新疆野生油菜种皮纹饰的遗传分析和研究
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摘要
十字花科芸苔属植物是世界上许多地区重要的蔬菜和油料作物。中国拥有种类繁多的栽培和野生十字花科芸薹属植物。中国的油菜占世界总产量的30%左右,主要是种植甘蓝型油菜。随着转基因技术发展和商业化应用,转基因油菜的栽培面积利产量逐渐增加。目前有些国家已经在大规模栽种转基因油菜,而中国每年都大量进口追些油菜籽。當转基因逃逸时,会威胁生态环境的安全,这问题越来越受到重视。归纳发生成功的基因流必须满足以下各条件：转基因作物有一定规模的栽种面积、有足够的近缘种数量、雜交具有親利性、花期时间能够相遇、空间距離足够接近。采用来自中国各植物标本馆收集的野生近缘种分布资料、现生油菜栽培种的花期和面积数据,建立一个风险评估公式,用于评估栽种转基因油菜造成基因流的概率与风险。计算风险指数结果以四川省最高,其次为江苏省、贵州省、浙江省和上海市等,建议避免在这些地方种植转基因油菜,以减少发生转基因渗入野生遗传背景的风险。雖然新疆的野生近缘种数量最多,但是目前栽种油菜的面积较小,风险指数偏低。计算的风险指数结果能作为初步的评估参考,以减少基因流的发生机会。期待能持续收集更多野生近缘种的分布数据,做更全面的评估。
根据中国各植物标本馆数据,新疆保留了大量的野生油菜。野生种质资源具有普通栽培品种所没有的特异基因,可作为选育新品种的材料,也可提供作为研究进化与起源的途径。芸苔属存在许多分类和进化问题,而十字花科植物的种皮纹饰结构特征,可作为种间分类鉴定的指标。本研究将结合形态学和分子生物学方法进行研究。实验材料来自中国新疆农科院(XJ)提供的野生油菜12份(XJ-4-14和拜城),采自中国新疆昭苏(ZS)野生油菜13份(ZS-2～16)。利用杂交亲和性检定、种皮纹饰、流式细胞仪和分子生物学技术来鉴定。结果发现ZS-11、ZS-13和XJ-拜城与芥菜型油菜杂交亲和性佳,皆为四倍体,具有A和B基因组,种皮表面纹饰为网状结构,推论为芥菜型油菜。其余野生油菜与野芥的杂交亲利性佳,皆为二倍体,具有S基因组,种皮表面纹饰为皱纹结构,推论为野芥。XJ-拜城发芽齐次性好,发芽率100%,黄色种皮,推测为栽培油菜的逸生种。观察杂交后代的种皮纹饰发现,纹饰特征可能受基因型和母系效应影响。本实验研究种皮纹饰的表型和基因型间的关系,可作为分类野生油菜和相似物种的方法,并且更深入进行种皮的相关研究。中国在作物野生近缘种方面还需要做更多的研究,以利于作物野生近缘种的可持续利用。
Crueifelae Brassica species are important vegetable and oil crops in the world. There are many Crueifelae Brassica cultivars and wild species in China. The rapeseed yield in China accounted for about thirty percent of world. The major cultivated crop is Brassica napus (2n=38, AACC). As transgenic technology developing and commercial applying, the varieties of transgenic rapeseed crops and its cultivated area increased. Some countries have large-scale cultivation of transgenic rapeseed crops and maybe import to China. Their safety issues currently receive more and more attention. The occurrence and frequency of intraspecific gene flow can vary according to having enough-scale cultivation of transgenic rapeseed crops, relative species density, the outcrossing rate, synchrony of flowering, and geographical proximity. Using data on rapeseed wild relatives from herbarium, flowering season and cultivated area in China a formula for the Risk Index (RI) is set up in this study. The highly risky area by the calculated result is Sichuan province, followed by Jiangsu province, Guizhou province, Zhejiang province and Shanghai, etc. It is suggested to avoid transgenic rapeseed cultivation in these locations to reduce gene flow according to the evaluation result of RI index. Xinjiang has the most wild relative species, but cultivated area This research utilizes distribution data of cultivated rapeseed and wild relatives to analysis the risk of transgenic gene-flow in China, andproposes the preventive methods.We hope to collect more data on rapeseed wild relatives to do more comprehensive evaluation.
Using data on rapeseed wild relatives from herbarium, a large number of wild Brassica species are retain in Xinjiang.The crop wild relative has been used for cultivar development and breeding in order to improve crop production and quality. Argument remained for the species identification of wild Brassica in Xinjiang. Seed coat morphology is known to be an excellent character for taxonomic and evolutionary studies, thus understanding its structure and inheritance has been a useful support for species identification and utilization. The material was12accessions (XJ-14～14and XJ-Baicheng) provided by the Xinjiang (XJ) Agricultural Academy, and13accessions (ZS-2～16) collected in2011by the authors from Zhaosu (ZS), Xinjiang, China. This study aims to identify wild Brassica species collected from Xinjiang in China, through hybridization compatibility, seed coat microsculpturing (SCM), flow cytometry, and specific DNA markers. The results showed that wild accession ZS-11, ZS-13and XJ-Baicheng were hybridized relatively well with B.juncea, tetraploid and contained both A and B genomes specific loci, and that their SCM was reticulate pattern and similar to that of B. juncea. The other wild accessions were hybridized relatively well with Sinapis arvensis, diploid and carried S-genome specific DNA makers, and the seed coat of which was rugose pattern and similar to S. arvensis. It was worth mentioning that XJ-Baicheng maybe crop because of100%germination, large seed size, and yellow seed coat by maternal effect. Therefore, XJ-Baicheng could be an escaped cultivar of B. juncea species. Additionally, the characteristic of SCM was found to be inheritable in the interspecies hybrid progenies formed between Brassica species. It was implicated that the characteristic of seed coat pattern is related to genomic type and maternal effect. The result could provide theoretical support for the taxonomy of the wild Brassica species and is helpful in understanding the relationship between seed coat phenotypes and genetic characteristics.The sustainable utilization of the crop wild relatives in China needs to do more research.
