论索尔·贝娄女性观的演进
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摘要
索尔·贝娄是美国20世纪最伟大作家之一。他曾获得诺贝尔文学奖，普利策奖，国家艺术勋章，是唯一获得三次国家图书奖的作家，由于他对美国文学的突出贡献在1990年获得终生成就奖章。
贝娄的作品大都聚焦于一个男性主人公，女性人物通常是通过男主人公的视角来展现的。大部分评论家都关注于作品中男主人公的困惑、挣扎和他们与这个世界的关系，而女性人物被明显地忽略了。目前对贝娄女性观及其女性形象的研究有很多不足之处，不能真实反映出贝娄创作的形象生动、性格各异的女性人物。对于贝娄女性观的问题，也存在互相矛盾的观点。对贝娄厌女症倾向的攻击和对女性形象的赞美之声同时存在。随着评论界对女性形象研究的不断深入，贝娄的女性观毫无疑问会被大家所关注。
本论文选取贝娄早、中、晚不同时期三部代表作品《晃来晃去的人》，《赫索格》，和《院长的十二月》来分析他不同时期的女性观及其演变过程。笔者提出三个阶段的发展过程，并在每一时期的社会文化背景下，重点分析该时期代表作品中贝娄对女性形象的刻画及其对女性的态度，并阐述这一发展变化的原因。
本论文由五部分组成：简介、结论，以及三个主要章节。简介部分介绍了有关贝娄女性人物研究的相关背景，指出本研究的重要性，介绍了相关理论基础，梳理了国内外贝娄女性形象研究的文献综述。
第一章阐述贝娄早期代表作《晃来晃去的人》中的女性观。这部小说出版于1944年，以第二次世界大战和萌芽期的女权运动为背景。这一时期女权主义思想已经开始逐步显现，贝娄受女权运动的影响还较小，男权思想占据主导地位。作为男权社会的男性作家，他的女性观受到西方社会、文化和文学传统中对女性根深蒂固的偏见的影响。总体来说，贝娄早期对女性的态度是从蔑视和漠不关心到逐渐的理解和接受，这主要表现在约瑟夫的大男子主义和伊娃女性意识的觉醒。
在这部小说中，男性至上的思想还占据主导地位。约瑟夫被描写成具有大男子主义的人，他认为女性应该绝对服从于男人，成为男人的附庸，依靠男人生活。他认为自己有知识有思想，兴趣品味比伊娃高雅。他认为伊娃对娱乐、时尚杂志、美容、服饰感兴趣是思想浅薄的表现，所以他出于夫权主义思想要按照自己所谓的高尚意愿“改造”伊娃，而不是去理解伊娃。同样出于男权思想，约瑟夫对于伊娃挣钱养家也备感压抑，这导致他们的关系疏远和紧张。
20世纪40年代是女权运动的萌芽阶段，受此影响贝娄把伊娃描写成为女性意识开始觉醒的主妇，这反映出贝娄女性观积极的一面，也是女权主义思想在贝娄创作中的真实映射。伊娃是一位职业女性，已经不满足于家庭中的附属地位，反对婚姻中的男性至上，要争取女性的地位，维护女性人格的独立和尊严，表明其女性意识开始觉醒。伊娃曾一直是一位有奉献精神的传统妻子，长久以来甘愿接受被支配的地位，默默地付出；现在，伊娃开始有了足够的勇气反抗约瑟夫的控制，她走出家庭，走向社会，试图摆脱家庭和丈夫的束缚，这表明她的女性意识开始觉醒。
第二章详细分析了《赫索格》中体现的贝娄对女性既复杂又矛盾的态度。20世纪60年代是激进女权运动发展的高潮时期，在这种时代背景下，女性的自我意识也在不断增强，她们不再满足于贤妻良母的角色，她们走出家庭寻求经济独立，思考她们的人生和自身的价值。她们要在政治、社会、经济、文化等众多方面争取权力和地位。贝娄描写了不同类型的女性形象，并对她们持有不同的态度，赫索格对玛德琳的态度集中体现出贝娄这一时期女性观的复杂性和矛盾性。
赫索格对玛德琳的态度是复杂和变化的，从最初的爱到憎恨和恐惧，到最后的理解和尊重。赫索格爱玛德琳，他被玛德琳的美貌、聪慧、能力、冷静、和自控力深深吸引。玛德琳的背叛和不忠使赫索格对她充满强烈的憎恨。他认为玛德琳的谎言、欺骗、以及在学术领域的野心使他蒙羞，令他悲伤。他把生活中所有不幸都归咎于玛德琳。赫索格对玛德琳的憎恨和恐惧还反映在他对玛德琳智慧的嫉妒之心。他对玛德琳的博学多才和学术追求不屑一顾，冷嘲热讽。这些都反映出贝娄的大男子主义和以自我为中心的意识。
