西安地裂缝发育现状及剖面结构特征
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摘要
自上世纪50年代出现地裂缝活动对建筑物的破坏现象以来,在西安市发现的地裂缝已达14条之多,成为危害西安城市建设的主要地质灾害之一。对西安地裂缝发育现状、剖面结构及活动性等方面展开全面深入的调查研究,不仅是对西安地裂缝进行进一步深入研究的前提和基础,而且对于较好地掌握西安地裂缝发展的新动态、新特点,乃至及时指导西安市的发展规划等方面都具有一定的参考和指导作用。
本文通过野外调查走访及收集整理资料,绘制出包括单条地裂缝平面展布图,工程地质剖面图、探槽剖面图及实景照片等内容的地裂缝带状图,便于对西安地裂缝做立体综合的研究。西安地裂缝平面上沿黄土梁以NEE走向成带发育,与临潼一长安断裂走向一致,原有裂缝沿走向向两端延伸,次级裂缝一般位于主裂缝南侧,倾向与主裂缝相反;地裂缝错断地层的断距随深度增加而增加,具有同沉积断层特征,主裂缝南倾南降,主次裂缝的典型组合形态,间接反映出地裂缝所处应力场的一些特征;地裂缝活动强度随着超采地下水的减少而减弱,并显示出构造裂缝活动特征,整体活动强度上依然是东部强于西部,南部强于北部。西安地裂缝在上述各方面表现出如此强的规律性,可见其发育及分布明显地受到区域构造作用的控制,而过度抽取地下承压水是其超常活动的主要诱发因素。
Xi'an ground fissures' damage to the constructions has been found since the Fifties of last century. Nowadays, 14 ground fissures have been found in Xi'an area, and ground fissures have been the main environment geological disaster in Xi'an city. The research on the development condition, section structure characteristic and activity of Xi'an ground fissures, not only could be the precondition and base of a deeper study on the fissures, but also could help people know the new trends and characteristics of the fissures so that they can make a much better layout of Xi'an city planning.
This paper drew xi'an ground fissures' strip-chart including the single ground fissure's plane distribution, engineering geological section plans, exploratory trench profile chart and photos of ground fissure, and do some research on the development characteristic of xi'an ground fissures synthetically. Ground fissure in Xi'an go along with the loess foothill at NEE, consistent with Lintong-Chang'an fault. The fissures extend to the two ends along the line of strike. Secondary fissures lie in the south of the main fissures and the dip of them is opposite to the main fissures. The displacement of fault in the same stratum increases with the depth, having many characteristics of growth fault. The typical combination modality of the main and secondary fissures reflects indirectly the characteristic of stress field which fissures lie in. The fissures' activity intensity weakens with the decrease of excessively pumping ground water, and shows many tectonic fissure activity features. On the whole, the activity intensity is still stronger on the east part of the city than the west part and stronger on the south part of the city than the north part. In these aspects cited above, ground fissures in Xi'an show strong regularity. Apparently, their growth and distribution are controlled by the action of region structure and over-extraction of water underground is the major reason for strong action intensity.
本文通过野外调查走访及收集整理资料,绘制出包括单条地裂缝平面展布图,工程地质剖面图、探槽剖面图及实景照片等内容的地裂缝带状图,便于对西安地裂缝做立体综合的研究。西安地裂缝平面上沿黄土梁以NEE走向成带发育,与临潼一长安断裂走向一致,原有裂缝沿走向向两端延伸,次级裂缝一般位于主裂缝南侧,倾向与主裂缝相反;地裂缝错断地层的断距随深度增加而增加,具有同沉积断层特征,主裂缝南倾南降,主次裂缝的典型组合形态,间接反映出地裂缝所处应力场的一些特征;地裂缝活动强度随着超采地下水的减少而减弱,并显示出构造裂缝活动特征,整体活动强度上依然是东部强于西部,南部强于北部。西安地裂缝在上述各方面表现出如此强的规律性,可见其发育及分布明显地受到区域构造作用的控制,而过度抽取地下承压水是其超常活动的主要诱发因素。
Xi'an ground fissures' damage to the constructions has been found since the Fifties of last century. Nowadays, 14 ground fissures have been found in Xi'an area, and ground fissures have been the main environment geological disaster in Xi'an city. The research on the development condition, section structure characteristic and activity of Xi'an ground fissures, not only could be the precondition and base of a deeper study on the fissures, but also could help people know the new trends and characteristics of the fissures so that they can make a much better layout of Xi'an city planning.
