重庆三峡库区排水管网设计研究
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摘要
三峡水库蓄水后,长江流域的水流速度将变慢,稀释、扩散能力下降,库区水污染防治问题已迫在眉睫,兴建城市污水处理工程刻不容缓。排水管网作为城市污水处理工程的重要组成部分,在促进三峡库区经济建设发展、保护库区环境免受污染、保障库区人民健康方面起着至关重要的作用。
重庆三峡库区绝大多数城市市政设施建设大大滞后,远远不能满足污染防治的需要。加之地形复杂,绝大多数市县属于山地城市,排水管网规划建设存在很大困难。本论文在对国内外城镇排水管网的设计资料的大量分析的基础上,结合重庆三峡库区的实际特征和作者的工程经验,对三峡库区排水体制选择、管网设计特点和难点进行了分析,并提出了建议。
在排水体制的选择中,对于旧城改造,通常情况下,新区按分流制规划建设排水管网,老城区根据目前三峡库区城镇的地理条件、经济实力、居民素质等实际因素推荐采用截流式合流制排水系统,在旧城改造中,逐步将合流制排水系统改造成一个分流不完全的分流制排水系统。对于新建城区,由于三峡库区的特殊性,必须采用分流制排水体制,污水分区收集后经污水处理厂处理达标排放,雨水经雨水系统收集后靠重力流就近排入水体。实际设计时,可以结合当地特点选择不同的排水体制或者两种排水体制并存。
库区污水管网系统设计时,须考虑山地城市地质地貌特点,应采用与地形相适应的管道敷设方式,以达到近远结合、布局合理、投资少、建设快的目的。同时,对合理预测污水流量,确定污水管管径和埋设深度进行了一系列分析。并且阐述了淤积污泥的组成,以及泥沙颗粒大小的与流速的关系,确定合适的最小流速。
对库区雨水管网的设计,本文提出了较为准确的重庆暴雨强度公式,并且对主城区、待开发区和半开发区的径流系数的确定提出了一些可行性建议。由于重庆很多地方存在不良地质,本文也分析了排水管涵布置与不良地段的预防、处理。
本论文探讨的适合重庆排水管网设计与施工的措施,对今后重庆小城镇排水管网的建设具有参考意义。
After Three Gorges Reservoir sluices, water velocity of Yangtse River will slow down, dilution and diffusion ability will decline, too. It is urgent to prevent water pollution and construct municipal wastewater treatment project. As an important part of this, the construction of drainage pipe network system in Three Gorges Reservoir area is taking an important role in promoting economic development, protecting water pollution and safeguarding public health.
Majority of cities and towns in Chongqing are so weak in municipal facilities that can’t meet the need of water pollution and cure. In addition, the complexity of land form gives the programming and construction of drainage pipelines great difficulties. This study is based on a great deal of domestic and foreign design materials, combines the practical character of Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir and writer’s work experience of many years, analyzes the choice of drainage system, the characteristic and difficult point of pipeline design and gives some suggestions.
When choosing the drainage system, there are two situations. One is the alteration of an old town. Separate systems should be used in new zones, and intercepted combined systems are recommended to be used in old zones, because of the geography, the current economic strength, citizen quality and other practical factors. Faulty combined systems should be changed to incomplete separate systems gradually. The other situation is that separate systems should be introduced in a brand new town. When designing, we can use one of the two systems or both of them at the same time according to local characteristics.
When designing sewage pipelines, in the purpose of near-remote future combination, appropriate layout, low investment and rapid construction, we should use different lay ways to adapt to different land forms, in terms of the traits of mountainous regions. The paper also discuss how to anticipate sewage rate, how to decide pipe diameter and the depth of burying. Simultaneously, it also discusses the composition of mud accumulation, the relationship between the size of sand grain and velocity and how to decide appropriate minimum velocity.
When designing rainwater pipelines, the paper puts forward relative accurate storm intensity formula and give some feasible advice about the decision of runoff coefficient.
The layout of pipe culverts and the prevention and treatment of bad land sectors are also discussed.
The measures about drainage pipe network design in Chongqing which are discussed in this paper may be consulted in the construction of drainage pipe network in Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir in the future.
