上向流过滤应用技术研究
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摘要
上向流过滤是一种理想的过滤方式。与传统快滤池相比具有滤层截污量大，
水头损失小，过滤周期长等特点。但它有滤速提高时滤层易膨胀，滤层反冲洗不
易干净的问题。
本课题在总结前人经验的基础上，经过模型试验，对该种滤池的过滤及反冲
洗进行了深入的研究。通过与均质滤料滤池、传统快滤池的过滤对比试验，对上
向流过滤的滤层厚度及滤料级配、承托层厚度及级配进行了优化；讨论了滤料最
小粒径与过滤极限水头损失的确定；探讨了滤层厚度与滤料当量粒径之比值l/d_e
对上向流过滤性能的影响；研究了滤层截污规律与水头损失变化规律，滤后水浊
度变化规律；提出了滤料流失的防止措施，解决了上向流过滤提高滤速上层细滤
料易流化的问题；第一次把气水反冲洗技术用于上向流过滤，通过正交实验得出
了气水反冲洗最佳参数，通过对比试验检验了气水反冲洗效果，成功地解决了上
向流过滤反冲洗不易干净的问题。
Compared with conventionally rapid filter, upflow filtration is a more sensible filter method, which is characterized by large capacity for storage of solids, small head loss and long filter run. The main disadvantages of upflow filtration appear to be (a) the tendency for the expansion of the media because of increasing flow rates, (b) the difficulty of backwashing if layers of deposit accumulate at certain depths of the media.
On the basis of former experience, further study about upflow filtration and have air-water backwashing have been conducted through pilot-plant test. In this article. optimum of the depth and grain size of the media is achieved. At the same time, the minimal grain size of the media and available head loss are also determined. In addition, the influence on the function of the upflow filtration caused by change of l/de ratio (in which 1 is the bed depth and de is the geometric mean size of the media) is discussed. Furthermore, the regularity of impurities removal, head loss of the filter and the variation of effluent turbidity have been studied. To solve the problem in upflow filtration that the fine grains at the top of medium are apt to be fluidized when the filtration rate is increased, feasible advices are proposed in this article. During the test. air-water backwashing is applied to upflow filtration for the first time. The best parameters of air-water backwashing are obtained through orthogonal tests, meanwhile, the most satisfying effect of air-water backwashing is decided by comparison. Thus, the difficulties in backwashing of upflow can be overcome successfully.
水头损失小，过滤周期长等特点。但它有滤速提高时滤层易膨胀，滤层反冲洗不
易干净的问题。
本课题在总结前人经验的基础上，经过模型试验，对该种滤池的过滤及反冲
洗进行了深入的研究。通过与均质滤料滤池、传统快滤池的过滤对比试验，对上
向流过滤的滤层厚度及滤料级配、承托层厚度及级配进行了优化；讨论了滤料最
小粒径与过滤极限水头损失的确定；探讨了滤层厚度与滤料当量粒径之比值l/d_e
对上向流过滤性能的影响；研究了滤层截污规律与水头损失变化规律，滤后水浊
度变化规律；提出了滤料流失的防止措施，解决了上向流过滤提高滤速上层细滤
料易流化的问题；第一次把气水反冲洗技术用于上向流过滤，通过正交实验得出
了气水反冲洗最佳参数，通过对比试验检验了气水反冲洗效果，成功地解决了上
向流过滤反冲洗不易干净的问题。
Compared with conventionally rapid filter, upflow filtration is a more sensible filter method, which is characterized by large capacity for storage of solids, small head loss and long filter run. The main disadvantages of upflow filtration appear to be (a) the tendency for the expansion of the media because of increasing flow rates, (b) the difficulty of backwashing if layers of deposit accumulate at certain depths of the media.
On the basis of former experience, further study about upflow filtration and have air-water backwashing have been conducted through pilot-plant test. In this article. optimum of the depth and grain size of the media is achieved. At the same time, the minimal grain size of the media and available head loss are also determined. In addition, the influence on the function of the upflow filtration caused by change of l/de ratio (in which 1 is the bed depth and de is the geometric mean size of the media) is discussed. Furthermore, the regularity of impurities removal, head loss of the filter and the variation of effluent turbidity have been studied. To solve the problem in upflow filtration that the fine grains at the top of medium are apt to be fluidized when the filtration rate is increased, feasible advices are proposed in this article. During the test. air-water backwashing is applied to upflow filtration for the first time. The best parameters of air-water backwashing are obtained through orthogonal tests, meanwhile, the most satisfying effect of air-water backwashing is decided by comparison. Thus, the difficulties in backwashing of upflow can be overcome successfully.
