电磁超声换能器的机理研究及其仿真分析
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摘要
区别于传统压电超声检测技术,电磁超声检测技术具有无需耦合剂、更易激发出不同模式的超声波等特点,优势逐渐凸显。由于电磁超声换能器的复杂性和多样性,本文在对国内外电磁超声检测技术对其机理的研究和认识的基础上,着重利用有限元仿真分析的方法对电磁超声的检测机理进行深入的研究。
本文针对电磁超声换能器工作的三个过程：电磁场、电磁超声耦合以及声场传播理论,分析其相应的换能原理,进行详细的数学描述和理论推导。根据产生波型的不同,分析了电磁超声换能器的各组成部分中高频激励线圈和磁铁的不同配置情况,以及对应不同配置激发波形的种类和其声波传播形式。
采用ANSYS有限元仿真软件对电磁超声换能器的进行电磁场仿真分析,得到被测试件中涡流和洛伦兹力的分布。同时,将电磁场得到的结果与结构场耦合,得到被测试件内部质点的应力、应变和位移情况,从而达到对电磁超声换能器辐射声场进行仿真分析的目的。电磁超声换能器的缺点是换能效率低,信号微弱。因此,为了提高换能效率,对其模型进行了优化,针对EMAT优化的主要对象,对线圈与被测试件之间的提离距离、线圈和永磁体的各参数对换能效率的影响做了分析,最终确定了激励线圈参数的优化组合。
通过电磁结构耦合得到被测试件内部质点的应力、应变和位移情况。仿真分析得到电磁超声换能器被测试件内部辐射声场的分布以及被测试件表面上的指向角,通过实验验证了指向角仿真结果的正确性。并通过改变被测试件的厚度、激励电流频率得到相应辐射声场的变化。最后分析了三种配置的换能器的辐射声场分布的各自指向性特点。
Distinguished from Piezoelectric ultrasonic testing technology, electromagnetic acoustic technology has many advantages, such as inspection without coupling agent, stimulated different mode wave easily and so on, attracts attention highly in Nondestructive Testing field. Because of complexity and diversity of the electromagnetic acoustic transducer, apply ANSYS to simulate and analyze it based on study and understanding of electromagnetic acoustic transducer mechanism at home and abroad.
Analyze electromagnetic acoustic transducer mechanism divided into three intercoupling fields as electromagnetic field, kinetic field and ultrasonic field with detailed mathematical description. Based on various configuration of magnet and winding coil in electromagnetic acoustic transducer, analyze different mode wave stimulated by them correspondingly and sound transmission in sample.
Apply ANSYS to simulate and analyze electromagnetic field of the electromagnetic acoustic transducer. Based on the established three-dimensional finite element model of electromagnetic acoustic transducer, acquisition eddy current, Lorentz force on the surface of the sample. At the same time, by means of which electromagnetic field intercoupling with structure force field, acquisition stress, strain and displacement distribution in the sample to analyze further acoustic field of the electromagnetic acoustic transducer in the sample. The weakness of electromagnetic acoustic transducer is low transduction efficiency resulting in weak signal. In order to improving transduction efficiency, optimize it including Lift-off distance between coil and sample, parameter of magnet and coil.
By means of which electromagnetic field intercoupling with structure force field, obtain the orientation of radiated sound field of electromagnetic ultrasonic surface wave, its variation with thickness of sample and stimulated current frequency. Orientation result is verified by experiments. At last, compared radiated sound fields of three configuration of magnet and winding coil in electromagnetic acoustic transducer with each other.
本文针对电磁超声换能器工作的三个过程：电磁场、电磁超声耦合以及声场传播理论,分析其相应的换能原理,进行详细的数学描述和理论推导。根据产生波型的不同,分析了电磁超声换能器的各组成部分中高频激励线圈和磁铁的不同配置情况,以及对应不同配置激发波形的种类和其声波传播形式。
采用ANSYS有限元仿真软件对电磁超声换能器的进行电磁场仿真分析,得到被测试件中涡流和洛伦兹力的分布。同时,将电磁场得到的结果与结构场耦合,得到被测试件内部质点的应力、应变和位移情况,从而达到对电磁超声换能器辐射声场进行仿真分析的目的。电磁超声换能器的缺点是换能效率低,信号微弱。因此,为了提高换能效率,对其模型进行了优化,针对EMAT优化的主要对象,对线圈与被测试件之间的提离距离、线圈和永磁体的各参数对换能效率的影响做了分析,最终确定了激励线圈参数的优化组合。
通过电磁结构耦合得到被测试件内部质点的应力、应变和位移情况。仿真分析得到电磁超声换能器被测试件内部辐射声场的分布以及被测试件表面上的指向角,通过实验验证了指向角仿真结果的正确性。并通过改变被测试件的厚度、激励电流频率得到相应辐射声场的变化。最后分析了三种配置的换能器的辐射声场分布的各自指向性特点。
Distinguished from Piezoelectric ultrasonic testing technology, electromagnetic acoustic technology has many advantages, such as inspection without coupling agent, stimulated different mode wave easily and so on, attracts attention highly in Nondestructive Testing field. Because of complexity and diversity of the electromagnetic acoustic transducer, apply ANSYS to simulate and analyze it based on study and understanding of electromagnetic acoustic transducer mechanism at home and abroad.
Analyze electromagnetic acoustic transducer mechanism divided into three intercoupling fields as electromagnetic field, kinetic field and ultrasonic field with detailed mathematical description. Based on various configuration of magnet and winding coil in electromagnetic acoustic transducer, analyze different mode wave stimulated by them correspondingly and sound transmission in sample.
