亚麻短纤的脱胶、漂白及柔软工艺研究
摘要
本课题选择亚麻栉梳机落麻为原料，重点研究其化学脱胶、漂白和柔软整理工艺，以达到与丝混纺的要求。主要内容包括：
1．对亚麻短纤的碱煮处理。首先制定实验工艺流程，然后对碱煮部分的预酸处理、碱煮练和后处理工序分别进行研究。在预酸处理工序中，通过单因子实验及正交实验，比较酸浓度、处理温度、处理时间对预酸处理效果的影响程度，并得出最佳处理工艺。在碱煮练工序中，仍采用单因子的方法，对碱浓度、处理时间和化学助剂的用量进行探讨，得出最佳工艺参数；在此工艺基础上，优选出复煮练工艺，并与单煮练的煮练效果进行对比，考虑到工业成本，仍采用单煮练形式。在后处理的水洗工序中，通过对比实验，得出在水洗中施加机械外力能较大程度的改善纤维性能。
2．对亚麻短纤的漂白处理。通过单因子实验，在几种化学助剂中，选择最有利于漂白的助剂配方，并得出最佳浓度参数。然后，采用单因子实验详细分析了各种影响因素(过氧化氢浓度、漂白时间、温度)对漂白效果的影响，并确定氧漂工艺参数。接着在单氧漂的最佳工艺基础上，优选出双氧漂的工艺条件，并对比两者的漂白效果，结果表明，双氧漂的漂白效果要优于单氧漂。最后，在后处理酸洗工艺中，分别采用酸洗和纤维素再生工艺对漂后的亚麻短纤进行处理，对比实验结果则后者能明显改善纤维的性能。
3．对亚麻短纤的柔软处理。在了解了氨基硅酮和聚醚氨基硅油对纤维柔软整理的机理后，采用单因子实验，优选出两种柔软剂的浓度和时间参数。然后，将两者的柔软效果和两种柔软剂混配后整理的效果进行对比，结果显示两种柔软剂混配后柔软效果最佳，并进一步实验得出最佳混配比例。
在实验得出的最佳工艺后，对亚麻短纤进行煮、漂、柔软连续整理后，实验结果证明，纤维处理效果良好，各项指标均达到预期目标。
In this paper, we mainly studied the technique of chemical degumming bleaching and softening for flax stable which was disposaled in hackling machine, in order to meet a demand for blending with silk. The main content included that:
1. flax stable was treated by sodium hydroxide to reduce its length and increase its finess. First, the technology flow of experiment was established. After that, we separately discussed the acid pre-treatment sodium hydroxide and after-treatment technology. In the acid rinsing process, the influence degree among the three factors which was acid concentration, temperature and time were compared by means of the unifactor and orthogonal experiment, then the best test parameters were found. In sodium hydroxide process, we decided the optimized parameters about all kinds of chemical medicine's concentration and processing time through the unifactor test; then chosen the best two-step degumming technique, when the result was compared with that of single degumming, considered the industry cost, we still adopted the single degumming. In water-washing process, the fiber character had improved through mechanical outside force more than not through it.
2. Flax stable was treated by bleaching to increase its whiteness. At first, The chemical medicines which were mostly beneficial for bleaching and those concentration were chosen by means of unifactor test. Secondly, we analyzed the effect of various factors (concentration bleaching time and temperature) on flax stable bleaching, as well as to determined the best peroxide bleaching parameters through unifactor experiment method. According to that best test parameters, the optimal process of two-step peroxide bleaching was selected, and by comparing the bleaching results of those two type bleaching, it was showed that single-peroxide bleaching was better than the other's. Finally, in acid-wash process, flax stable had better characters through cellulose regeneration process than simple acid wash process.
3. flax stable was treated by softening finishing to improve its softness. First, after understood the softening effect and mechanism of amino-silicone and polyether&amino silicone in treating flax stable, we determined their optimum concentration and softening time. And then,by compared three softening process which contained amino-silicone polyether&amino silicone and the two softening agent mixture, the experiment's result showed than the mixture softening imparted the stable good softness, so we went step further to decide the best mixed ratio.
Flax stable was treated by degumming bleaching softening process, the result showed that the target met expected aim.