引文
[1] C．L．Haman & R．e．Mckinney,Upflow Filtration Process JAWWA，Sep．1968
[2] B．J．Hanny & S．E．Steimle，Protable-Water Supply by Means of Upflow Filtration(L'Eau Claire Process)JAWWA February 1974，P117-123
[3] Diaper,E．W．J & Ives，K．J．Filtration Through Size-Graded Media，J．San． Eng．Div．Proc．Am．Soc．Civ．Engrs．91：89(Jun．1965)
[4] Kawamura,Design and Operation of High-Rate Filtration-Patt1，2，3． JAWWA 1975
[5] Appiah Amirtharajah，Some Theoretical and Conceptual Views of Filtration JAWWA December 1988，P37-46
[6] Haberer,K & Normann-Schmidt，S．The Haberer Process：Combining Contact Flocculation，Filtration，and PAC Adorption，JAWWA Sep．1991，P82-89
[7] S．Kawamura，JAWWA 67(12) ，705～708． 1976
[8] S．Kawamura,Design and Operation of High-Rate Filtration JAWWA December 1999，P77-90
[9] K．J．Ives Progress in Filtration JAWWA Sep．1964 P1225-1232
[10] Rudolph W. Oeben，Howard P. Haines & K．J．Ives，Comparison of Normal and Reverse-Graded Filtration，JAWWA Apr．1968 P429-439
[11] K．J．Ives，Russian Water Supply and Treatment Practices，July 1960 SA4． P101-103
[12] Pieter Smit，Upflow Filter,JAWWA Jun．1963 P804～806
[13] A．E．Naylor,Recent Developments on the Rapid Sand Filters at Luton，Wat． Pollut．Control 1967 P309～320 [14] J．L．LING，Progress in Technology of Water Filtration，Water and Sewage Works，Augest 1962，P315～319
[15] 吴光春等，反粒度过滤技术的研究与应用，中国给水排水，1996 No．2
[16] 吴光春等，反粒度过滤反冲洗效果的探讨，给水排水，1996 No．1
[17] (美)T．M．凯纳兹等，水的物理化学处理，清华大学出版社，1988
[18] 钟淳昌等，净水厂设计，建工出版社，1986
[19] 吴光春等，粗滤料反粒度过滤技术研究，中国给水排水，1988
[20] 李圭白，地下水除铁除锰，建工出版社，1989
[21] 景有海等，均质滤料直接过滤性能的评价指标，给水排水，2000，No．3
[22] 许保玖等。给水处理理论与设计，建工出版社，1992
[23] 严煦世等，给水工程，建工出版社，1995
[24] (法)德利雷蒙公司，水处理手册，建工出版社，1983
[25] 汪光涛等，城市供水行业2000年技术进步发展规划，建工出版社，1993
[26] 严煦世，自来水管理知识，内部资料
[27] (苏)M．M．别良夫斯基，苏联给水处理最新技术专题报告集，高等教育出版社，1958
[28] (苏)A．C．柯岗，怎样加强城市给水系统的工作，建工出版社，1959
[29] 元如新，滤料粒度对过滤的影响，给水排水，1997，No．11
[30] 湖南省建委文件，粗滤料反粒度过滤技术及装置应用调查报告，1997
[31] 王利平等，石英砂均质滤料气水反冲洗试验研究，给水排水，1996，No．1
[32] 潘铁雄等，气水反冲洗承托层优化试验研究，给水排水，1996，No．4
[33] 邹伟国等，滤池气水反冲洗应用技术研究，中国给水排水，1996，No．1
[34] 张俊贞等，滤池气水反冲洗的数学模型，中国给水排水，1997，No．3
[35] 刘俊清等，滤池反冲洗气水压力计算，中国给水排水，1994，No．3
[36] Arbolada Valeucia and Cleabsby,J．L，Velocity Gradients in Granular Filter Backwashing JAWWA 71：732，1979，4
[37] Cleasby J．L．et．al：Backwashing of Granular Filters JAWWA 69：115-126 Feb．1977
[38] 何灿芝，应用统计，湖南科学技术出版社，1997
[39] 余健，给水排水实验技术，湖南大学教材，1996
[40] 张浩江，均质滤料气水反冲洗机理及模型试验研究，硕士论文，湖南大学，1993
[41] 蔡升高，深层均质滤料滤池过滤及反冲洗试验研究，硕士论文，湖南大学，1997
[42] Camp，T.R．et．al．Journal of the Sanitray engineering Division ASCE 97(SA6) ： 903～926，1971
[43] Amirtharajalc，A.Optimum Backwashing of Sand Filters，Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division,ASCE Oct. 1987
[44] 杨长岭，纤维填料-石英砂复合滤池过滤技术试验研究，硕士论文，湖南大学
[45] (美)小沃尔特．J．弗伯，水质控制物理化学方法(译)，建工出版社，1980
