疏浚施工对海洋生态环境的影响及防治对策研究
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摘要
在经济全球化的今天,海上交通对经济发展和国际贸易都是至关重要的。一般而言,沿海的港口和航道极少是天然的深水区,必须通过疏浚来达到和维持水深。受制于疏浚机具和施工工艺,施工区域产生高浓度含沙水体,在潮流等动力因素的作用下,高浓度含沙水体向周围扩散,导致以施工区为中心的附近海域海水混浊度增加;同时,泥沙中携带的有毒、有害物质也使海水的使用质量下降。施工区域水体的含沙浓度增大、毒害物质增加,将使海洋生态环境遭受污染。随着我国经济和海运的快速发展,港口、航道建设及维护工程迅速增长,如果不加以控制,将一定程度地破坏海洋的生态环境。在经济日益发展的今天,人们已逐渐意识到海洋的使用功能是有限的,对海洋生态环境的保护惠及我们的子孙后代,是人类的历史责任。因此,对疏浚悬浮物污染进行严格控制十分必要,也是大势所趋。
本文对疏浚施工污染的研究包括环境影响预测和污染防治对策两大部份:
(1)正确的污染影响预测可以为污染防治和环境管理提供依据,是对施工污染进行有效控制的前提条件。数值预测是进行污染预测的有效手段,它与实测手段相比,可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力。本研究根据疏浚施工的主要特点,选取典型工程,预测疏浚挖泥及吹填溢流的环境影响。由此,采用平面二维数学模型,对设计工况加以适当概化,模拟预报了工程海域潮流场及悬浮污染物的浓度场。根据施工海域海洋生态环境的保护要求,在计算不同类型挖泥船和不同溢流口施工环境影响的基础上,提出满足施工海域环境要求的施工工艺和溢流口的合理位置。
(2)以数值模拟的预测结果为依据,提出施工期的环境保护管理方案。工程环境监理是根据环境影响预测结果和污染防治对策对施工期的环境影响进行全过程控制的一种有效手段,其目的是尽可能减少施工对环境的影响,或者说把施工对环境的影响控制在“安全”的尺度内。环境监理在我国刚刚起步,本研究结合具体工程的特点提出了工程环境监理体系、环境监理组织结构设计、环境监理的要点及预期工作目标。
把施工期的环境预报和施工期的环境监理有机联系起来,这是一个新的尝试,但这还仅仅是静态的,如果将二者间的有机联系互动起来,那将是动态的,即随着施工的进行两者不断调整,这对环境监理目标的实现是非常重要的。限于时间,这方面的研究工作还有待今后继续。
With the economic globalization nowadays, maritime traffic is very important for economic development and international trade. Generally speaking, few littoral ports and sea-routes are in the natural deep-water area, so the water depth must be maintained by dredging. Confined to the dredging machines and technology, heave sand concentration will be caused in the construction area. Affected by the dynamic factor such as tide, the heave concentration water will diffuse, and will result in the increase of adjacent seawater’s turbidity. Meanwhile, poisonous and harmful substances included in the sand will reduce the seawater quality. All of these will pollute the marine ecology. Along with the fast development of littoral economy and nautical transport in our country, the number of the construction and maintenance of the port、sea-route、oceanic and coastal projects increases rapidly. If without control, the marine ecology will be destroyed to a certain degree. Now people have realized the limitation of the marine’s efficacy, if only demand without conservation, the ocean could supply fewer resources to human, till the resources exhausted. So protecting the marine ecology environment against pollution is beneficial to our descendants, and it is human’s historical responsibility. It is necessary to control the pollution of dredging suspended substance strictly, and it is the trend of the times.
The study of the paper includes two parts: forecast of environmental pollution and countermeasures of pollution protection:
(1) Correct pollution infection forest can provide gist to pollution protection and environmental management, it is the precondition to control the construction pollution effectively. Numerical model is effective means of forest. Comparing with measure at site, numerical model can save a great deal of manpower、material resources and financial resources. According to the characteristics of dredging construction, this paper selects a typical project, analyzes the technical characteristics of dredging and overflowing which are main technics. General work conditions of dredging and overflowing are designed, tidal current field and consistence field of suspend contamination near the project are simulated with 2-D mathematical model. According to the environment request of the construction sea area, on the base of computing environmental influence of using different types of dredgers and setting different overflow gates, satisfying construction technics and reasonable overflow place are brought forward.