1．对亚麻短纤的碱煮处理。首先制定实验工艺流程，然后对碱煮部分的预酸处理、碱煮练和后处理工序分别进行研究。在预酸处理工序中，通过单因子实验及正交实验，比较酸浓度、处理温度、处理时间对预酸处理效果的影响程度，并得出最佳处理工艺。在碱煮练工序中，仍采用单因子的方法，对碱浓度、处理时间和化学助剂的用量进行探讨，得出最佳工艺参数；在此工艺基础上，优选出复煮练工艺，并与单煮练的煮练效果进行对比，考虑到工业成本，仍采用单煮练形式。在后处理的水洗工序中，通过对比实验，得出在水洗中施加机械外力能较大程度的改善纤维性能。
2．对亚麻短纤的漂白处理。通过单因子实验，在几种化学助剂中，选择最有利于漂白的助剂配方，并得出最佳浓度参数。然后，采用单因子实验详细分析了各种影响因素(过氧化氢浓度、漂白时间、温度)对漂白效果的影响，并确定氧漂工艺参数。接着在单氧漂的最佳工艺基础上，优选出双氧漂的工艺条件，并对比两者的漂白效果，结果表明，双氧漂的漂白效果要优于单氧漂。最后，在后处理酸洗工艺中，分别采用酸洗和纤维素再生工艺对漂后的亚麻短纤进行处理，对比实验结果则后者能明显改善纤维的性能。
3．对亚麻短纤的柔软处理。在了解了氨基硅酮和聚醚氨基硅油对纤维柔软整理的机理后，采用单因子实验，优选出两种柔软剂的浓度和时间参数。然后，将两者的柔软效果和两种柔软剂混配后整理的效果进行对比，结果显示两种柔软剂混配后柔软效果最佳，并进一步实验得出最佳混配比例。
在实验得出的最佳工艺后，对亚麻短纤进行煮、漂、柔软连续整理后，实验结果证明，纤维处理效果良好，各项指标均达到预期目标。
In this paper, we mainly studied the technique of chemical degumming bleaching and softening for flax stable which was disposaled in hackling machine, in order to meet a demand for blending with silk. The main content included that:
1. flax stable was treated by sodium hydroxide to reduce its length and increase its finess. First, the technology flow of experiment was established. After that, we separately discussed the acid pre-treatment sodium hydroxide and after-treatment technology. In the acid rinsing process, the influence degree among the three factors which was acid concentration, temperature and time were compared by means of the unifactor and orthogonal experiment, then the best test parameters were found. In sodium hydroxide process, we decided the optimized parameters about all kinds of chemical medicine's concentration and processing time through the unifactor test; then chosen the best two-step degumming technique, when the result was compared with that of single degumming, considered the industry cost, we still adopted the single degumming. In water-washing process, the fiber character had improved through mechanical outside force more than not through it.
2. Flax stable was treated by bleaching to increase its whiteness. At first, The chemical medicines which were mostly beneficial for bleaching and those concentration were chosen by means of unifactor test. Secondly, we analyzed the effect of various factors (concentration bleaching time and temperature) on flax stable bleaching, as well as to determined the best peroxide bleaching parameters through unifactor experiment method. According to that best test parameters, the optimal process of two-step peroxide bleaching was selected, and by comparing the bleaching results of those two type bleaching, it was showed that single-peroxide bleaching was better than the other's. Finally, in acid-wash process, flax stable had better characters through cellulose regeneration process than simple acid wash process.
3. flax stable was treated by softening finishing to improve its softness. First, after understood the softening effect and mechanism of amino-silicone and polyether&amino silicone in treating flax stable, we determined their optimum concentration and softening time. And then,by compared three softening process which contained amino-silicone polyether&amino silicone and the two softening agent mixture, the experiment's result showed than the mixture softening imparted the stable good softness, so we went step further to decide the best mixed ratio.
Flax stable was treated by degumming bleaching softening process, the result showed that the target met expected aim.
引文
[1] 严伟，李崇丽，吕明科．亚麻纺纱、织造与产品开发[M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，2005，2．
[2] 陈新明，刘鹤．对亚麻服饰产品开发的理性思考[J]．黑龙江纺织，2006，(2)：15-17．
[3] 中国纺织大学绢纺教研室编．绢纺学[M]．北京：纺织工业出版社，1986．
[4] 史加强，王滨立．亚麻生物化学加工与染整[M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，2005，6．
[5] 刑声远．化工产品手册[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2005，1：18-29．
[6] 邵宽．纺织加工化学[M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，2003，3．
[7] 孟繁杰．亚麻纤维化学含量的测定及分析[J]．黑龙江纺织，1998，(1)：4—5．
[8] 唐淑娟，姜岩，韩连顺等．亚麻纤维化学法柔软化基本原理和方法的探讨[J]．纺织学报．1999，20(5)：29-30．
[9] 王德汉，陈嘉翔，余家鸾等．构皮碱法浆过氧乙酸漂白的研究[J]．中国造纸学报，1996，(11)：29—34．
[10] 王秀燕，张会青．亚麻纱柔软处理工艺[J]．四川纺织科技，2003，(3)：25—26．
[11] 陆钟钰．染整工业词典[M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，1994：243-246．
[12] 于伟东，储才元．纺织物理[M]．上海：东华大学出版社，2001：305，375-376．
[13] Gunnar Heriksson, Influence of Chelating and Mechanical Pretreatment on Enzymatic Retting of Flax, Textile Res.J 67(11),829-836(1997).
