基于多小波变换的数字图像水印技术研究
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摘要
随着多媒体和Internet的迅速发展,对数字产品的保护和信息安全的迫切需要使得数字水印技术成为多媒体信息安全研究领域的一个热点问题。基于小波的多媒体水印算法近年来受到人们高度重视,特别是多小波技术的出现,使该领域的研究得到了更大的发展。
多小波分析是目前国际上最新的时频分析工具,并且已经逐渐应用于图像处理的各个领域。它比单小波具有更大的自由度,它既保持了单小波所具有的良好的时频特性,又克服了单小波的缺陷,可同时拥有许多良好的性质,如对称性,短支撑性,正交性和高阶消失矩等,因而多小波比传统的单小波具有更广阔的应用前景。
本文分别以静态的灰度图像和彩色图像为研究对象,对用于图像版权保护的多小波域的稳健数字水印技术进行了深入的研究。主要研究工作如下:
1、将多小波思想引入数字图像水印中,在Dugad提出的基于小波变换的经典水印算法基础上进行改进,将水印信息嵌入到多小波三层分解的中频带。根据多小波细节特征改进Dugad选取的阈值公式。
2、利用人工智能技术来改进前面的数字水印算法,提出了一种基于遗传算法的多小波图像水印算法,利用遗传算法进行参数优化,在不同频域的分解子图中搜索最优嵌入阈值、检测阈值以及嵌入强度来提高水印的不可见性及鲁棒性。
3、将图像的多小波多分辨分析和人类视觉系统(HVS)的掩蔽效应相结合,提出一种彩色图像的自适应水印算法,将水印嵌入到彩色图像的各个颜色分量的多小波分解的低频带和中频带。使彩色图像不同颜色分量的多小波系数在HVS特征的影响下做自适应修改来解决可视失真,并通过两次嵌入水印的方法来增强水印的鲁棒性。
实验验证了上面三个多小波域的水印算法比相应小波域的水印算法具有更好的不可见性,同时对于各种常见攻击体现出更强的鲁棒性。
With the prompt development of multimedia and the Internet, the urgent need to safety of digital product and information makes the figure digital watermarking technology has became a hot problem in the field of multimedia information safety. Multimedia watermarking algorithm, based on wavelet, has received much attention in recent years, especially, the appearance of multiwavelet technology brings greater improvement to the research in this field.
Multiwavelet analysis, which is the latest international time-frequency analysis tool, has been gradually applied in each field of the digital image processing . It is more free than scalar wavelet, not only has it kept the good time-frequency characteristic that scalar wavelet has, but also it has overcomed the shortcomings of scalar wavelet. It owns a lot of good properties at the mean time, such as the symmetry, compactly support , orthogonality and vanishing moments or higher approximation order. As a result, the multivavelet has more wide application prospect than conventional scalar wavelet.
This article focuses its research object on the gray static images and color images, making a thorough research on the robust digital watermarking technology based on multiwavelet, which is used to protect image copyright.The main research work are as follows:
1.The thought of multiwavelet is introduced into the digital image watermarking algorithm. The classic watermark algorithm, which is based on discrete wavelet transform proposed by Dugad, is improved. The watermark information is embedded in the original image through three-level decomposition of image by using the GHM multiwavelet, and the threshold value selection formula is improved according to the characteristics of multiwavelet.
2.Artificial intelligence technology is used to improve the digital watermark algorithm, and the problem of digital image watermarking is considered as a optimizing program. Based on the present algorithm, a novel multiwavelet image watermarking algorithm which based on Genetic algorithms is proposed in this paper. Watermarking information is embeded in discrete multiwavelet transform domain, genetic algorithms is used to optimize the parameters, and search the optimum embedding threshold value, detecting threshold value and embedding intensity in the each decomposition subgraphs of different frequency domains, thus the robustness of the watermark and the visual quality of watermarked image are both improved.