本文对疏浚施工污染的研究包括环境影响预测和污染防治对策两大部份:
(1)正确的污染影响预测可以为污染防治和环境管理提供依据,是对施工污染进行有效控制的前提条件。数值预测是进行污染预测的有效手段,它与实测手段相比,可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力。本研究根据疏浚施工的主要特点,选取典型工程,预测疏浚挖泥及吹填溢流的环境影响。由此,采用平面二维数学模型,对设计工况加以适当概化,模拟预报了工程海域潮流场及悬浮污染物的浓度场。根据施工海域海洋生态环境的保护要求,在计算不同类型挖泥船和不同溢流口施工环境影响的基础上,提出满足施工海域环境要求的施工工艺和溢流口的合理位置。
(2)以数值模拟的预测结果为依据,提出施工期的环境保护管理方案。工程环境监理是根据环境影响预测结果和污染防治对策对施工期的环境影响进行全过程控制的一种有效手段,其目的是尽可能减少施工对环境的影响,或者说把施工对环境的影响控制在“安全”的尺度内。环境监理在我国刚刚起步,本研究结合具体工程的特点提出了工程环境监理体系、环境监理组织结构设计、环境监理的要点及预期工作目标。
把施工期的环境预报和施工期的环境监理有机联系起来,这是一个新的尝试,但这还仅仅是静态的,如果将二者间的有机联系互动起来,那将是动态的,即随着施工的进行两者不断调整,这对环境监理目标的实现是非常重要的。限于时间,这方面的研究工作还有待今后继续。
With the economic globalization nowadays, maritime traffic is very important for economic development and international trade. Generally speaking, few littoral ports and sea-routes are in the natural deep-water area, so the water depth must be maintained by dredging. Confined to the dredging machines and technology, heave sand concentration will be caused in the construction area. Affected by the dynamic factor such as tide, the heave concentration water will diffuse, and will result in the increase of adjacent seawater’s turbidity. Meanwhile, poisonous and harmful substances included in the sand will reduce the seawater quality. All of these will pollute the marine ecology. Along with the fast development of littoral economy and nautical transport in our country, the number of the construction and maintenance of the port、sea-route、oceanic and coastal projects increases rapidly. If without control, the marine ecology will be destroyed to a certain degree. Now people have realized the limitation of the marine’s efficacy, if only demand without conservation, the ocean could supply fewer resources to human, till the resources exhausted. So protecting the marine ecology environment against pollution is beneficial to our descendants, and it is human’s historical responsibility. It is necessary to control the pollution of dredging suspended substance strictly, and it is the trend of the times.
The study of the paper includes two parts: forecast of environmental pollution and countermeasures of pollution protection:
(1) Correct pollution infection forest can provide gist to pollution protection and environmental management, it is the precondition to control the construction pollution effectively. Numerical model is effective means of forest. Comparing with measure at site, numerical model can save a great deal of manpower、material resources and financial resources. According to the characteristics of dredging construction, this paper selects a typical project, analyzes the technical characteristics of dredging and overflowing which are main technics. General work conditions of dredging and overflowing are designed, tidal current field and consistence field of suspend contamination near the project are simulated with 2-D mathematical model. According to the environment request of the construction sea area, on the base of computing environmental influence of using different types of dredgers and setting different overflow gates, satisfying construction technics and reasonable overflow place are brought forward.
引文
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[3] 沈德富. 环境监理在环境管理中的地位与发展前景. 环境科学动态,1995,(3):7-9
[4] 虞志英,张勇. 疏浚物倾抛对海洋环境影响的研究述评. 海洋与湖沼,1999,30(4):460-464
[5] 李大鸣,李冰绯,吕小海. 全沙数学模型在港口环境评价中的应用. 水利学报,2003,(6):37-42
[6] 陆伟明. 开展建设项目施工期的环境管理与环境监测. 环境监测管理与技术,2002,14(5):3-5
[7] Hu Shaoling, Kot S.C. Numerical model of tides in Pearl River estuary with moving boundary. Journal of Hydraulic Engrg., 1997, 123(1) :21-29
[8] Abbott, M.B. Range of tide flow modeling. Journal of Hydraulic Engrg., 1997, 123(4) :257-277
[9] 孙文心.一种三维空间非线性潮波的数值模拟.山东海洋学院学报,1981,11(1):23-31
[10] 窦振兴,罗远诠,黄克平,蔡广兴.渤海潮流污染扩散的数值模拟.海洋学报, 1982,4(6):667-678
[11] George L.Mellor, Testuji Yamada. Development of a Turbulent Closure Model for Geophysical Fluid Problems. Reviews of Geophysics and Spacephysics, 1982,20(4):851-875
[12] 方国洪,杨景飞.渤海潮运动的一个二维数值模型.海洋与湖沼,1985,16(5): 337-346
[13] 曹 德 明 , 方 国 洪 . 杭 州 湾 潮 汐 和 潮 流 的 数 值 计 算 . 海 洋 与 湖 沼 ,1986,17(2):93-101
[14] 曹德明.胶州湾潮汐潮流的数值计算.海洋科学集刊,第 21 集,北京:科学出版社,1984,157-164
[15] 方国洪,杨景飞,赵绪才.台湾海峡潮汐和潮流的一个数值模型.海洋学报,1985,7(1):12-20
[16] 赵士清,张镜潮.连云港潮流的数值模拟. 海洋学报,1981,3(3):500-515
[17] 孙献清,尤玉明等.厦门港东渡二期工程水流泥沙的初步研究. 海洋工程,1991,9(1):78-86
[18] 辛文杰.高栏港 10 万 t 级煤炭中转港区方案比选工程潮流数值模拟.第七届全国海岸工程学术讨论会论文集.北京:海洋出版社,1993,93-102
[19] 窦振兴,罗远诠等.渤海潮流污染扩散的数值模拟.海洋学报.1982,4(6):667-678
[20] 姚炎明,耿兆铨.北仑港三期工程废水排放对北仑海区水质影响的数值分析.海洋通报,1995,14(3):99-105
[21] 顾杰,匡翠萍.潮汐流动中污染物排放的一种远区计算模型.海洋工程,1996,14(1):88-96
[22] 李孟国,曹祖德. 海岸河口潮流数值模拟的研究与进展. 海洋学报,1999,21(1):111-125
[23] 林建国,杨风林,张树深. 大窑湾潮及悬浮物沉降扩散的数值模拟. 水动力学研究与进展,1996,11(4):367-372
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