腾格里沙漠腹地钻孔揭示的沙漠形成与古环境演化历史
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摘要
新生代以来,亚洲内陆干旱化、全球降温、特提斯海消亡、青藏高原的阶段性隆升、亚洲季风系统的形成等构造-环境事件,在成因上有着复杂的联系。中国西北沙漠的形成和发展,是这些构造-环境事件相互作用的集中体现。位于青藏高原东北缘、黄土高原西北部的腾格里沙漠,不仅是季风与西风的交互区,也是干旱与半干旱、高原与盆地的过渡区；它的形成和演化历史与古环境记录是解开干旱区自身干旱化历史与驱动机制的基础和关键。腾格里沙漠地区因沙丘覆盖,缺少天然露头剖面,因此在腾格里沙漠腹地进行沙漠岩心钻探,以建立沙漠内部的地层序列,认识沙漠形成的地质历史和古环境演化过程。
钻孔位于腾格里沙漠腹地(WEDP01),钻进深度为276m,平均取心率62%(0-147m为78%,147-276m为50%)。按5-10m间距挑选样品进行岩石磁学分析,判定样品中的磁性矿物类型,对钻孔按20cm间距进行了系统热退磁和剩磁测量,建立了钻孔的磁性地层,并与ESR年代进行对比。沉积相分析包括颗粒微观结构分析和粒度分析。挑选典型岩性地层的样品、现代沙丘样品和黄土L1和S1的样品进行了颗粒表面微观特征观察；以10cm间距进行了粒度测量与组分分析,确定不同粒度组分的成因和沉积物的沉积相。古环境分析包括粒度组分、磁化率、色度和元素地球化学分析。按1m间距进行元素地球化学测量,10cm间距进行高、低频磁化率、色度测量。以红度为温度指标,以风成组分含量、化学风化指数为干旱化指标,探讨腾格里沙漠地区的古环境演变过程。在此基础上,通过与深海沉积、黄土高原黄土-红粘土序列以及其他研究成果的对比,探讨驱动和控制沙漠形成的主要因素,进而认识亚洲内陆干旱化与青藏高原隆升、全球降温之间的耦合关系。本论文得出以下主要结论：
1)通过系统的热退磁和超导磁力仪剩磁测量,获得了735个可靠的磁倾角数据,利用Arison-Levi最大似然统计方法计算了正负极性段的平均倾角,正极性段和负极性段的平均倾角相差不到5°,通过了倒转检验。建立了腾格里沙漠腹地钻孔的磁极性柱,与标准极性柱能很好的对比,包含了完整的布容正极性世、松山负极性世和基本完整高斯正极性世,钻孔底部位于高斯正极性世C2An.3n内,通过外推法估算钻孔底部年龄～3.55Ma,B/M和M/G界限分别位于33.17m和144.02m。
2)根据沉积相分析和古环境代用指标记录,晚上新世以来腾格里沙漠腹地经历了五次沉积环境演变：3.55-3.1Ma,相对湿热的冲洪积与河流沉积环境,粉尘含量低；3.1-2.6Ma,相对暖湿的河流为主的河湖相交替沉积环境,粉尘含量低；2.6-1.22Ma,相对温暖,干湿交替的河流湖泊沉积环境,粉尘含量高；1.22-0.9Ma,相对冷干的湖相沉积环境,粉尘含量高；0.9-OMa,冷干的沙漠湖泊沉积环境。连续的风成砂组分在～0.9Ma之后出现,说明腾格里沙漠在～0.9Ma开始出现,而典型的风成砂在～0.68Ma出现,说明沙漠在～0.68Ma之后基本形成。在沙漠出现以前,腾格里沙漠地区在2.85-2.6Ma出现化学淋溶减弱、粉尘沉积急剧增加的干旱化事件。以红度为代表的温度降低时间分别发生在2.85和0.9、0.68Ma,与干旱化增强事件是一致的。
3)沉积速率和沉积相分析表明,3.55-2.6Ma期间,腾格里沙漠地区冲洪积和河流砾石发育,沉积速率远高于其他时期,与沙漠周围山体特别是贺兰山和祁连山剧烈隆升有关,是对青藏运动在该地区的直接响应。在2.6Ma以后,沉积速率降低,说明阿拉善地台南部已经上升到比较高的位置,与周围山体高差降低,且整体比较稳定。0.9Ma左右的昆黄运动期间,祁连山强烈隆起,沙漠西北部的石羊河开始发育,现代的盆山格局基本形成。构造-环境事件的统一性,说明青藏高原的阶段性隆升是腾格里沙漠形成的主要驱动因素,证实了沙漠研究专家的观点,即青藏高原的隆升不仅制造了干旱的气候环境,而且给其周边大型沉积盆地带来了丰富的碎屑物质,为大型沙漠形成提供充足的物源。因此,在前人总结的基础上,将中国西北部大型沙漠的发育模式归结为“隆升-河湖-沙漠”发育模式。北半球冰量的变化与腾格里沙漠地区干旱化事件基本一致,说明二者存在密切的内在联系,但是具体的驱动和反馈机制,还需要更深入的研究。
4)在沙漠专家建立的中国沙漠演化阶段的基础上,认真总结了晚上新世以来中国西北内陆沙漠的形成和扩张过程。远源沙漠向近源沙漠分三个阶段逐步扩张：-3.4Ma,塔克拉玛干沙漠西部和古尔班通古特沙漠出现；-2.8-2.6Ma,塔克拉玛干沙漠和古尔班通古特沙漠均扩张,但塔克拉玛干沙漠东部的罗布泊地区还没有形成沙漠；0.9-0.6Ma,塔克拉玛干沙漠、古尔班通古特沙漠继续扩张,柴达木盆地沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠出现并形成,西北内陆的大型沙漠格局基本形成；-0.15Ma,大型沙漠进一步扩张,东部的沙漠和沙地开始出现和扩张。阶段性自西向东扩张的沙漠,不仅缩短了粉尘源区与粉尘沉积区的距离,粉尘释放量也随之增加,解释了黄土高原和北太平洋粉尘沉积的沉积速率和粒径在3.4、2.8、0.9Ma同时增加。