This paper drew xi'an ground fissures' strip-chart including the single ground fissure's plane distribution, engineering geological section plans, exploratory trench profile chart and photos of ground fissure, and do some research on the development characteristic of xi'an ground fissures synthetically. Ground fissure in Xi'an go along with the loess foothill at NEE, consistent with Lintong-Chang'an fault. The fissures extend to the two ends along the line of strike. Secondary fissures lie in the south of the main fissures and the dip of them is opposite to the main fissures. The displacement of fault in the same stratum increases with the depth, having many characteristics of growth fault. The typical combination modality of the main and secondary fissures reflects indirectly the characteristic of stress field which fissures lie in. The fissures' activity intensity weakens with the decrease of excessively pumping ground water, and shows many tectonic fissure activity features. On the whole, the activity intensity is still stronger on the east part of the city than the west part and stronger on the south part of the city than the north part. In these aspects cited above, ground fissures in Xi'an show strong regularity. Apparently, their growth and distribution are controlled by the action of region structure and over-extraction of water underground is the major reason for strong action intensity.
引文
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[6]王景明,等著.地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社.2000
[7]宋彦辉,彭建兵,卢全中等.山西地堑一类特殊的剪切—挤压形地裂缝[J].工程地质学报.2007,15(4):448-452
[8]卢全中,彭建兵,范文等.陕西三原双槐树村地裂缝的发育特征[J].工程地质学报.2007,15(4):458-462
[9]门玉明,彭建兵,李寻昌.山西清徐地裂缝灾害现状及类型分析[J].工程地质学报.2007,15(4):443-457
[10]长安大学.西安市城市快速轨道交通二号线穿过地裂缝带的结构措施专题研究[R].2007
[11]Michael C.Carpenter.Earth fissures and subsidence complicate development of desert water resources[J].U.S.Geological Survey,Tucson,Arizona,1999,pp.65-78
[12]Ayres,James E.Two Clovis Fluted Points from Southern Arizona.Kiva,1970,(36):44-48.
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[15]Huckell,Bruce B.The Paleo-Indian and Archaic Occupation of the Tucson Basin:An Overview[J].Kiva,1984,49(3-4):133-145
[16]Kreitler C.W..Fault control of subsidence[J].Houston,Texas,Ground Water,1977,15(3):203
[17]耿大玉,李忠生.中美两国的地裂缝灾害[J],地震学报,2000(4):433-441.
[18]Ray Hams and M.Lee Allison.Hazardous Cracks Running Through Arizona.Geotimes[A],2006,8
[19]刘玉海,渭河盆地地壳活动性与西安城市区域稳定性分析[J].地学工程进展,
[20]徐光黎.西安地裂缝灾害研究[D].武汉:中国地质大学,1996
[21]城市地质研究所.西安地区区域地壳稳定性与地质灾害评价和研究[R].1990
[22]孙萍.黄土破裂特性试验研究[D].长安大学研究生论文,2007
[23]徐开礼,朱志澄.构造地质学[M].地质出版社.1989
[24]易学发.西安市地面不均匀沉降及地裂缝成因的讨论[J].地震.1984,(6):50-54
[25]彭建兵,范文,李喜安等.渭河盆地地裂缝成因研究中的若干关键问题[J].工程地质学报.2007,15(4):433-440
[26]易学发,苏刚,王卫东等.西安地裂缝的基本特征与形成机制[J].地震地质.1997,(12):289-295
[27]易学发.西安市地面不均匀沉降及地裂缝成因的讨论[J].地震.1984,(6):50-54
[28]王卫东,苏刚,易学发.西安地裂缝的数值模拟研究[J].灾害学.1998,13(3):33-37
[29]王景明,常丕兴.汾渭地裂缝与现代地震活动[J].地震学报.1989,11(1):57-67
[30]刘国昌.西安的地裂缝[A].刘国昌工程地质文集[C].陕西科学技术出版社,1992:259-271
[31]王庆良,刘玉海,陈志新等.抽水引起的含水层水平应变地裂缝活动新机理[J].工程地质学报.2002,10(1):46-50
[32]李新生.对西安地裂缝成因机制的几点新看法[J].西安地质学院学报,1994,16(2):28-35
[33]李新生,闫文中,李同录等.西安地裂缝活动趋势分析[J].工程地质学报,2001,9(1):39-44
[34]汪丽.地表水与地裂缝活动关系的现场试验研究[D].西安:长安大学.2006
[35]李忠生.论西安次级地裂缝[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(3):119-123
[36]李新生.西安地裂缝环境灾害研究及防治[J].岩土工程界,1999,(5):16-18
[37]王景明.论西安地裂缝[J].地震地质,1989,11(3):85-93
[38]卢全中,彭建兵,陈志新,等.黄土高原地区黄土裂隙的发育特征及其规律研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(5):191-194.
[39]陈志新.地裂缝成灾机理及防御对策[J].西安工程学院学报.2002,24(2):17-20
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