贝娄对玛德琳积极态度体现在他把玛德琳塑造成具有强烈女性意识的新女性。她拒绝女性的“他者”地位，展现自己的才华与智慧，主宰自己的命运。她意识到女性的价值在于成功而非美貌。正如西蒙·波伏娃所说，生理性别(sex)是从生物学角度界定的，而社会性别(gender)是由文化来决定的，所以玛德琳反抗在男性主导的社会中处于从属被动的地位，她要成为有意义的人而不是做家里的天使。不满于赫索格的男性沙文主义和冷漠自负，玛德琳决定结束这段不幸福的婚姻，摆脱赫索格的控制，所以她继续攻读博士学位，渴望获得经济和精神上的独立。
第三章探讨《院长的十二月》中贝娄对女性肯定和赞美的态度。20世纪80年代是女权运动发展的成熟期，这时期的妇女不再把希望寄托在男人身上，而是主动追求自己的梦想，追求做真正的人，构建完整人生，通过她们自己的努力奋斗追求人生价值，实现理想和精神上的平等地位。这一阶段的女权主义主张和行动已经得到社会公众的认可。
在这部小说中，贝娄刻画了众多善良朴实的东欧妇女，流露出对她们的尊重和赞美之情。这在贝娄的作品中是第一次出现女性人物多于男性人物。这些女性都是以肯定赞美的态度来描述的，她们具有充满爱心、坚持不懈、团结一致等优秀品质。通过明娜这位世界著名的天文学家，贝娄向我们展示了一位活生生的、真实可信的、美丽、智慧、勤奋的女知识分子形象。明娜毕业于哈佛大学，事业成功，通过努力奋斗实现了自己的价值。
贝娄女性观的改变还体现在明娜与科德的夫妻关系上。他们的关系平等稳定，所以科德不需要在情人的怀中安慰受伤的自我。值得注意的是，明娜是一位杰出的职业女性并具有优秀的品质：漂亮聪明、独立自强、不屈不挠。科德是一位称职的、负责的、成熟的、体贴的丈夫。他爱自己的妻子，支持她的科学研究，甘愿承担所有的家务，包括购物、做饭等。这种和谐的夫妻关系在贝娄作品中是不多见的，因为大多数夫妻都以离婚而告终。科德是个可信赖和依靠的丈夫，因为他已经拥有了赫索格和西特林们苦苦追寻的东西：不禁锢他们的婚姻，不束缚他们的爱情。
贝娄对众多女性人物的赞美、以及科德夫妇平等和谐关系的肯定充分反映出贝娄的女性观从冷漠、蔑视、憎恨发展成为理解、尊重、和赞美。
最后一部分是结论。通过对三部作品中贝娄女性观的分析，笔者得出以下结论。首先，贝娄塑造了丰富的、生动的女性世界，有传统的犹太主妇，有卓越的女性知识分子，有充满异国情调的性感女性。他笔下的女性决不是扁平的、暗淡的，女性人物同他的男主人公一样有血有肉、栩栩如生。其次，贝娄的女性观不是一个非此即彼的简单模式，而是在不同时期作品中有一个不断发展演变的过程，从早期的轻视和冷漠，到中期的爱恨交织，再到后期的赞美和尊重。这一发展演变过程受到贝娄自己的生活经历，犹太文化传统和女权主义运动的极大影响。
Saul Bellow is regarded as one of the greatest writers of the20thcentury inAmerica. For his literary contributions, Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, theNobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts. He is the only writer towin the National Book Award for Fiction three times and he received the Foundation’slifetime Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters in1990.
