编队卫星SAR波形设计及成像技术研究
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摘要
编队卫星SAR因为在实现高分辨率成像、宽测绘带成像、三维成像和地面慢速运动目标检测等方面具有广阔的前景，因而受到广泛的关注并成为当今雷达技术研究的热点领域。然而，编队卫星SAR各卫星照射区域相互重叠，波束间将相互干扰，因此，各卫星发射波形必须正交；且编队卫星SAR系统受卫星偏航、传输路径和基线变化等因素的影响，导致编队卫星SAR的成像质量急剧下降，要实现编队卫星SAR的无模糊高分辨率图像，必须对上述运动误差进行补偿；此外，由于回波信号的增加，卫星与地面的传输负荷也随之增大，从而加重了卫星的负担，因此本论文还从减轻卫星数据传输负荷的角度出发，研究了编队卫星SAR的回波信号稀疏方法和低传输负荷下的编队卫星SAR成像方法。论文的主要研究内容如下：
1．对线性调频信号的斜率进行分段调制，提出了Hybrid-LFM正交波形，分析了调频斜率差对其正交性和多普勒容忍性的影响，推导了该波形各参数之间的关系，并提出了基于双调频子斜率和M+K调频子斜率的波形参数设计方法，设计出了兼备正交性和多普勒容忍性的Hybrid-LFM信号波形。
2．利用正交相位编码信号对LFM信号的相位进行调制，提出了OCD-LFM正交波形，分析了调制信号码长对其正交性和多普勒容忍性的影响，推导出该波形参数之间的关系式，并提出了OCD-LFM信号波形的参数设计方法以及基于遗传算法的波形优化方法。
3．提出了场景中心偏移的偏航导引方法，修正了多发多收编队卫星SAR回波信号的中心多普勒偏移，降低了成像算法的复杂度；建立了场景中心偏移的编队卫星SAR回波信号模型和方位向非均匀采样模型，并基于该模型提出了一种方位周期性非均匀采样频谱重构方法，有效解决了因非均匀采样导致的频谱畸变和图像模糊问题；基于对不同传输路径的误差补偿和对方位向非均匀采样的频谱重构，提出了编队卫星SAR的成像处理方法，并基于OCD-LFM发射波形实现了编队卫星SAR的无模糊成像。
4．针对编队卫星SAR伴飞和主从两种工作模式的数据传输特点，结合编队卫星SAR回波信号的特点，构建了两种工作模式下的稀疏基、测量矩阵和压缩传感矩阵，并分别提出了伴飞模式下的编队卫星SAR压缩感知成像方法和主从模式下的编队卫星SAR压缩感知成像方法。仿真结果表明，针对稀疏目标场景，本文提出的两种压缩感知成像方法利用较少的回波数据便能重构出原始目标场景，实现了低负荷下的编队卫星SAR成像。
Formation-flying satellites SAR has drawn extensive attention in recent years andis becoming the hot research field in radar technologies, due to their properties ofhigh-resolution, wide-swath, three-dimensional imaging and GMTI(Ground MovingTarget Indication). In order to realize high-resolution imaging, there are lots of keyissues for formation-flying satellite SAR. First, the orthogonal waveforms must beguaranteed，because there is serouse interference between the transmitting beams due tothe overlap of the irradiation areas for the formation-flying satellites. Secondly, thequality of SAR image decgrades dramatically caused by the movements of the satellite.Thus, the movement compensation is required for formation-flying satellites SARsystem.. Besides, with the inhencement echoes, the transmitting payloads of thesatellites are increasing grealty, they aggravate the burden of the satellites transmission.In order to solve the problem, the sparse method of formation-flying satellites SARechoes and the imaging method of formation-flying satellites SAR are studied. Themain works of this derstation are summarized as follows:
1. The Hybrid-LFM waveform is proposed by modulating the slope of LFMsignal. The influences of orthogonal performance and doppler tolerance for thedifference of frequency modulation slope are analyzed, and the relationship between theparameters of the waveform can be deduced. Two kind of waveform parameter designmethods are proposed, and the Hybrid-LFM waveform with good orthogonalperformance and good doppler tolerance are designed.
2. The OCD-LFM waveform is proposed by modulating the orthogonal phasecode to the phase of LFM signal. The influences of orthogonal performance and dopplertolerance with different length of phase code are analyzed, the relationship between theparameters that minimize the cross-correlation peaks and minimize the effect of dopplerfrequency shift of the proposed signals is derived. The waveform optimization methodbased on genetic algorithm is proposed.
3. The yaw steering method of formation-flying satellites SAR based on the scenecenter offset is proposed, and the doppler centroid frequency of target center is compensated. The echoes model and azimuth non-uniform sampling modelforformation-flying satellites SAR is established. A novel spectral reconstructionalgorithm based on azimuth periodically non-uniform sampling is presented. We alsosolve the problems of spectrum distortion and image blurring. Based on compensatingthe error caused by different transmitting paths and reconstructing the azimuth spectral,the imaging method for formation-flying satellites SAR is proposed. We alos realize theimage withthe OCD-LFM waveforms.