3.For improving robustness, exploring stable characters of an image and taking into account the characters of the human visual system (HVS) are very effective strategies. Based on these ideas,it present a new method of digital watermarking for color images based on discrete multiwavelet transform and human visual system. The algorithm modify multiwavelet coefficients which in multiwavelet decomposition subgraphs of different frequency domains in term of several parameters with the features of HVS ,and adopt repeating embedding technology to improve the watermark robustness.
The experimental results show that these three algorithms above can give more robustness to various common attacks and better invisibility of the watermark than base on discrete wavelet transform domain.
多小波分析是目前国际上最新的时频分析工具,并且已经逐渐应用于图像处理的各个领域。它比单小波具有更大的自由度,它既保持了单小波所具有的良好的时频特性,又克服了单小波的缺陷,可同时拥有许多良好的性质,如对称性,短支撑性,正交性和高阶消失矩等,因而多小波比传统的单小波具有更广阔的应用前景。
本文分别以静态的灰度图像和彩色图像为研究对象,对用于图像版权保护的多小波域的稳健数字水印技术进行了深入的研究。主要研究工作如下:
1、将多小波思想引入数字图像水印中,在Dugad提出的基于小波变换的经典水印算法基础上进行改进,将水印信息嵌入到多小波三层分解的中频带。根据多小波细节特征改进Dugad选取的阈值公式。
2、利用人工智能技术来改进前面的数字水印算法,提出了一种基于遗传算法的多小波图像水印算法,利用遗传算法进行参数优化,在不同频域的分解子图中搜索最优嵌入阈值、检测阈值以及嵌入强度来提高水印的不可见性及鲁棒性。
3、将图像的多小波多分辨分析和人类视觉系统(HVS)的掩蔽效应相结合,提出一种彩色图像的自适应水印算法,将水印嵌入到彩色图像的各个颜色分量的多小波分解的低频带和中频带。使彩色图像不同颜色分量的多小波系数在HVS特征的影响下做自适应修改来解决可视失真,并通过两次嵌入水印的方法来增强水印的鲁棒性。
实验验证了上面三个多小波域的水印算法比相应小波域的水印算法具有更好的不可见性,同时对于各种常见攻击体现出更强的鲁棒性。
With the prompt development of multimedia and the Internet, the urgent need to safety of digital product and information makes the figure digital watermarking technology has became a hot problem in the field of multimedia information safety. Multimedia watermarking algorithm, based on wavelet, has received much attention in recent years, especially, the appearance of multiwavelet technology brings greater improvement to the research in this field.
Multiwavelet analysis, which is the latest international time-frequency analysis tool, has been gradually applied in each field of the digital image processing . It is more free than scalar wavelet, not only has it kept the good time-frequency characteristic that scalar wavelet has, but also it has overcomed the shortcomings of scalar wavelet. It owns a lot of good properties at the mean time, such as the symmetry, compactly support , orthogonality and vanishing moments or higher approximation order. As a result, the multivavelet has more wide application prospect than conventional scalar wavelet.
This article focuses its research object on the gray static images and color images, making a thorough research on the robust digital watermarking technology based on multiwavelet, which is used to protect image copyright.The main research work are as follows:
1.The thought of multiwavelet is introduced into the digital image watermarking algorithm. The classic watermark algorithm, which is based on discrete wavelet transform proposed by Dugad, is improved. The watermark information is embedded in the original image through three-level decomposition of image by using the GHM multiwavelet, and the threshold value selection formula is improved according to the characteristics of multiwavelet.
2.Artificial intelligence technology is used to improve the digital watermark algorithm, and the problem of digital image watermarking is considered as a optimizing program. Based on the present algorithm, a novel multiwavelet image watermarking algorithm which based on Genetic algorithms is proposed in this paper. Watermarking information is embeded in discrete multiwavelet transform domain, genetic algorithms is used to optimize the parameters, and search the optimum embedding threshold value, detecting threshold value and embedding intensity in the each decomposition subgraphs of different frequency domains, thus the robustness of the watermark and the visual quality of watermarked image are both improved.