[46] (美)戈登．爱尔．卡尔，水的净化新概念(译)，建工出版社，1982
[2] B．J．Hanny & S．E．Steimle，Protable-Water Supply by Means of Upflow Filtration(L'Eau Claire Process)JAWWA February 1974，P117-123
[3] Diaper,E．W．J & Ives，K．J．Filtration Through Size-Graded Media，J．San． Eng．Div．Proc．Am．Soc．Civ．Engrs．91：89(Jun．1965)
[4] Kawamura,Design and Operation of High-Rate Filtration-Patt1，2，3． JAWWA 1975
[5] Appiah Amirtharajah，Some Theoretical and Conceptual Views of Filtration JAWWA December 1988，P37-46
[6] Haberer,K & Normann-Schmidt，S．The Haberer Process：Combining Contact Flocculation，Filtration，and PAC Adorption，JAWWA Sep．1991，P82-89
[7] S．Kawamura，JAWWA 67(12) ，705～708． 1976
[8] S．Kawamura,Design and Operation of High-Rate Filtration JAWWA December 1999，P77-90
[9] K．J．Ives Progress in Filtration JAWWA Sep．1964 P1225-1232
[10] Rudolph W. Oeben，Howard P. Haines & K．J．Ives，Comparison of Normal and Reverse-Graded Filtration，JAWWA Apr．1968 P429-439
[11] K．J．Ives，Russian Water Supply and Treatment Practices，July 1960 SA4． P101-103
[12] Pieter Smit，Upflow Filter,JAWWA Jun．1963 P804～806
[13] A．E．Naylor,Recent Developments on the Rapid Sand Filters at Luton，Wat． Pollut．Control 1967 P309～320 [14] J．L．LING，Progress in Technology of Water Filtration，Water and Sewage Works，Augest 1962，P315～319
[15] 吴光春等，反粒度过滤技术的研究与应用，中国给水排水，1996 No．2
[16] 吴光春等，反粒度过滤反冲洗效果的探讨，给水排水，1996 No．1
[17] (美)T．M．凯纳兹等，水的物理化学处理，清华大学出版社，1988
[18] 钟淳昌等，净水厂设计，建工出版社，1986
[19] 吴光春等，粗滤料反粒度过滤技术研究，中国给水排水，1988
[20] 李圭白，地下水除铁除锰，建工出版社，1989
[21] 景有海等，均质滤料直接过滤性能的评价指标，给水排水，2000，No．3
[22] 许保玖等。给水处理理论与设计，建工出版社，1992
[23] 严煦世等，给水工程，建工出版社，1995
[24] (法)德利雷蒙公司，水处理手册，建工出版社，1983
[25] 汪光涛等，城市供水行业2000年技术进步发展规划，建工出版社，1993
[26] 严煦世，自来水管理知识，内部资料
[27] (苏)M．M．别良夫斯基，苏联给水处理最新技术专题报告集，高等教育出版社，1958
[28] (苏)A．C．柯岗，怎样加强城市给水系统的工作，建工出版社，1959
[29] 元如新，滤料粒度对过滤的影响，给水排水，1997，No．11
[30] 湖南省建委文件，粗滤料反粒度过滤技术及装置应用调查报告，1997
[31] 王利平等，石英砂均质滤料气水反冲洗试验研究，给水排水，1996，No．1
[32] 潘铁雄等，气水反冲洗承托层优化试验研究，给水排水，1996，No．4
[33] 邹伟国等，滤池气水反冲洗应用技术研究，中国给水排水，1996，No．1
[34] 张俊贞等，滤池气水反冲洗的数学模型，中国给水排水，1997，No．3
[35] 刘俊清等，滤池反冲洗气水压力计算，中国给水排水，1994，No．3
[36] Arbolada Valeucia and Cleabsby,J．L，Velocity Gradients in Granular Filter Backwashing JAWWA 71：732，1979，4
[37] Cleasby J．L．et．al：Backwashing of Granular Filters JAWWA 69：115-126 Feb．1977
[38] 何灿芝，应用统计，湖南科学技术出版社，1997
[39] 余健，给水排水实验技术，湖南大学教材，1996
[40] 张浩江，均质滤料气水反冲洗机理及模型试验研究，硕士论文，湖南大学，1993
[41] 蔡升高，深层均质滤料滤池过滤及反冲洗试验研究，硕士论文，湖南大学，1997
[42] Camp，T.R．et．al．Journal of the Sanitray engineering Division ASCE 97(SA6) ： 903～926，1971
[43] Amirtharajalc，A.Optimum Backwashing of Sand Filters，Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division,ASCE Oct. 1987
[44] 杨长岭，纤维填料-石英砂复合滤池过滤技术试验研究，硕士论文，湖南大学
[45] (美)小沃尔特．J．弗伯，水质控制物理化学方法(译)，建工出版社，1980
[46] (美)戈登．爱尔．卡尔，水的净化新概念(译)，建工出版社，1982