重庆三峡库区绝大多数城市市政设施建设大大滞后,远远不能满足污染防治的需要。加之地形复杂,绝大多数市县属于山地城市,排水管网规划建设存在很大困难。本论文在对国内外城镇排水管网的设计资料的大量分析的基础上,结合重庆三峡库区的实际特征和作者的工程经验,对三峡库区排水体制选择、管网设计特点和难点进行了分析,并提出了建议。
在排水体制的选择中,对于旧城改造,通常情况下,新区按分流制规划建设排水管网,老城区根据目前三峡库区城镇的地理条件、经济实力、居民素质等实际因素推荐采用截流式合流制排水系统,在旧城改造中,逐步将合流制排水系统改造成一个分流不完全的分流制排水系统。对于新建城区,由于三峡库区的特殊性,必须采用分流制排水体制,污水分区收集后经污水处理厂处理达标排放,雨水经雨水系统收集后靠重力流就近排入水体。实际设计时,可以结合当地特点选择不同的排水体制或者两种排水体制并存。
库区污水管网系统设计时,须考虑山地城市地质地貌特点,应采用与地形相适应的管道敷设方式,以达到近远结合、布局合理、投资少、建设快的目的。同时,对合理预测污水流量,确定污水管管径和埋设深度进行了一系列分析。并且阐述了淤积污泥的组成,以及泥沙颗粒大小的与流速的关系,确定合适的最小流速。
对库区雨水管网的设计,本文提出了较为准确的重庆暴雨强度公式,并且对主城区、待开发区和半开发区的径流系数的确定提出了一些可行性建议。由于重庆很多地方存在不良地质,本文也分析了排水管涵布置与不良地段的预防、处理。
本论文探讨的适合重庆排水管网设计与施工的措施,对今后重庆小城镇排水管网的建设具有参考意义。
After Three Gorges Reservoir sluices, water velocity of Yangtse River will slow down, dilution and diffusion ability will decline, too. It is urgent to prevent water pollution and construct municipal wastewater treatment project. As an important part of this, the construction of drainage pipe network system in Three Gorges Reservoir area is taking an important role in promoting economic development, protecting water pollution and safeguarding public health.
Majority of cities and towns in Chongqing are so weak in municipal facilities that can’t meet the need of water pollution and cure. In addition, the complexity of land form gives the programming and construction of drainage pipelines great difficulties. This study is based on a great deal of domestic and foreign design materials, combines the practical character of Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir and writer’s work experience of many years, analyzes the choice of drainage system, the characteristic and difficult point of pipeline design and gives some suggestions.
When choosing the drainage system, there are two situations. One is the alteration of an old town. Separate systems should be used in new zones, and intercepted combined systems are recommended to be used in old zones, because of the geography, the current economic strength, citizen quality and other practical factors. Faulty combined systems should be changed to incomplete separate systems gradually. The other situation is that separate systems should be introduced in a brand new town. When designing, we can use one of the two systems or both of them at the same time according to local characteristics.
When designing sewage pipelines, in the purpose of near-remote future combination, appropriate layout, low investment and rapid construction, we should use different lay ways to adapt to different land forms, in terms of the traits of mountainous regions. The paper also discuss how to anticipate sewage rate, how to decide pipe diameter and the depth of burying. Simultaneously, it also discusses the composition of mud accumulation, the relationship between the size of sand grain and velocity and how to decide appropriate minimum velocity.
When designing rainwater pipelines, the paper puts forward relative accurate storm intensity formula and give some feasible advice about the decision of runoff coefficient.
The layout of pipe culverts and the prevention and treatment of bad land sectors are also discussed.
The measures about drainage pipe network design in Chongqing which are discussed in this paper may be consulted in the construction of drainage pipe network in Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir in the future.