根据中国各植物标本馆数据,新疆保留了大量的野生油菜。野生种质资源具有普通栽培品种所没有的特异基因,可作为选育新品种的材料,也可提供作为研究进化与起源的途径。芸苔属存在许多分类和进化问题,而十字花科植物的种皮纹饰结构特征,可作为种间分类鉴定的指标。本研究将结合形态学和分子生物学方法进行研究。实验材料来自中国新疆农科院(XJ)提供的野生油菜12份(XJ-4-14和拜城),采自中国新疆昭苏(ZS)野生油菜13份(ZS-2～16)。利用杂交亲和性检定、种皮纹饰、流式细胞仪和分子生物学技术来鉴定。结果发现ZS-11、ZS-13和XJ-拜城与芥菜型油菜杂交亲和性佳,皆为四倍体,具有A和B基因组,种皮表面纹饰为网状结构,推论为芥菜型油菜。其余野生油菜与野芥的杂交亲利性佳,皆为二倍体,具有S基因组,种皮表面纹饰为皱纹结构,推论为野芥。XJ-拜城发芽齐次性好,发芽率100%,黄色种皮,推测为栽培油菜的逸生种。观察杂交后代的种皮纹饰发现,纹饰特征可能受基因型和母系效应影响。本实验研究种皮纹饰的表型和基因型间的关系,可作为分类野生油菜和相似物种的方法,并且更深入进行种皮的相关研究。中国在作物野生近缘种方面还需要做更多的研究,以利于作物野生近缘种的可持续利用。
Crueifelae Brassica species are important vegetable and oil crops in the world. There are many Crueifelae Brassica cultivars and wild species in China. The rapeseed yield in China accounted for about thirty percent of world. The major cultivated crop is Brassica napus (2n=38, AACC). As transgenic technology developing and commercial applying, the varieties of transgenic rapeseed crops and its cultivated area increased. Some countries have large-scale cultivation of transgenic rapeseed crops and maybe import to China. Their safety issues currently receive more and more attention. The occurrence and frequency of intraspecific gene flow can vary according to having enough-scale cultivation of transgenic rapeseed crops, relative species density, the outcrossing rate, synchrony of flowering, and geographical proximity. Using data on rapeseed wild relatives from herbarium, flowering season and cultivated area in China a formula for the Risk Index (RI) is set up in this study. The highly risky area by the calculated result is Sichuan province, followed by Jiangsu province, Guizhou province, Zhejiang province and Shanghai, etc. It is suggested to avoid transgenic rapeseed cultivation in these locations to reduce gene flow according to the evaluation result of RI index. Xinjiang has the most wild relative species, but cultivated area This research utilizes distribution data of cultivated rapeseed and wild relatives to analysis the risk of transgenic gene-flow in China, andproposes the preventive methods.We hope to collect more data on rapeseed wild relatives to do more comprehensive evaluation.
Using data on rapeseed wild relatives from herbarium, a large number of wild Brassica species are retain in Xinjiang.The crop wild relative has been used for cultivar development and breeding in order to improve crop production and quality. Argument remained for the species identification of wild Brassica in Xinjiang. Seed coat morphology is known to be an excellent character for taxonomic and evolutionary studies, thus understanding its structure and inheritance has been a useful support for species identification and utilization. The material was12accessions (XJ-14～14and XJ-Baicheng) provided by the Xinjiang (XJ) Agricultural Academy, and13accessions (ZS-2～16) collected in2011by the authors from Zhaosu (ZS), Xinjiang, China. This study aims to identify wild Brassica species collected from Xinjiang in China, through hybridization compatibility, seed coat microsculpturing (SCM), flow cytometry, and specific DNA markers. The results showed that wild accession ZS-11, ZS-13and XJ-Baicheng were hybridized relatively well with B.juncea, tetraploid and contained both A and B genomes specific loci, and that their SCM was reticulate pattern and similar to that of B. juncea. The other wild accessions were hybridized relatively well with Sinapis arvensis, diploid and carried S-genome specific DNA makers, and the seed coat of which was rugose pattern and similar to S. arvensis. It was worth mentioning that XJ-Baicheng maybe crop because of100%germination, large seed size, and yellow seed coat by maternal effect. Therefore, XJ-Baicheng could be an escaped cultivar of B. juncea species. Additionally, the characteristic of SCM was found to be inheritable in the interspecies hybrid progenies formed between Brassica species. It was implicated that the characteristic of seed coat pattern is related to genomic type and maternal effect. The result could provide theoretical support for the taxonomy of the wild Brassica species and is helpful in understanding the relationship between seed coat phenotypes and genetic characteristics.The sustainable utilization of the crop wild relatives in China needs to do more research.
引文
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