Most of Bellow’s novels focus on a single male protagonist, whereas the womencharacters in his fiction are usually presented from the viewpoint of the male narrators.Therefore, most of the critics tend to concentrate on the male characters----theirbewilderment, their struggle, and their relationship to the world around them. Thewomen characters defined by the male narrators are usually ignored. But the presentstudy on Bellow’s female characters is far from objective or comprehensive to explainthe complexity of Bellow’s attitude towards women and vividness of his femalecharacters. As the international debate over women’s roles intensifies, it is inevitablethat his attitude towards women would come under increased scrutiny.
The author of this dissertation chooses to explore the evolution of Bellow’sattitude towards women in different periods by analyzing his representative novel ofeach stage: Dangling Man (1944), Herzog (1964), and The Dean’s December (1982).The author of this dissertation puts forward the three-stage development of Bellow’sattitude towards women, focusing on his depiction of female images and the changesin Bellow’s treatment of women in these novels in accordance with the social andcultural changes of the outside world.
This dissertation consists of five parts, including introduction, three chapters andconclusion. The introduction provides the necessary background information of thisstudy, introduces Feminist Movement and Feminist Criticism, clarifies the importanceof the research, and also makes a detailed critical review conducted both at home andabroad.
The first chapter is focused on Bellow’s attitude towards women in his earlynovel Dangling Man. This novel was published in1944with the background of the Second World War and the early period of the Feminist Movement. In this period,Bellow is less influenced by the Feminist Movement, and his attitude toward womenmust have been affected by the deep-rooted prejudice against women in westernculture and literary tradition. Briefly, Bellow exhibits an attitude of contempt andindifference mixed with a little acceptance and understanding, which is mainlymanifested through Joseph’s male chauvinism and Iva’s awakening of feministconsciousness.
In Dangling Man, Bellow’s male chauvinism still occupies a dominant position.Joseph is depicted as the type of man who believes that the universal law of liferequires the submission of women to men to learn self-discipline. He believes that heis superior to Iva since he is more intelligent and his interest and taste is more elegant.Joseph regards Iva’s interest in fashion, magazine, and amusement as superficial.Therefore, out of his male-chauvism Joseph tries to reform Iva, to convert hereveryday desires into his so-called intellectual ideas. Similarly, Iva’s support of thefamily also makes Joseph depressed and uncomfortable, so they no longer confide ineach other and are estranged.
Influenced by Feminist Movement, Bellow portrays Iva as a woman whosefeminist consciousness is awoken, which reveals the positive side of Bellow’s attitudeto women. Iva is depicted as a career woman who is not content with her inferiorposition and is beginning to realize her feminist consciousness. On the one hand, Ivaused to be a dedicated wife who accepts her subordinate role, and remains a silenthelper; on the other hand, Iva now has enough courage to subvert Joseph’s will, whichshows that her self-consciousness is awoken.
The second chapter explores Bellow’s complex and ambivalent attitude towardsfemale characters in Herzog. The1960s sees the booming of radical FeministMovement. Under the circumstances, women who are no longer satisfied with being awife and mother, go out of the family, seeking economical independence, thinkingabout their own life and achieving their own value. Bellow describes different typesof female images in Herzog and exerts different attitudes to them. Herzog’s attitudetowards Madeleine clearly reflects the complexity and ambivalence of Bellow’s attitude to female characters.
Herzog’s attitude toward Madeleine is complicated and changing. It developsfrom love, hatred, fear to understanding and acceptance. Madeleine is both loved andhated. Herzog desires for her beauty, intelligence, strong power, and self-control.Herzog is filled with strong hatred for Madeleine for her adulterous relationship withhis best friend Gersbach. He blames Madeleine almost for all his misfortune in his life.Herzog’s hatred and fear for Madeleine is also demonstrated from his envy forMadeleine’s intelligence. Herzog’s hatred and fear for Madeleine reflects Bellow’smale chauvinism and his self-centered consciousness.
Bellow’s positive attitude towards Madeleine is revealed through his depiction ofMadeleine as a new woman with a strong sense of feminist consciousness. She refusesto be “the other”, asserts her resourcefulness and wit, and tries to be the master of herown fate. She realizes that her true value lies in her success not in her physical beauty.According to Simon de Beauvoir, sex is biologically determined, but gender isculturally formulated, so Madeleine rebels against her subordinate position in themale-dominated society, and tries to become a “significant person” instead of an angelin the house. Not being content with Herzog’s male-chauvinism and indifference, sheis determined to end the unhappy marriage, and to rebel against Herzog’s dominance.So she pursues her Ph. D, attempts to gain her rights and power.