Asian drying is associated with the global cooling, Tethys extinction, stepwise uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and evolution of Asian monsoon during the Cenozoic. These tectonic-enviromental events are closely interacted with each other in northwestern China, where the major arid region in central Asian and big deserts located. Tengger Desert, one of these big deserts, located to the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and the northweastern Loess Plateau, is a key region interplayed by monsoon and westerly, and a transition area from semiarid to arid area and from the higher plateau to the lower basin. Owing to overlapping of sand dunes and lacking of natural outcrops in the desert region, a drilling program was conducted in the central desert in order to establish the stata of the desert center and to further recognize the drying history of the desert.
The drill core (WEDP01), located in the center of the Tengger Desert, is of276m in depth with core recovery rate of62%(78%in0-147m,50%in147-276m). After determining the main magnetic carriers of the remanent magnetization magnetic hysteresis loops and thermomagnetic curves analysis from typical samples,remanance of paleomagnetic samples with an interval of20cm was measured using the superconductive magnetometer after systematic thermal demagnetization. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating method was also applied to compare with the paleomagnetic measurement results for cross check in order to thoroughly establish the chronological framework of the drill core. Scanning Electron Microscope and grain-size component analsis were employed for sedimentary facies analysis; and grain-size, high and low frequency magnetic susceptibility and color index were all measured with an interval of10cm for paleoevironmental reconstruction. In addition, element was measured using the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with an interval of1m. The paleoenvironment in the Tengger Desert center was reconstructed according to the series of redness, aeolian components and chemical weathering index. Based on the comparison of paleoenvironmtal indexes in Tengger Desert, Loess Plateau and deep ocean, the driving factors affecting the desert formation and evolution are further discussed. The following are the main conclusions of this thesis.
1) On a systematic thermal demagnetization and remanence measurement, magneto stratigraphy of the drill core was produced including Brunhes Normal Polarity Chron, Matuyama Reversed Polarity Chron and nearly overall Gauss Normal Polarity Chron. The bottom of the drill core is in C2An.3n, thus the basal age (～3.55Ma) was calculated by extrapolation; and the B/M and M/G boundary is at33.17m and144.02m, respectively.