[14] 钱友三，程隆棣．竹原纤维的细化工艺及其长度和细度的相关性[J]．上海纺织科技，2005，(8)：14—16．
[15] 钱章武．黄麻与洋麻的脱胶和分级检验[M]．北京：纺织工业出版社，1982，12．
[16] 郑喜群，刘晓兰，江洁．亚麻生物脱胶新方法及其比较[J]．纺织学报，2001，(4)．
[17] 张健飞，江蕾，侯刚华．螯合剂在亚麻酶精练工艺中的作用[J]．印染，2002．，(7)：8—11
[18] Johnson Paul R. Elemental chlorine-free bleach plant effluent management in avolatilizing fluidized bed. Appita, 1998, 51 (5) : 369-372.
[19] Jaschinski Thomas,Patt Rudolf. Method for bleaching lignocellulosic fibers,US6136041.
[20] 姜繁昌，周岩，张元明等．亚麻纤维在NaOH、NaClO处理后微细结构的变化．纺织学报，1990，11(10)：432-427．
[21] Brogdon Brian N, Dimmel Donald R et al. The influence of the bleachingrnediurn on chlorine dioxide delignification. Wood chem. Techol, 2001, 21 (2): 143-156.
[22] P. Khristova, J. Tornkinson et al. Elemental chlorine free bleaching of flaxpulp. Bioresource Technology ,2002, 85: 79-85.
[23] 周学飞，刘伯林，李元禄．制浆漂白技术新进展[J]．纤维素科学与技术，1999，7(3)：54-58．
[24] Amini B, Webster J. Delignification of aspen wood with pemitric acid. Tappi J, 1995,78(10):121—133.
[25] 刘正超．染化药剂[M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，2001，267-281．
[26] B.Dillner, P.Tibbling. Optimum use of peroxide and ozone in TCF Bleaching.Pulp bleaching Conf—papers. Atlanta, 1994,333-337.
[27] F. Lopez, M.J. Diaz. Optimization of hydrogen peroxide in totally chlorine free bleaching of cellulose pulp from olive tree residues. Bioresource Technology,2003,87: 255-261.
[28] G.Vazquez, J.Gonzalez et al. Preliminary studies on TCF bleaching of pinus pinaster acetosolv pulps. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 81:141-149.
[29] M.H.El-Rafie, A.Higazy, A.Hebeish. Bleaching of linen fabrics using a hydrogen peroxide/urea system.American Dyestuff Reporter, 1992, (3) :48-67.
[30] J. H. Clarke , J. E. Rixon. Family-10 and Family-11 xylanases differ in their capacity to enhance the bleachability of hardwood and softwood paper pulps.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1997,48(2): 177-83.
