPE26582,1993;
41 D. Zhu: An Experimental Study of Acid Placement in Variable Inclination Laterals.SPE58710,2000;
42 王宝峰，汪绪刚：砂岩基质酸化酸岩反应及二次伤害机理试验研究的新方法．钻井液与完井液，2000，17(3)：32～36；
43 王宝峰等：砂岩基质酸化中的短岩心和长岩心流动模拟试验研究．钻采工艺，2000，23(4)：38～46；
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61 Da.Motta, E.P.,Plavnik,B,.and Schechter, R.S., Optmizing Sandstone Acidizing, SPERE,February 1992a;
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64 Bryant, S.L., An Improved Model of Mud Acid/Sandstone Chemistry,SPE22855,1991;