引文
重庆市环境保护局.重庆市三峡库区水污染防治规划
龙腾锐,姜文超.三峡库区城镇排水体制选择.重庆环境科学.1999年2月,第21卷,第1期
邓荣森,赖斌,王涛,李青.排水管网规划设计在三峡库区城市污水处理工程可行性研究中的重要地位. 给水排水,2003年,第29卷,第8期
国家环境保护总局.三峡库区及其上游水污染防治规划
重庆建筑大学主编.排水工程(上册) .北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1987
欧阳建新.排水体制的起源与发展城市规划,1997,(6):52～54
J.B.M.Wiggers.Practical sewer designand management, Courseon drainage of (sub)urban areas. Eduardomondlaneuniversity, Marputo, Mozabique, March, 1992
DuncanD.Mara.Low-costSewerage-ForAllIncomeGroups?Cur-so International Sistemasde Alcantarillado,Marzo,December.29.1996
刘维武.我国城市水污染防治技术和发展战略.给水排水,1994,(6):45～48
[10] 涂兆林.我国城市污水处理现状与发展对策.市政技术,1997,(2):29～37
[11] 重庆市城市建设局.重庆市市政建设统计资料、市政设施普查资料.1987
[12] 重庆统计局编.重庆统计年鉴1997.北京:中国统计出版社,1997
[13] 上海市建设委员会主编.室外排水设计规范(1997年版).北京:中国计划出版社,1998
[14] V.Novotny等.KarlImhoff 城市排水和污水处理手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1992
[15] 车武.联邦德国污水处理.给水排水,1990,(6)31
[16] 朱亮.水体氮磷营养源控制对策研究.给水排水,1998,(1):23～25
[17] 李兆南译. 国外合流制下水道溢流水对策.市政工程国外动态,1997,(4)20～21
[18] J.seM.AzevedoNetto.Ed.RaymondReid.Innovativeandlowcostte chnologie sutilizedinse werage, Washintond. C.March1992
[19] Michelle Legault, Surfing the Net for GIS,GIS ASIAPACIFIC, Aug/Sept, 1997
[20] G.Greene, J.F.Cruise, Urban watershed modeling using Geographic Information System, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management.1995,121(4)
[21] 孙慧修主编.排水工程上册.第四版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999
[22] 于尔捷,张杰.给水排水设计快速设计手册(排水工程).北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1996:4～6
[23] 周玉文等.排水管网理论与计算.北京:中国建筑出版社,2000
[24] D.Stephenson.Stormwater Hydrology and Drainage.Elsevier Science Publishing Company.1981
[25] Warren Viessman,Sr,Indroduction to Hydrology,second Edition.Harper and Row Publishers Inc
[26] Yen B.C.Storm Sewer System Design.Illinois:Dept.Civ.Engng.Univ.of Illinois.(pp282) 1978
[27] D Barnes 等.Water and Wastewater Engineering Systems.London:The Pitman Press, 1981
[28] John W.Clark等.Water Supply and Pollution Control.London:Harper & Row Publishers,1977
[29] Vladimir Novotny等著.城市排水和污水处理手册.俞亚明等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992
[30] John B .Stall & Michael L.Terstriep.Storm Sewer Design ---An Evaluation of the RRl.Method. EPA-R2-72-068.1972
[31] W.F.Geiger Combined Sewer Overflow Treatment-Knowledge or Speculation.AWQ 19th Biennial International Conference.Vancouver.CANADA.1998
[32] 邓荣森等.库区有关市县的污水处理工程可行性研究文本.2001
[33] 吴兆申,皇甫佳群,金家明. 城市给水排水工程规划水量规模的确定.给水排水.2003
[34] 柯礼丹.全国总用水量向零增长过渡期的水资源对策研究.中国水情分析研究报告,2001,第15期
[35] 万蔚杰等.排水管道的管径与埋深及控制点技术措施,西北建筑工程学院学报(自然科学版).2000
[36] FrancisDKChing. 王德生,唐真真译.建筑·造型·突间和秩序[M].台北:六合出版社.1986
[37]《给水排水设计手册》第5册.中国建筑工业出版社:7～15
[38] 邓培德.论雨水道设计中的误点.给水排水.1998,10(24):6～12
[39] 叶振华,汪岁羽.城镇雨水管渠设计重现期取值方法探讨. 河海大学学报.2002,30 (4):100～103
[40] 邱兆富,曾晓岚,郝以琼,张 智.重庆主城暴雨强度公式推求.重庆建筑大学学报.1999,21(6):16～20
[41] 高甲荣,肖 斌,何 华.小流域暴雨量与降水历时和重现期的关系.,土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报.1998,4(3):73～79
[42] 岑国平,沈 晋,范荣生,王彦斌.城市地面产流的试验研究.水利学报.1997,10:47～54
[43] 孙盖球,王革立,黄亮雄.圆管涵裂缝的产生及破坏.湖南交通科技.2000,26(4):56～57
[44] 贾晚寅,吕伟延.管道基础施工在不良地质条件下的处理.城市道桥与防洪.2000,3:87～91
[45] 何平. 重庆三峡库区地质灾害与防治对策探讨.重庆建筑.2003,1
[46] 周中生,张建华,胡善铨,潘亚辉.重庆市近年地质灾害的特点及防治对策.地下空间.2000,20(1):27～32
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[48] 邓培德.城市排水沟道中泥沙运动流速分析.给水排水.,2000,26(6):19～24