[31] 王明等．声化学在亚麻漂白中的应用[J]．印染，2000，(8)：15—17．
[32] 姜岩，姜丽，赵伟．溶出亚麻纤维中体型高分子木素方法的探讨[J]．吉林工学院学报，1999，(1)：62—65．
[33] 沈阳化工研究所．纺织染整助剂品种手册(2)．化工部染料工业科技情报站．
[34] 陈荣．表面活性剂化学与应用[M]．北京：纺织工业出版社，1990，41—43．
[35] 佐腾示雄．氨基硅油& 合成方法[P]．日本特开平06 -184946．1994．
[36] 田原宏部．柔软剂& 复配方法[P]．日本特开平04 -41780，1992．
[37] 王春姣，王树根．环氧基有机硅微乳液的制备与性能[J]．印染，2004，(16)：10-12．．
[38] 闽乃同．苎麻脱胶工艺的研究[J]．苎麻纺织科技，1978，(2)：42～46．
[39] 李成龙，张元明．大麻工艺纤维长度与细度的相关性初探[J]．上海纺织科技，2003，(3)：1—2．
[40] 王德骥．苎麻纤维素化学与工艺学[M]．北京：科学出版社，2001，2．
[41] 乔成立，李伟，杨志国等．表面活性剂对亚麻纤维的损失率及络纱的影响[J]．黑龙江纺织，2000，(4)：11-12．
[42] 余序芬，鲍燕萍，吴兆平等．纺织材料实验技术[M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，2004，3．
[43] 王钢．亚麻织物酸洗工艺技术的研究[J]．黑龙江纺织，2006，(1)：3-4．
[44] 姜生，吴忠和，秦枭鸣．亚麻粗纱双氧水漂白新工艺的研究[J]．黑龙江纺织，2001(2)：3-5．
[45] 伟天辉，李许生，陈祖鑫．过氧化氢漂白助剂及协同漂白技术的研究进展[J]．西南造纸，2004，33(6)：21-23．
[46] 张国臣，黄得伟，程守军．亚麻粗纱漂白的发展及氧漂助剂[J]．黑龙江纺织，2000，12：5-6．
[47] 姜培武，王宝东，李洁等．亚麻纱线的处理方法[J]．针织工艺，2005，(1)：35-36．
[48] 魏菊，吴坚，常用超．氨基硅酮柔软剂在亚麻织物上的应用[J]．大连轻工业学院学报，2001，20(4)：301-302．
[49] 陈飞．表面活性剂类柔软剂的柔软作用[J]．四川丝绸，2001，(1)：27-29．
[50] 张洪涛，陈敏，吕睿．氨基聚硅酮微乳液柔软剂防黄变的研究[J]．印染助剂，2002，(3)：6．
[51] 罗正鸿，詹晓力，阳永荣．氨基改性有机硅柔软剂及其应用[J]．精细化工中间体，2001，(2)：7-9．
[52] 侯爱芹译．各类柔软剂的性能[J]．国外纺织技术，2001，(7)：30-32．
[2] 陈新明，刘鹤．对亚麻服饰产品开发的理性思考[J]．黑龙江纺织，2006，(2)：15-17．
[3] 中国纺织大学绢纺教研室编．绢纺学[M]．北京：纺织工业出版社，1986．
[4] 史加强，王滨立．亚麻生物化学加工与染整[M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，2005，6．
[5] 刑声远．化工产品手册[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2005，1：18-29．
[6] 邵宽．纺织加工化学[M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，2003，3．
[7] 孟繁杰．亚麻纤维化学含量的测定及分析[J]．黑龙江纺织，1998，(1)：4—5．
[8] 唐淑娟，姜岩，韩连顺等．亚麻纤维化学法柔软化基本原理和方法的探讨[J]．纺织学报．1999，20(5)：29-30．
[9] 王德汉，陈嘉翔，余家鸾等．构皮碱法浆过氧乙酸漂白的研究[J]．中国造纸学报，1996，(11)：29—34．
[10] 王秀燕，张会青．亚麻纱柔软处理工艺[J]．四川纺织科技，2003，(3)：25—26．
[11] 陆钟钰．染整工业词典[M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，1994：243-246．
[12] 于伟东，储才元．纺织物理[M]．上海：东华大学出版社，2001：305，375-376．
[13] Gunnar Heriksson, Influence of Chelating and Mechanical Pretreatment on Enzymatic Retting of Flax, Textile Res.J 67(11),829-836(1997).
[14] 钱友三，程隆棣．竹原纤维的细化工艺及其长度和细度的相关性[J]．上海纺织科技，2005，(8)：14—16．
[15] 钱章武．黄麻与洋麻的脱胶和分级检验[M]．北京：纺织工业出版社，1982，12．
[16] 郑喜群，刘晓兰，江洁．亚麻生物脱胶新方法及其比较[J]．纺织学报，2001，(4)．
[17] 张健飞，江蕾，侯刚华．螯合剂在亚麻酶精练工艺中的作用[J]．印染，2002．，(7)：8—11
[18] Johnson Paul R. Elemental chlorine-free bleach plant effluent management in avolatilizing fluidized bed. Appita, 1998, 51 (5) : 369-372.
[19] Jaschinski Thomas,Patt Rudolf. Method for bleaching lignocellulosic fibers,US6136041.
[20] 姜繁昌，周岩，张元明等．亚麻纤维在NaOH、NaClO处理后微细结构的变化．纺织学报，1990，11(10)：432-427．
[21] Brogdon Brian N, Dimmel Donald R et al. The influence of the bleachingrnediurn on chlorine dioxide delignification. Wood chem. Techol, 2001, 21 (2): 143-156.