3.For improving robustness, exploring stable characters of an image and taking into account the characters of the human visual system (HVS) are very effective strategies. Based on these ideas,it present a new method of digital watermarking for color images based on discrete multiwavelet transform and human visual system. The algorithm modify multiwavelet coefficients which in multiwavelet decomposition subgraphs of different frequency domains in term of several parameters with the features of HVS ,and adopt repeating embedding technology to improve the watermark robustness.
The experimental results show that these three algorithms above can give more robustness to various common attacks and better invisibility of the watermark than base on discrete wavelet transform domain.
引文
[1] Caronni G. Assuring ownership rights for digital images. In : Proceedings of VIS 95, Germany,1993,251-263
[2] Schynde R G, Tirkel A Z, Osborne C F. A digital watermark. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. Austin,Texas, 1994,2:86-90
[3] Bruyndoncky O,Quisquaterm J,Marq B. Spatial method for copyright labeling of digital images. In: Proc of IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal Processing.Piscatnway, l995,456-459
[4] Bender W,Gryhl D,Morimoto N et al.Techniques for data hiding.IBM system Journal, 1996,35(3-4):318-336
[5] Pitas I. A method for signature casting on digital image. In: IEEE Proc Of international conference on image processing. Lausanne, Switzerland, Sep 1996,3:215 - 218
[6] Wolfgang R B, Delp E J. A watermark for digital images. In:Proc of 1996 International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP'96) .1996,3:219-222
[7] Hayers M H.The reconstruction of a multidimensional sequence from the phase or magnitude of the FFT. IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1992, 30 (2):140-154
[8] Ruanaith I J K, Rotation T Pun.scale and translation invariant digital image. In:Proc of 1997 International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP'97) .1997,1:536-539
[9] Cox I J, Killian J, Leighton T. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1997,6(12):1673-1687
[10] Koch E, Zhao J. Toward robust and hidden image copyright labeling. In:Proc of the IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing.Thessaloniki, Greece,June,1995, 452-455
[11] 黄继武,Yun Q. Shi,程卫东.DCT 域图像水印:嵌入对策和算法[J].电子学报,2000,28(4):72-76
[12] Hsu C I, Wu J L. Multiresolution watermarking for digital image. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing. Aug 1998 , 45(8):1097-1101
[13] Xia X G,Boncelet C G, Aree G R.Wavelet transform based watermark for digital images. Optics Express.1998,3(12):497-511
[14] Wang H M, Su P C,Kuo C J. Wavelet based digital image watermarking. Optics Express. 1998,3(12):491-496
[15] 黄达人,刘九芬,黄继武.小波变换域图像水印嵌入对策和算法[J].软件学报,2002,13(7):1290-1297
[16] Zhang Jun, Wang Nengchao. Hiding a logo watermark into multiwavelet domain using neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on tools with artificial intelligence. Washington, USA, 2002, 477-482
[17] 张军,王能超,曹奎.一种基于多小波的盲的数字图像水印技术[J].小型微型计算机系统,2002,23(2):148-152
[18] 张军,彭宏. 基于均值模运算的多小波域水印技术[J].计算机工程与应用,2003,17(14):96-98
[19] 苟意远,陈晓鸥.基于CL多小波的数字水印技术[J].中国图象图形学报,2003,8(A)(5):572-577