4. According to the data transmission characteristics of formation flight mode andmaster-slave mode of formation-flying satellites SAR, sparse matrixes, measurementmatrixes and compressive sensing matrixes of the two kinds of modes are establishedwith the properities of formation-flying satellites SAR echoes. The compressivesensing imaging methods for these two kinds of modes are proposed. The simulationresults show that the two kinds of compressive sensing methods can reconstruct theoriginal sparse target scene with less echoes data. Thus,the formation-flying satellitesSAR imaging based on low data transmission payload can be realized.
1．对线性调频信号的斜率进行分段调制，提出了Hybrid-LFM正交波形，分析了调频斜率差对其正交性和多普勒容忍性的影响，推导了该波形各参数之间的关系，并提出了基于双调频子斜率和M+K调频子斜率的波形参数设计方法，设计出了兼备正交性和多普勒容忍性的Hybrid-LFM信号波形。
2．利用正交相位编码信号对LFM信号的相位进行调制，提出了OCD-LFM正交波形，分析了调制信号码长对其正交性和多普勒容忍性的影响，推导出该波形参数之间的关系式，并提出了OCD-LFM信号波形的参数设计方法以及基于遗传算法的波形优化方法。
3．提出了场景中心偏移的偏航导引方法，修正了多发多收编队卫星SAR回波信号的中心多普勒偏移，降低了成像算法的复杂度；建立了场景中心偏移的编队卫星SAR回波信号模型和方位向非均匀采样模型，并基于该模型提出了一种方位周期性非均匀采样频谱重构方法，有效解决了因非均匀采样导致的频谱畸变和图像模糊问题；基于对不同传输路径的误差补偿和对方位向非均匀采样的频谱重构，提出了编队卫星SAR的成像处理方法，并基于OCD-LFM发射波形实现了编队卫星SAR的无模糊成像。
4．针对编队卫星SAR伴飞和主从两种工作模式的数据传输特点，结合编队卫星SAR回波信号的特点，构建了两种工作模式下的稀疏基、测量矩阵和压缩传感矩阵，并分别提出了伴飞模式下的编队卫星SAR压缩感知成像方法和主从模式下的编队卫星SAR压缩感知成像方法。仿真结果表明，针对稀疏目标场景，本文提出的两种压缩感知成像方法利用较少的回波数据便能重构出原始目标场景，实现了低负荷下的编队卫星SAR成像。
Formation-flying satellites SAR has drawn extensive attention in recent years andis becoming the hot research field in radar technologies, due to their properties ofhigh-resolution, wide-swath, three-dimensional imaging and GMTI(Ground MovingTarget Indication). In order to realize high-resolution imaging, there are lots of keyissues for formation-flying satellite SAR. First, the orthogonal waveforms must beguaranteed，because there is serouse interference between the transmitting beams due tothe overlap of the irradiation areas for the formation-flying satellites. Secondly, thequality of SAR image decgrades dramatically caused by the movements of the satellite.Thus, the movement compensation is required for formation-flying satellites SARsystem.. Besides, with the inhencement echoes, the transmitting payloads of thesatellites are increasing grealty, they aggravate the burden of the satellites transmission.In order to solve the problem, the sparse method of formation-flying satellites SARechoes and the imaging method of formation-flying satellites SAR are studied. Themain works of this derstation are summarized as follows:
1. The Hybrid-LFM waveform is proposed by modulating the slope of LFMsignal. The influences of orthogonal performance and doppler tolerance for thedifference of frequency modulation slope are analyzed, and the relationship between theparameters of the waveform can be deduced. Two kind of waveform parameter designmethods are proposed, and the Hybrid-LFM waveform with good orthogonalperformance and good doppler tolerance are designed.
2. The OCD-LFM waveform is proposed by modulating the orthogonal phasecode to the phase of LFM signal. The influences of orthogonal performance and dopplertolerance with different length of phase code are analyzed, the relationship between theparameters that minimize the cross-correlation peaks and minimize the effect of dopplerfrequency shift of the proposed signals is derived. The waveform optimization methodbased on genetic algorithm is proposed.
3. The yaw steering method of formation-flying satellites SAR based on the scenecenter offset is proposed, and the doppler centroid frequency of target center is compensated. The echoes model and azimuth non-uniform sampling modelforformation-flying satellites SAR is established. A novel spectral reconstructionalgorithm based on azimuth periodically non-uniform sampling is presented. We alsosolve the problems of spectrum distortion and image blurring. Based on compensatingthe error caused by different transmitting paths and reconstructing the azimuth spectral,the imaging method for formation-flying satellites SAR is proposed. We alos realize theimage withthe OCD-LFM waveforms.
4. According to the data transmission characteristics of formation flight mode andmaster-slave mode of formation-flying satellites SAR, sparse matrixes, measurementmatrixes and compressive sensing matrixes of the two kinds of modes are establishedwith the properities of formation-flying satellites SAR echoes. The compressivesensing imaging methods for these two kinds of modes are proposed. The simulationresults show that the two kinds of compressive sensing methods can reconstruct theoriginal sparse target scene with less echoes data. Thus,the formation-flying satellitesSAR imaging based on low data transmission payload can be realized.
引文
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