The third chapter deals with Bellow’s favourable view of women characters inThe Dean’s December. The Feminist Movement reaches maturity in the1980s. Duringthis period women pursue their true value, seek economic and spiritual independenceand equality. Bellow presents women in a positive light.
For the first time in Bellow’s works, the number of important minor womencharacters is larger than that of men. Bellow describes a group of Rumania womenwho possess such qualities as love, persistency, and solidarity, and reveals his respectand praise for them. In Minna Bellow presents a lifelike model and a convincingillustration of what an intelligent, beautiful, struggling, hardworking new woman is.
Bellow’s change in his view towards women is manifested in his treatment of therelationship between Corde and Minna. Their relationsh is stable and equal, so Corde needs not seek comfort for his wounded male-ego in the bosom of a sensual mistress.It is also noteworthy that for the first time in Bellow’s fiction, Minna is a full-timeprofessional with many attractive qualities: independent, intelligent, beautiful,persevering, and strong minded. Albert Corde is a decent, responsible, mature,considerate husband who loves his wife so much that he is willing to do all thehousework, including cooking and shopping. The hormonious relationship between ahusband and a wife is not often seen in Bellow’s fiction because most of the couplesget divorced. Corde is a reliable husband because he has found what Herzog andCitrine are looking for: a marriage that does not imprison, a love that does notenchain.
The positive description of so many women characters in this novel clearlyshows Bellow’s attitude towards women changes from the initial indifference,contempt, hatred, and fear to sequent understanding, praise, and respect.
The last part is the conclusion which sums up the findings of the study. Throughthe analysis of Bellow’s attitude towards women in these novels, the author of thisdissertation draws the following conclusion. First of all, Bellow creates a vast and richgallery of convincing female images, such as the old traditional Jewish housewives,the brilliant and intelligent new women, the exotic and sexy mistresses, and thecharacterization of women is not flat and dull, and the female characters have thesame well-rounded flesh-and-blood characteristics as the male protagonists. Secondly,since the women characters grow in complexity and individuality from novel to novel,Bellow shows different attitude to women in different periods of his literary career. Itevolves from early contempt and indifference, to the middle complexity andambivalence, and then to the final praise and respect. The changes of Bellow’sattitude to women stem from Bellow’s own experience with women, the Jewishculture, and the influence of feminist movement.
贝娄的作品大都聚焦于一个男性主人公，女性人物通常是通过男主人公的视角来展现的。大部分评论家都关注于作品中男主人公的困惑、挣扎和他们与这个世界的关系，而女性人物被明显地忽略了。目前对贝娄女性观及其女性形象的研究有很多不足之处，不能真实反映出贝娄创作的形象生动、性格各异的女性人物。对于贝娄女性观的问题，也存在互相矛盾的观点。对贝娄厌女症倾向的攻击和对女性形象的赞美之声同时存在。随着评论界对女性形象研究的不断深入，贝娄的女性观毫无疑问会被大家所关注。