[20] Kumsawat P, Attakitmongcol K, Srikaew A.A New Approach for Optimization in Image Watermarking by Using Genetic Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Dec. 2005 ,53(12): 4707 - 4719
[21] 朱岩,冯登国,杨永田. 基于多小波变换的CDMA数字水印研究[J].中山大学学报,2004,43(S2):180-183
[22] 朱岩,冯登国,邹维. 基于多小波变换的混合水印应用研究[J]. 计算机工程与应用,2005,6(33):95-99
[23] 王炳锡,陈琦,邓峰森编著.数字水印技术[M].西安电子科技大学出版社.2003,18-23
[24] Dugad R, Ratakonda K, Ahuja N. A new wavelet-based scheme for watermarking images. In:Proc of IEEE Int Conf on Image Processing (ICIP 1998). Chicago, IL, USA Oct. 1998, 2: 419–423
[25] Cox I J,Miller M L.The first 50 years of electronic watermarking. In:Proceedings of the IEEE 2001 International Workshop on MultiMedia Signal Processing. Princeton, USA 2001,225 - 230
[26] Douglas P. Hardin and David W. Roach. Multiwavelet Prefilters—I: Orthogonal Prefilters Preserving Approximation Order p≤2. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, August 1998 ,45(8):1106-1112
[27] Attakitmongcol K,Hardin D P, Wilkes D M. Multiwavelet prefilters II: Optimal orthogonal prefilters .IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Oct. 2001,10(10): 1476–1487
[28] 黄卓君,马争鸣. 多小波图像变换的统计分析[J].中国图像图形学报,2001,6(12):1198-1203
[29] Strela V, Strang G, etc. The application of multiwavelet filterbanks to image processing. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1999,8(4):548-563
[30] 成礼智,王红霞,罗勇编著.小波的理论与应用[M].科学出版社.2004,18-48
[31] 张军. 数字图像水印技术研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2003,32-35
[32] 王沛,余松煜.图像高逼真度的自适应盲水印算法.电子与信息学报,2003,25(10):1249-1354
[33] 孙宏伟,潘建寿.一种基于多小波变换的图像压缩编码,西北大学学报(自然科学版),2003,33(5):511-514
[34] Wang Z, Bovik A C. A universal image quality index. IEEE Signal Process, Mar. 2002,9(3):81–84
[35] 王婷,刘江,王希常. 一种用于版权保护的数字图像双水印算法[J].计算机应用,2007,27(1):240-245
[36] 雷英杰,张善文,李续武,周创明. 遗传算法工具箱及应用[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2005,51-65
[37] 张军,王能超.数字图像的自适应公开水印技术[J].计算机学报,2002,25(12):1372-1377
[38] 丁玮,闫伟齐,齐东旭.基于 Arnold 变换的数字图像置乱技术.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J],2001,13(4):338-341
[39] Lewis S,Knowles G.Image compression using the 2-D wavelet transform.IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1992,1(1):244-250
[40] Barni M ,Bartolini F,Piva A.Improved wavelet based watermarking through pixel wise masking. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2001,10(5):783-791
[41] 钟桦,张小华,焦李成编著.数字水印与图像认证——算法及研究[M].西安电子科技大学出版社.2006,23-69
[42] Hsu C T,Wu J L.Hiding digital watermarks in image. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1999,8(1):58-68
[43] Niu X M,Sun S H , Xiang W. Digital watermark of still image with gray-scale digital watermarks. IEEE Trans on Consumer Electronics,2000,46(1):137-384
[44] 郭林琴. 基于小波变换和 HVS 的彩色数字图像水印算法研究:[硕士学位论文].天津:天津大学,2006,27-46
[45] KUTTER M, JORDAN F, BOSSEN F. Digital water marking of color images using amplitude modulation. Journal of Electronic Image, 1998, 7(2): 326- 332
[46] 孙锐,孙洪,姚天任.一种自适应的彩色图像水印算法[J].数据采集与处理,2002,17(3):283-287
[47] Huang C H,Wu J L. “A watermark optimization technique based on genetic algorithms,” In : Proc of SPIE—Visual Communications Image Processing.Taiwan, Feb. 2000, 3971:516–523
[48] Ghouti L, Bouridane A, Ibrahim M K, Boussakta S. Digital image watermarking using balanced multiwavelets. IEEE Trans on Image Process. 2006,54(4):1519-1536.