2) The results of sedimentary facies analysis and paleoenvironmental records showed that the five stages of depositional environment changed in Tengger Desert after late Pliocene:3.55-3.1Ma, relatively hot and humid alluvial\diluvial-fluvial depositional environment, with little dust;3.1-2.6Ma, relatively warn and humid fluvial dominated fluvial-lacustrine depositional environment with low dust content;2.6-1.22Ma, relatively warm and alterlating humid and arid lacustrine depositional environment with high dust content;1.22-0.9Ma, relatively cold and arid lacustrine depositional environment with high dust content;0.9-OMa, cold and arid desert-lacustrine depositional environment. The continuous aeolian sand appeared afer0.9Ma, revealing the origin of Tengger Desert; and the the typical aeolian sand like present after0.68Ma suggesting the formation of Tengger Desert. Meanwhile, the weakening chemical weathering and abruptly increase of dust content suggest that significant drying event occurred in the Tengger Desert during2.85-2.6Ma; and the redness, an indication of temperature, also significantly decreased at2.85,0.9and0.68Ma, which is consistant with the drying processes, suggesting a drying-cooling trend in the Tengger desert area.
3) The high sedimentary rate of the drill core from3.55-2.6Ma, revealed the uplift of Qilian and Helan mountains near the desert, consistant with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The origin of Shiyang River in the Tengger Desert northwestern to the core after～0.9Ma, maybe suggest a further uplift of Qilian Mountains. The coupling of the tectonic movement with the drying events indicates that the stepwise uplifted Tibetan Plateau plays an important role in driving the desert formation and expansion in north China. This demonstrates the previous viewpoint about the desert evolution in northwestern China that the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau directly drove the desert formation. The uplift not only blocks the moisture from ocean resulting in the arid climate in the north China, but also supplies massive fluvial-lacustrine and alluvial-pluvial clastic sediments for the desert formation and expansion. Based on these, we concluded and suggested this formation modal of large desert in northwestern China as "Tectonic uplift-River and lake development-Desert formation". In addition, the North Hemisphere ice volume evolution also has a similar trend with the drying event in the Tengger Desert, indicating a close connection between them.However, the specific driving and feedback mechanism is still not clear and needs further investigations.
4) Based on the previous study, the process of the desert formation and expansion in northwestern China are summarized from the late Pliocene, which includes four stepwise expansion processes from westerm distal deserts to eastern proximal deserts. Since～3.4Ma, the Taklimkan Desert and Guerbantunggut Desert first formed and further expansion occurred by～2.8-2.6Ma, while the desert environment did not develop in the Lop Nor area. Form0.9to0.6Ma, the Taklimakan Desert and Guerbantunggut Desert enlarged again and the Qaidam Desert, the Badain Jaran Desert and the Tengger Desert nearly simultaneously formed, suggesting the desert landscape emerging in the northweatern China; by the0.15Ma, these deserts expanded again and some deserts in the eastern and northeastern China also successively formed. Along with the deserts expansion, the dust loading increased and the distance between the source and deposition area also shortened, which resulted in the coherently rasing dust accumulation rate in the Loess Plateau and Pacific Ocean at3.4Ma,2.8Ma and0.9Ma.