本论文选取贝娄早、中、晚不同时期三部代表作品《晃来晃去的人》，《赫索格》，和《院长的十二月》来分析他不同时期的女性观及其演变过程。笔者提出三个阶段的发展过程，并在每一时期的社会文化背景下，重点分析该时期代表作品中贝娄对女性形象的刻画及其对女性的态度，并阐述这一发展变化的原因。
本论文由五部分组成：简介、结论，以及三个主要章节。简介部分介绍了有关贝娄女性人物研究的相关背景，指出本研究的重要性，介绍了相关理论基础，梳理了国内外贝娄女性形象研究的文献综述。
第一章阐述贝娄早期代表作《晃来晃去的人》中的女性观。这部小说出版于1944年，以第二次世界大战和萌芽期的女权运动为背景。这一时期女权主义思想已经开始逐步显现，贝娄受女权运动的影响还较小，男权思想占据主导地位。作为男权社会的男性作家，他的女性观受到西方社会、文化和文学传统中对女性根深蒂固的偏见的影响。总体来说，贝娄早期对女性的态度是从蔑视和漠不关心到逐渐的理解和接受，这主要表现在约瑟夫的大男子主义和伊娃女性意识的觉醒。
在这部小说中，男性至上的思想还占据主导地位。约瑟夫被描写成具有大男子主义的人，他认为女性应该绝对服从于男人，成为男人的附庸，依靠男人生活。他认为自己有知识有思想，兴趣品味比伊娃高雅。他认为伊娃对娱乐、时尚杂志、美容、服饰感兴趣是思想浅薄的表现，所以他出于夫权主义思想要按照自己所谓的高尚意愿“改造”伊娃，而不是去理解伊娃。同样出于男权思想，约瑟夫对于伊娃挣钱养家也备感压抑，这导致他们的关系疏远和紧张。
20世纪40年代是女权运动的萌芽阶段，受此影响贝娄把伊娃描写成为女性意识开始觉醒的主妇，这反映出贝娄女性观积极的一面，也是女权主义思想在贝娄创作中的真实映射。伊娃是一位职业女性，已经不满足于家庭中的附属地位，反对婚姻中的男性至上，要争取女性的地位，维护女性人格的独立和尊严，表明其女性意识开始觉醒。伊娃曾一直是一位有奉献精神的传统妻子，长久以来甘愿接受被支配的地位，默默地付出；现在，伊娃开始有了足够的勇气反抗约瑟夫的控制，她走出家庭，走向社会，试图摆脱家庭和丈夫的束缚，这表明她的女性意识开始觉醒。
第二章详细分析了《赫索格》中体现的贝娄对女性既复杂又矛盾的态度。20世纪60年代是激进女权运动发展的高潮时期，在这种时代背景下，女性的自我意识也在不断增强，她们不再满足于贤妻良母的角色，她们走出家庭寻求经济独立，思考她们的人生和自身的价值。她们要在政治、社会、经济、文化等众多方面争取权力和地位。贝娄描写了不同类型的女性形象，并对她们持有不同的态度，赫索格对玛德琳的态度集中体现出贝娄这一时期女性观的复杂性和矛盾性。
赫索格对玛德琳的态度是复杂和变化的，从最初的爱到憎恨和恐惧，到最后的理解和尊重。赫索格爱玛德琳，他被玛德琳的美貌、聪慧、能力、冷静、和自控力深深吸引。玛德琳的背叛和不忠使赫索格对她充满强烈的憎恨。他认为玛德琳的谎言、欺骗、以及在学术领域的野心使他蒙羞，令他悲伤。他把生活中所有不幸都归咎于玛德琳。赫索格对玛德琳的憎恨和恐惧还反映在他对玛德琳智慧的嫉妒之心。他对玛德琳的博学多才和学术追求不屑一顾，冷嘲热讽。这些都反映出贝娄的大男子主义和以自我为中心的意识。
贝娄对玛德琳积极态度体现在他把玛德琳塑造成具有强烈女性意识的新女性。她拒绝女性的“他者”地位，展现自己的才华与智慧，主宰自己的命运。她意识到女性的价值在于成功而非美貌。正如西蒙·波伏娃所说，生理性别(sex)是从生物学角度界定的，而社会性别(gender)是由文化来决定的，所以玛德琳反抗在男性主导的社会中处于从属被动的地位，她要成为有意义的人而不是做家里的天使。不满于赫索格的男性沙文主义和冷漠自负，玛德琳决定结束这段不幸福的婚姻，摆脱赫索格的控制，所以她继续攻读博士学位，渴望获得经济和精神上的独立。
第三章探讨《院长的十二月》中贝娄对女性肯定和赞美的态度。20世纪80年代是女权运动发展的成熟期，这时期的妇女不再把希望寄托在男人身上，而是主动追求自己的梦想，追求做真正的人，构建完整人生，通过她们自己的努力奋斗追求人生价值，实现理想和精神上的平等地位。这一阶段的女权主义主张和行动已经得到社会公众的认可。
在这部小说中，贝娄刻画了众多善良朴实的东欧妇女，流露出对她们的尊重和赞美之情。这在贝娄的作品中是第一次出现女性人物多于男性人物。这些女性都是以肯定赞美的态度来描述的，她们具有充满爱心、坚持不懈、团结一致等优秀品质。通过明娜这位世界著名的天文学家，贝娄向我们展示了一位活生生的、真实可信的、美丽、智慧、勤奋的女知识分子形象。明娜毕业于哈佛大学，事业成功，通过努力奋斗实现了自己的价值。
贝娄女性观的改变还体现在明娜与科德的夫妻关系上。他们的关系平等稳定，所以科德不需要在情人的怀中安慰受伤的自我。值得注意的是，明娜是一位杰出的职业女性并具有优秀的品质：漂亮聪明、独立自强、不屈不挠。科德是一位称职的、负责的、成熟的、体贴的丈夫。他爱自己的妻子，支持她的科学研究，甘愿承担所有的家务，包括购物、做饭等。这种和谐的夫妻关系在贝娄作品中是不多见的，因为大多数夫妻都以离婚而告终。科德是个可信赖和依靠的丈夫，因为他已经拥有了赫索格和西特林们苦苦追寻的东西：不禁锢他们的婚姻，不束缚他们的爱情。
贝娄对众多女性人物的赞美、以及科德夫妇平等和谐关系的肯定充分反映出贝娄的女性观从冷漠、蔑视、憎恨发展成为理解、尊重、和赞美。
最后一部分是结论。通过对三部作品中贝娄女性观的分析，笔者得出以下结论。首先，贝娄塑造了丰富的、生动的女性世界，有传统的犹太主妇，有卓越的女性知识分子，有充满异国情调的性感女性。他笔下的女性决不是扁平的、暗淡的，女性人物同他的男主人公一样有血有肉、栩栩如生。其次，贝娄的女性观不是一个非此即彼的简单模式，而是在不同时期作品中有一个不断发展演变的过程，从早期的轻视和冷漠，到中期的爱恨交织，再到后期的赞美和尊重。这一发展演变过程受到贝娄自己的生活经历，犹太文化传统和女权主义运动的极大影响。
Saul Bellow is regarded as one of the greatest writers of the20thcentury inAmerica. For his literary contributions, Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, theNobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts. He is the only writer towin the National Book Award for Fiction three times and he received the Foundation’slifetime Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters in1990.