Apply ANSYS to simulate and analyze electromagnetic field of the electromagnetic acoustic transducer. Based on the established three-dimensional finite element model of electromagnetic acoustic transducer, acquisition eddy current, Lorentz force on the surface of the sample. At the same time, by means of which electromagnetic field intercoupling with structure force field, acquisition stress, strain and displacement distribution in the sample to analyze further acoustic field of the electromagnetic acoustic transducer in the sample. The weakness of electromagnetic acoustic transducer is low transduction efficiency resulting in weak signal. In order to improving transduction efficiency, optimize it including Lift-off distance between coil and sample, parameter of magnet and coil.
By means of which electromagnetic field intercoupling with structure force field, obtain the orientation of radiated sound field of electromagnetic ultrasonic surface wave, its variation with thickness of sample and stimulated current frequency. Orientation result is verified by experiments. At last, compared radiated sound fields of three configuration of magnet and winding coil in electromagnetic acoustic transducer with each other.
引文
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[2]卢彬.无损检测技术及其进展.焦作大学学报,2004,1：73-74.
[3]于喜元,楼俊君,杨平.管道超声波检测器的应用及发展趋势.油气运输,2003,22(4)：35-60.
[4]叶平,陈先中,魏任之.表面波电磁声传感器的研究.仪表技术与传感器,1997：10-12.
[5]焦敬品,何存富,吴斌,费仁元,王秀艳.管道超声导波检测技术进展.实验力学,2002,17(1) ：1-9.
[6]刘镇清.超声无损检测中的导波技术.无损检测,1999,21(8)：367-375.
[7]齐瑞才.压力管道无损检测的超声导波法：(硕士学位论文).大连：大连理工大学,2006.
[8]张志刚,阙沛文,雷华明. Lamb波与SH板波双模式电磁超声检测系统的设计与实验.工业仪表与自动化装置,2005,5：17-24.
[9]周正干,冯海伟.超声导波检测技术的研究进展[J].无损检测,2006,28(2)：57-63.
[10]何存富,李隆涛,吴斌.超声导波在管道中传播的数值模拟.北京工业大学学,2004,30(2)：129-133.
[11]雷华明.电磁超声换能器机理研究及其在管道检测中的应用探索：(博士学位论文).上海：上海交通大学,2005.
[12]潘伟才.基于FPGA的电磁超声检测系统的研究：(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2008.
[13]康磊,王淑娟,翟国富.用于电磁超声检测系统的宽带匹配电路的设计.仪表技术与传感器,2007,4：50-52.
[14]朱红秀,吴淼,刘卓然.电磁超声换能器的理论研究.无损检测,2005,27(5)：231-234.
[15]张志刚,阙沛文,雷华明.兰姆波的电磁超声磁致伸缩式激励及其特性.上海交通大学学报,2006,40(1)：133-137.
[16]姚君.电磁超声表面波换能器性能的测试研究：(硕士学位论文).北京：钢铁研究总院,2003.
[17]张志刚,阙沛文,雷华明.表面波电磁声换能器及电声学特性的研究.声学技术,2006,25(2)：119-123.
[18]冯剑钊,米武军,王淑娟.基于电磁超声的轮对踏面缺陷在线检测装置.科技创新导报,2009,30：71-72.
[19]赵再新.基于电磁超声的火车车轮检测系统的初步研究：(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2005.
[20]姚君.火车车轮踏面中电磁超声表面波声场性能测试方法的研究.物理测试,2003,5：42-44.
[21]R. B. Thompson. A model for the electromagnetic generation and detection of Rayleigh and lamb waves. IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrasonics. Vol. SU-20. No.4. pp.340-346.1976.
[22]H. M. Frost. Electromagnetic ultrasound transducers:principles, practice, and applications. Physical Acoustics. V01. XIV. PP.179-275. Academic Press, Inc.1979.
[23]R. Igarashi, G A. Alers, P. T Purtacher. An ultrasonic measurement of magnetostriction. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium.pp.709-712.1998.
[24]Kawashima K K. Quantitative calculation and measurement of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonicwave pulses in solid. IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultason,1984, SU-31 (2):83-94.
[25]Thompson R B. Physical principles of measurements with EMAT, transducers. Physical Acoustics,1990,19:157-200.
[26]Ludwig R. Numerical implementation and model predictions of a unified conservation law description of the electromagnetic acoustic transduction process [J]. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, F-erro-electrics and Frequency Control,1992,39 (4):481-488.
[27]柯岩.基于磁致伸缩导波的钢管无损检测实验研究[D]：(硕士学位论文).武汉：华中科技大学,2006.
[28]Julie G. EMAT generation of horizontally polarized guided shear waves for ultrasonic pipe inspection. International Pipeline conference,1998,1:327-334.
[29]William J, Pardee R, Thompson B. Half-space radiation by EMAT. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation,1980,1(3):157-181.
[30]Gori M, Giamboni S. Guided waves by EMAT transducers for rapid defect location on heat exchanger and boiler tubes. IEEE Trans. Ultrasonic,1996,34:311-314.
[31]Zhao X. Quantitative defect characterization viaguided waves [D]. Pennsylvania:Pennsylvania State University,2003.
[32]朱红秀,吴淼,刘卓然.确定电磁超声换能器钢管检测最佳磁化强度的试验研究.无损检测,2004,26(6)：297-298.
[33]李振才.电磁超声(EMA)技术的发展与应用.无损探伤,2006,30(6)：13-14.
[34]应崇福.超声学.北京：科学出版社,1990.
[35]何存富,吴斌,王秀彦.固体中的超声波.北京：科学出版社,2004.
[36]李倩,用于无损检测的电磁超声换能器磁铁的设计和优化：(硕士学位论文).陕西：陕西师范大学,2009.
[37]美国无损检测学会编,美国超声检测手册译审委员会译.美国无损检测手册(超声卷).世界图书出版公司,1996.
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