钻孔位于腾格里沙漠腹地(WEDP01),钻进深度为276m,平均取心率62%(0-147m为78%,147-276m为50%)。按5-10m间距挑选样品进行岩石磁学分析,判定样品中的磁性矿物类型,对钻孔按20cm间距进行了系统热退磁和剩磁测量,建立了钻孔的磁性地层,并与ESR年代进行对比。沉积相分析包括颗粒微观结构分析和粒度分析。挑选典型岩性地层的样品、现代沙丘样品和黄土L1和S1的样品进行了颗粒表面微观特征观察；以10cm间距进行了粒度测量与组分分析,确定不同粒度组分的成因和沉积物的沉积相。古环境分析包括粒度组分、磁化率、色度和元素地球化学分析。按1m间距进行元素地球化学测量,10cm间距进行高、低频磁化率、色度测量。以红度为温度指标,以风成组分含量、化学风化指数为干旱化指标,探讨腾格里沙漠地区的古环境演变过程。在此基础上,通过与深海沉积、黄土高原黄土-红粘土序列以及其他研究成果的对比,探讨驱动和控制沙漠形成的主要因素,进而认识亚洲内陆干旱化与青藏高原隆升、全球降温之间的耦合关系。本论文得出以下主要结论：
1)通过系统的热退磁和超导磁力仪剩磁测量,获得了735个可靠的磁倾角数据,利用Arison-Levi最大似然统计方法计算了正负极性段的平均倾角,正极性段和负极性段的平均倾角相差不到5°,通过了倒转检验。建立了腾格里沙漠腹地钻孔的磁极性柱,与标准极性柱能很好的对比,包含了完整的布容正极性世、松山负极性世和基本完整高斯正极性世,钻孔底部位于高斯正极性世C2An.3n内,通过外推法估算钻孔底部年龄～3.55Ma,B/M和M/G界限分别位于33.17m和144.02m。
2)根据沉积相分析和古环境代用指标记录,晚上新世以来腾格里沙漠腹地经历了五次沉积环境演变：3.55-3.1Ma,相对湿热的冲洪积与河流沉积环境,粉尘含量低；3.1-2.6Ma,相对暖湿的河流为主的河湖相交替沉积环境,粉尘含量低；2.6-1.22Ma,相对温暖,干湿交替的河流湖泊沉积环境,粉尘含量高；1.22-0.9Ma,相对冷干的湖相沉积环境,粉尘含量高；0.9-OMa,冷干的沙漠湖泊沉积环境。连续的风成砂组分在～0.9Ma之后出现,说明腾格里沙漠在～0.9Ma开始出现,而典型的风成砂在～0.68Ma出现,说明沙漠在～0.68Ma之后基本形成。在沙漠出现以前,腾格里沙漠地区在2.85-2.6Ma出现化学淋溶减弱、粉尘沉积急剧增加的干旱化事件。以红度为代表的温度降低时间分别发生在2.85和0.9、0.68Ma,与干旱化增强事件是一致的。
3)沉积速率和沉积相分析表明,3.55-2.6Ma期间,腾格里沙漠地区冲洪积和河流砾石发育,沉积速率远高于其他时期,与沙漠周围山体特别是贺兰山和祁连山剧烈隆升有关,是对青藏运动在该地区的直接响应。在2.6Ma以后,沉积速率降低,说明阿拉善地台南部已经上升到比较高的位置,与周围山体高差降低,且整体比较稳定。0.9Ma左右的昆黄运动期间,祁连山强烈隆起,沙漠西北部的石羊河开始发育,现代的盆山格局基本形成。构造-环境事件的统一性,说明青藏高原的阶段性隆升是腾格里沙漠形成的主要驱动因素,证实了沙漠研究专家的观点,即青藏高原的隆升不仅制造了干旱的气候环境,而且给其周边大型沉积盆地带来了丰富的碎屑物质,为大型沙漠形成提供充足的物源。因此,在前人总结的基础上,将中国西北部大型沙漠的发育模式归结为“隆升-河湖-沙漠”发育模式。北半球冰量的变化与腾格里沙漠地区干旱化事件基本一致,说明二者存在密切的内在联系,但是具体的驱动和反馈机制,还需要更深入的研究。
4)在沙漠专家建立的中国沙漠演化阶段的基础上,认真总结了晚上新世以来中国西北内陆沙漠的形成和扩张过程。远源沙漠向近源沙漠分三个阶段逐步扩张：-3.4Ma,塔克拉玛干沙漠西部和古尔班通古特沙漠出现；-2.8-2.6Ma,塔克拉玛干沙漠和古尔班通古特沙漠均扩张,但塔克拉玛干沙漠东部的罗布泊地区还没有形成沙漠；0.9-0.6Ma,塔克拉玛干沙漠、古尔班通古特沙漠继续扩张,柴达木盆地沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠出现并形成,西北内陆的大型沙漠格局基本形成；-0.15Ma,大型沙漠进一步扩张,东部的沙漠和沙地开始出现和扩张。阶段性自西向东扩张的沙漠,不仅缩短了粉尘源区与粉尘沉积区的距离,粉尘释放量也随之增加,解释了黄土高原和北太平洋粉尘沉积的沉积速率和粒径在3.4、2.8、0.9Ma同时增加。
Asian drying is associated with the global cooling, Tethys extinction, stepwise uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and evolution of Asian monsoon during the Cenozoic. These tectonic-enviromental events are closely interacted with each other in northwestern China, where the major arid region in central Asian and big deserts located. Tengger Desert, one of these big deserts, located to the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and the northweastern Loess Plateau, is a key region interplayed by monsoon and westerly, and a transition area from semiarid to arid area and from the higher plateau to the lower basin. Owing to overlapping of sand dunes and lacking of natural outcrops in the desert region, a drilling program was conducted in the central desert in order to establish the stata of the desert center and to further recognize the drying history of the desert.