Most of Bellow’s novels focus on a single male protagonist, whereas the womencharacters in his fiction are usually presented from the viewpoint of the male narrators.Therefore, most of the critics tend to concentrate on the male characters----theirbewilderment, their struggle, and their relationship to the world around them. Thewomen characters defined by the male narrators are usually ignored. But the presentstudy on Bellow’s female characters is far from objective or comprehensive to explainthe complexity of Bellow’s attitude towards women and vividness of his femalecharacters. As the international debate over women’s roles intensifies, it is inevitablethat his attitude towards women would come under increased scrutiny.
The author of this dissertation chooses to explore the evolution of Bellow’sattitude towards women in different periods by analyzing his representative novel ofeach stage: Dangling Man (1944), Herzog (1964), and The Dean’s December (1982).The author of this dissertation puts forward the three-stage development of Bellow’sattitude towards women, focusing on his depiction of female images and the changesin Bellow’s treatment of women in these novels in accordance with the social andcultural changes of the outside world.
This dissertation consists of five parts, including introduction, three chapters andconclusion. The introduction provides the necessary background information of thisstudy, introduces Feminist Movement and Feminist Criticism, clarifies the importanceof the research, and also makes a detailed critical review conducted both at home andabroad.
The first chapter is focused on Bellow’s attitude towards women in his earlynovel Dangling Man. This novel was published in1944with the background of the Second World War and the early period of the Feminist Movement. In this period,Bellow is less influenced by the Feminist Movement, and his attitude toward womenmust have been affected by the deep-rooted prejudice against women in westernculture and literary tradition. Briefly, Bellow exhibits an attitude of contempt andindifference mixed with a little acceptance and understanding, which is mainlymanifested through Joseph’s male chauvinism and Iva’s awakening of feministconsciousness.
In Dangling Man, Bellow’s male chauvinism still occupies a dominant position.Joseph is depicted as the type of man who believes that the universal law of liferequires the submission of women to men to learn self-discipline. He believes that heis superior to Iva since he is more intelligent and his interest and taste is more elegant.Joseph regards Iva’s interest in fashion, magazine, and amusement as superficial.Therefore, out of his male-chauvism Joseph tries to reform Iva, to convert hereveryday desires into his so-called intellectual ideas. Similarly, Iva’s support of thefamily also makes Joseph depressed and uncomfortable, so they no longer confide ineach other and are estranged.