[49] 刘成,何耘,韦鹤平.城市排水管道泥沙问题浅析.给水排水.1999,25(12): 7～14
[50] 蒋丽, 宋亚维. FRPP管在城区雨水管道工程中的应用 中国给水排水. 2003. 019 (010).- 103-104
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[54] 重庆年鉴1999年
[55] 重庆市城市规划管理条例
[56] 重庆市城市规划管理技术规定
龙腾锐,姜文超.三峡库区城镇排水体制选择.重庆环境科学.1999年2月,第21卷,第1期
邓荣森,赖斌,王涛,李青.排水管网规划设计在三峡库区城市污水处理工程可行性研究中的重要地位. 给水排水,2003年,第29卷,第8期
国家环境保护总局.三峡库区及其上游水污染防治规划
重庆建筑大学主编.排水工程(上册) .北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1987
欧阳建新.排水体制的起源与发展城市规划,1997,(6):52～54
J.B.M.Wiggers.Practical sewer designand management, Courseon drainage of (sub)urban areas. Eduardomondlaneuniversity, Marputo, Mozabique, March, 1992
DuncanD.Mara.Low-costSewerage-ForAllIncomeGroups?Cur-so International Sistemasde Alcantarillado,Marzo,December.29.1996
刘维武.我国城市水污染防治技术和发展战略.给水排水,1994,(6):45～48
[10] 涂兆林.我国城市污水处理现状与发展对策.市政技术,1997,(2):29～37
[11] 重庆市城市建设局.重庆市市政建设统计资料、市政设施普查资料.1987
[12] 重庆统计局编.重庆统计年鉴1997.北京:中国统计出版社,1997
[13] 上海市建设委员会主编.室外排水设计规范(1997年版).北京:中国计划出版社,1998
[14] V.Novotny等.KarlImhoff 城市排水和污水处理手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1992
[15] 车武.联邦德国污水处理.给水排水,1990,(6)31
[16] 朱亮.水体氮磷营养源控制对策研究.给水排水,1998,(1):23～25
[17] 李兆南译. 国外合流制下水道溢流水对策.市政工程国外动态,1997,(4)20～21
[18] J.seM.AzevedoNetto.Ed.RaymondReid.Innovativeandlowcostte chnologie sutilizedinse werage, Washintond. C.March1992
[19] Michelle Legault, Surfing the Net for GIS,GIS ASIAPACIFIC, Aug/Sept, 1997
[20] G.Greene, J.F.Cruise, Urban watershed modeling using Geographic Information System, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management.1995,121(4)
[21] 孙慧修主编.排水工程上册.第四版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999
[22] 于尔捷,张杰.给水排水设计快速设计手册(排水工程).北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1996:4～6
[23] 周玉文等.排水管网理论与计算.北京:中国建筑出版社,2000
[24] D.Stephenson.Stormwater Hydrology and Drainage.Elsevier Science Publishing Company.1981
[25] Warren Viessman,Sr,Indroduction to Hydrology,second Edition.Harper and Row Publishers Inc
[26] Yen B.C.Storm Sewer System Design.Illinois:Dept.Civ.Engng.Univ.of Illinois.(pp282) 1978
[27] D Barnes 等.Water and Wastewater Engineering Systems.London:The Pitman Press, 1981
[28] John W.Clark等.Water Supply and Pollution Control.London:Harper & Row Publishers,1977
[29] Vladimir Novotny等著.城市排水和污水处理手册.俞亚明等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992
[30] John B .Stall & Michael L.Terstriep.Storm Sewer Design ---An Evaluation of the RRl.Method. EPA-R2-72-068.1972
[31] W.F.Geiger Combined Sewer Overflow Treatment-Knowledge or Speculation.AWQ 19th Biennial International Conference.Vancouver.CANADA.1998
[32] 邓荣森等.库区有关市县的污水处理工程可行性研究文本.2001
[33] 吴兆申,皇甫佳群,金家明. 城市给水排水工程规划水量规模的确定.给水排水.2003
[34] 柯礼丹.全国总用水量向零增长过渡期的水资源对策研究.中国水情分析研究报告,2001,第15期
[35] 万蔚杰等.排水管道的管径与埋深及控制点技术措施,西北建筑工程学院学报(自然科学版).2000
[36] FrancisDKChing. 王德生,唐真真译.建筑·造型·突间和秩序[M].台北:六合出版社.1986
[37]《给水排水设计手册》第5册.中国建筑工业出版社:7～15
[38] 邓培德.论雨水道设计中的误点.给水排水.1998,10(24):6～12
[39] 叶振华,汪岁羽.城镇雨水管渠设计重现期取值方法探讨. 河海大学学报.2002,30 (4):100～103
[40] 邱兆富,曾晓岚,郝以琼,张 智.重庆主城暴雨强度公式推求.重庆建筑大学学报.1999,21(6):16～20
[41] 高甲荣,肖 斌,何 华.小流域暴雨量与降水历时和重现期的关系.,土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报.1998,4(3):73～79
[42] 岑国平,沈 晋,范荣生,王彦斌.城市地面产流的试验研究.水利学报.1997,10:47～54
[43] 孙盖球,王革立,黄亮雄.圆管涵裂缝的产生及破坏.湖南交通科技.2000,26(4):56～57
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