The drill core (WEDP01), located in the center of the Tengger Desert, is of276m in depth with core recovery rate of62%(78%in0-147m,50%in147-276m). After determining the main magnetic carriers of the remanent magnetization magnetic hysteresis loops and thermomagnetic curves analysis from typical samples,remanance of paleomagnetic samples with an interval of20cm was measured using the superconductive magnetometer after systematic thermal demagnetization. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating method was also applied to compare with the paleomagnetic measurement results for cross check in order to thoroughly establish the chronological framework of the drill core. Scanning Electron Microscope and grain-size component analsis were employed for sedimentary facies analysis; and grain-size, high and low frequency magnetic susceptibility and color index were all measured with an interval of10cm for paleoevironmental reconstruction. In addition, element was measured using the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with an interval of1m. The paleoenvironment in the Tengger Desert center was reconstructed according to the series of redness, aeolian components and chemical weathering index. Based on the comparison of paleoenvironmtal indexes in Tengger Desert, Loess Plateau and deep ocean, the driving factors affecting the desert formation and evolution are further discussed. The following are the main conclusions of this thesis.
1) On a systematic thermal demagnetization and remanence measurement, magneto stratigraphy of the drill core was produced including Brunhes Normal Polarity Chron, Matuyama Reversed Polarity Chron and nearly overall Gauss Normal Polarity Chron. The bottom of the drill core is in C2An.3n, thus the basal age (～3.55Ma) was calculated by extrapolation; and the B/M and M/G boundary is at33.17m and144.02m, respectively.
2) The results of sedimentary facies analysis and paleoenvironmental records showed that the five stages of depositional environment changed in Tengger Desert after late Pliocene:3.55-3.1Ma, relatively hot and humid alluvial\diluvial-fluvial depositional environment, with little dust;3.1-2.6Ma, relatively warn and humid fluvial dominated fluvial-lacustrine depositional environment with low dust content;2.6-1.22Ma, relatively warm and alterlating humid and arid lacustrine depositional environment with high dust content;1.22-0.9Ma, relatively cold and arid lacustrine depositional environment with high dust content;0.9-OMa, cold and arid desert-lacustrine depositional environment. The continuous aeolian sand appeared afer0.9Ma, revealing the origin of Tengger Desert; and the the typical aeolian sand like present after0.68Ma suggesting the formation of Tengger Desert. Meanwhile, the weakening chemical weathering and abruptly increase of dust content suggest that significant drying event occurred in the Tengger Desert during2.85-2.6Ma; and the redness, an indication of temperature, also significantly decreased at2.85,0.9and0.68Ma, which is consistant with the drying processes, suggesting a drying-cooling trend in the Tengger desert area.
3) The high sedimentary rate of the drill core from3.55-2.6Ma, revealed the uplift of Qilian and Helan mountains near the desert, consistant with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The origin of Shiyang River in the Tengger Desert northwestern to the core after～0.9Ma, maybe suggest a further uplift of Qilian Mountains. The coupling of the tectonic movement with the drying events indicates that the stepwise uplifted Tibetan Plateau plays an important role in driving the desert formation and expansion in north China. This demonstrates the previous viewpoint about the desert evolution in northwestern China that the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau directly drove the desert formation. The uplift not only blocks the moisture from ocean resulting in the arid climate in the north China, but also supplies massive fluvial-lacustrine and alluvial-pluvial clastic sediments for the desert formation and expansion. Based on these, we concluded and suggested this formation modal of large desert in northwestern China as "Tectonic uplift-River and lake development-Desert formation". In addition, the North Hemisphere ice volume evolution also has a similar trend with the drying event in the Tengger Desert, indicating a close connection between them.However, the specific driving and feedback mechanism is still not clear and needs further investigations.
4) Based on the previous study, the process of the desert formation and expansion in northwestern China are summarized from the late Pliocene, which includes four stepwise expansion processes from westerm distal deserts to eastern proximal deserts. Since～3.4Ma, the Taklimkan Desert and Guerbantunggut Desert first formed and further expansion occurred by～2.8-2.6Ma, while the desert environment did not develop in the Lop Nor area. Form0.9to0.6Ma, the Taklimakan Desert and Guerbantunggut Desert enlarged again and the Qaidam Desert, the Badain Jaran Desert and the Tengger Desert nearly simultaneously formed, suggesting the desert landscape emerging in the northweatern China; by the0.15Ma, these deserts expanded again and some deserts in the eastern and northeastern China also successively formed. Along with the deserts expansion, the dust loading increased and the distance between the source and deposition area also shortened, which resulted in the coherently rasing dust accumulation rate in the Loess Plateau and Pacific Ocean at3.4Ma,2.8Ma and0.9Ma.
引文
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