Influenced by Feminist Movement, Bellow portrays Iva as a woman whosefeminist consciousness is awoken, which reveals the positive side of Bellow’s attitudeto women. Iva is depicted as a career woman who is not content with her inferiorposition and is beginning to realize her feminist consciousness. On the one hand, Ivaused to be a dedicated wife who accepts her subordinate role, and remains a silenthelper; on the other hand, Iva now has enough courage to subvert Joseph’s will, whichshows that her self-consciousness is awoken.
The second chapter explores Bellow’s complex and ambivalent attitude towardsfemale characters in Herzog. The1960s sees the booming of radical FeministMovement. Under the circumstances, women who are no longer satisfied with being awife and mother, go out of the family, seeking economical independence, thinkingabout their own life and achieving their own value. Bellow describes different typesof female images in Herzog and exerts different attitudes to them. Herzog’s attitudetowards Madeleine clearly reflects the complexity and ambivalence of Bellow’s attitude to female characters.
Herzog’s attitude toward Madeleine is complicated and changing. It developsfrom love, hatred, fear to understanding and acceptance. Madeleine is both loved andhated. Herzog desires for her beauty, intelligence, strong power, and self-control.Herzog is filled with strong hatred for Madeleine for her adulterous relationship withhis best friend Gersbach. He blames Madeleine almost for all his misfortune in his life.Herzog’s hatred and fear for Madeleine is also demonstrated from his envy forMadeleine’s intelligence. Herzog’s hatred and fear for Madeleine reflects Bellow’smale chauvinism and his self-centered consciousness.
Bellow’s positive attitude towards Madeleine is revealed through his depiction ofMadeleine as a new woman with a strong sense of feminist consciousness. She refusesto be “the other”, asserts her resourcefulness and wit, and tries to be the master of herown fate. She realizes that her true value lies in her success not in her physical beauty.According to Simon de Beauvoir, sex is biologically determined, but gender isculturally formulated, so Madeleine rebels against her subordinate position in themale-dominated society, and tries to become a “significant person” instead of an angelin the house. Not being content with Herzog’s male-chauvinism and indifference, sheis determined to end the unhappy marriage, and to rebel against Herzog’s dominance.So she pursues her Ph. D, attempts to gain her rights and power.
The third chapter deals with Bellow’s favourable view of women characters inThe Dean’s December. The Feminist Movement reaches maturity in the1980s. Duringthis period women pursue their true value, seek economic and spiritual independenceand equality. Bellow presents women in a positive light.
For the first time in Bellow’s works, the number of important minor womencharacters is larger than that of men. Bellow describes a group of Rumania womenwho possess such qualities as love, persistency, and solidarity, and reveals his respectand praise for them. In Minna Bellow presents a lifelike model and a convincingillustration of what an intelligent, beautiful, struggling, hardworking new woman is.
Bellow’s change in his view towards women is manifested in his treatment of therelationship between Corde and Minna. Their relationsh is stable and equal, so Corde needs not seek comfort for his wounded male-ego in the bosom of a sensual mistress.It is also noteworthy that for the first time in Bellow’s fiction, Minna is a full-timeprofessional with many attractive qualities: independent, intelligent, beautiful,persevering, and strong minded. Albert Corde is a decent, responsible, mature,considerate husband who loves his wife so much that he is willing to do all thehousework, including cooking and shopping. The hormonious relationship between ahusband and a wife is not often seen in Bellow’s fiction because most of the couplesget divorced. Corde is a reliable husband because he has found what Herzog andCitrine are looking for: a marriage that does not imprison, a love that does notenchain.
The positive description of so many women characters in this novel clearlyshows Bellow’s attitude towards women changes from the initial indifference,contempt, hatred, and fear to sequent understanding, praise, and respect.
The last part is the conclusion which sums up the findings of the study. Throughthe analysis of Bellow’s attitude towards women in these novels, the author of thisdissertation draws the following conclusion. First of all, Bellow creates a vast and richgallery of convincing female images, such as the old traditional Jewish housewives,the brilliant and intelligent new women, the exotic and sexy mistresses, and thecharacterization of women is not flat and dull, and the female characters have thesame well-rounded flesh-and-blood characteristics as the male protagonists. Secondly,since the women characters grow in complexity and individuality from novel to novel,Bellow shows different attitude to women in different periods of his literary career. Itevolves from early contempt and indifference, to the middle complexity andambivalence, and then to the final praise and respect. The changes of Bellow’sattitude to women stem from Bellow’s own experience with women, the Jewishculture, and the influence of feminist movement.
引文
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