[22] P. Khristova, J. Tornkinson et al. Elemental chlorine free bleaching of flaxpulp. Bioresource Technology ,2002, 85: 79-85.
[23] 周学飞，刘伯林，李元禄．制浆漂白技术新进展[J]．纤维素科学与技术，1999，7(3)：54-58．
[24] Amini B, Webster J. Delignification of aspen wood with pemitric acid. Tappi J, 1995,78(10):121—133.
[25] 刘正超．染化药剂[M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，2001，267-281．
[26] B.Dillner, P.Tibbling. Optimum use of peroxide and ozone in TCF Bleaching.Pulp bleaching Conf—papers. Atlanta, 1994,333-337.
[27] F. Lopez, M.J. Diaz. Optimization of hydrogen peroxide in totally chlorine free bleaching of cellulose pulp from olive tree residues. Bioresource Technology,2003,87: 255-261.
[28] G.Vazquez, J.Gonzalez et al. Preliminary studies on TCF bleaching of pinus pinaster acetosolv pulps. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 81:141-149.
[29] M.H.El-Rafie, A.Higazy, A.Hebeish. Bleaching of linen fabrics using a hydrogen peroxide/urea system.American Dyestuff Reporter, 1992, (3) :48-67.
[30] J. H. Clarke , J. E. Rixon. Family-10 and Family-11 xylanases differ in their capacity to enhance the bleachability of hardwood and softwood paper pulps.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1997,48(2): 177-83.
[31] 王明等．声化学在亚麻漂白中的应用[J]．印染，2000，(8)：15—17．
[32] 姜岩，姜丽，赵伟．溶出亚麻纤维中体型高分子木素方法的探讨[J]．吉林工学院学报，1999，(1)：62—65．
[33] 沈阳化工研究所．纺织染整助剂品种手册(2)．化工部染料工业科技情报站．
[34] 陈荣．表面活性剂化学与应用[M]．北京：纺织工业出版社，1990，41—43．
[35] 佐腾示雄．氨基硅油& 合成方法[P]．日本特开平06 -184946．1994．
[36] 田原宏部．柔软剂& 复配方法[P]．日本特开平04 -41780，1992．
[37] 王春姣，王树根．环氧基有机硅微乳液的制备与性能[J]．印染，2004，(16)：10-12．．
[38] 闽乃同．苎麻脱胶工艺的研究[J]．苎麻纺织科技，1978，(2)：42～46．
[39] 李成龙，张元明．大麻工艺纤维长度与细度的相关性初探[J]．上海纺织科技，2003，(3)：1—2．
[40] 王德骥．苎麻纤维素化学与工艺学[M]．北京：科学出版社，2001，2．
[41] 乔成立，李伟，杨志国等．表面活性剂对亚麻纤维的损失率及络纱的影响[J]．黑龙江纺织，2000，(4)：11-12．
[42] 余序芬，鲍燕萍，吴兆平等．纺织材料实验技术[M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，2004，3．
[43] 王钢．亚麻织物酸洗工艺技术的研究[J]．黑龙江纺织，2006，(1)：3-4．
[44] 姜生，吴忠和，秦枭鸣．亚麻粗纱双氧水漂白新工艺的研究[J]．黑龙江纺织，2001(2)：3-5．
[45] 伟天辉，李许生，陈祖鑫．过氧化氢漂白助剂及协同漂白技术的研究进展[J]．西南造纸，2004，33(6)：21-23．
[46] 张国臣，黄得伟，程守军．亚麻粗纱漂白的发展及氧漂助剂[J]．黑龙江纺织，2000，12：5-6．
[47] 姜培武，王宝东，李洁等．亚麻纱线的处理方法[J]．针织工艺，2005，(1)：35-36．
[48] 魏菊，吴坚，常用超．氨基硅酮柔软剂在亚麻织物上的应用[J]．大连轻工业学院学报，2001，20(4)：301-302．
[49] 陈飞．表面活性剂类柔软剂的柔软作用[J]．四川丝绸，2001，(1)：27-29．
[50] 张洪涛，陈敏，吕睿．氨基聚硅酮微乳液柔软剂防黄变的研究[J]．印染助剂，2002，(3)：6．
[51] 罗正鸿，詹晓力，阳永荣．氨基改性有机硅柔软剂及其应用[J]．精细化工中间体，2001，(2)：7-9．
[52] 侯爱芹译．各类柔软剂的性能[J]．国外纺织技术，2001，(7)：30-32．