[49] Shieh C S, Huang H C, Wang F H, Pan J S. Genetic watermarking based on transform domain techniques. Pattern Recognit. Mar. 2004, 37(3): 555–565
[50] 王振飞,施保昌,王能超. 基于小波变换和人类视觉系统的稳健水印算法[J].华中科技大学学报自然版.2007,35(1):26-28
[2] Schynde R G, Tirkel A Z, Osborne C F. A digital watermark. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. Austin,Texas, 1994,2:86-90
[3] Bruyndoncky O,Quisquaterm J,Marq B. Spatial method for copyright labeling of digital images. In: Proc of IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal Processing.Piscatnway, l995,456-459
[4] Bender W,Gryhl D,Morimoto N et al.Techniques for data hiding.IBM system Journal, 1996,35(3-4):318-336
[5] Pitas I. A method for signature casting on digital image. In: IEEE Proc Of international conference on image processing. Lausanne, Switzerland, Sep 1996,3:215 - 218
[6] Wolfgang R B, Delp E J. A watermark for digital images. In:Proc of 1996 International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP'96) .1996,3:219-222
[7] Hayers M H.The reconstruction of a multidimensional sequence from the phase or magnitude of the FFT. IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1992, 30 (2):140-154
[8] Ruanaith I J K, Rotation T Pun.scale and translation invariant digital image. In:Proc of 1997 International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP'97) .1997,1:536-539
[9] Cox I J, Killian J, Leighton T. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1997,6(12):1673-1687
[10] Koch E, Zhao J. Toward robust and hidden image copyright labeling. In:Proc of the IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing.Thessaloniki, Greece,June,1995, 452-455
[11] 黄继武,Yun Q. Shi,程卫东.DCT 域图像水印:嵌入对策和算法[J].电子学报,2000,28(4):72-76
[12] Hsu C I, Wu J L. Multiresolution watermarking for digital image. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing. Aug 1998 , 45(8):1097-1101
[13] Xia X G,Boncelet C G, Aree G R.Wavelet transform based watermark for digital images. Optics Express.1998,3(12):497-511
[14] Wang H M, Su P C,Kuo C J. Wavelet based digital image watermarking. Optics Express. 1998,3(12):491-496
[15] 黄达人,刘九芬,黄继武.小波变换域图像水印嵌入对策和算法[J].软件学报,2002,13(7):1290-1297
[16] Zhang Jun, Wang Nengchao. Hiding a logo watermark into multiwavelet domain using neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on tools with artificial intelligence. Washington, USA, 2002, 477-482
[17] 张军,王能超,曹奎.一种基于多小波的盲的数字图像水印技术[J].小型微型计算机系统,2002,23(2):148-152
[18] 张军,彭宏. 基于均值模运算的多小波域水印技术[J].计算机工程与应用,2003,17(14):96-98
[19] 苟意远,陈晓鸥.基于CL多小波的数字水印技术[J].中国图象图形学报,2003,8(A)(5):572-577
[20] Kumsawat P, Attakitmongcol K, Srikaew A.A New Approach for Optimization in Image Watermarking by Using Genetic Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Dec. 2005 ,53(12): 4707 - 4719
[21] 朱岩,冯登国,杨永田. 基于多小波变换的CDMA数字水印研究[J].中山大学学报,2004,43(S2):180-183
[22] 朱岩,冯登国,邹维. 基于多小波变换的混合水印应用研究[J]. 计算机工程与应用,2005,6(33):95-99
[23] 王炳锡,陈琦,邓峰森编著.数字水印技术[M].西安电子科技大学出版社.2003,18-23
[24] Dugad R, Ratakonda K, Ahuja N. A new wavelet-based scheme for watermarking images. In:Proc of IEEE Int Conf on Image Processing (ICIP 1998). Chicago, IL, USA Oct. 1998, 2: 419–423
[25] Cox I J,Miller M L.The first 50 years of electronic watermarking. In:Proceedings of the IEEE 2001 International Workshop on MultiMedia Signal Processing. Princeton, USA 2001,225 - 230
[26] Douglas P. Hardin and David W. Roach. Multiwavelet Prefilters—I: Orthogonal Prefilters Preserving Approximation Order p≤2. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, August 1998 ,45(8):1106-1112
[27] Attakitmongcol K,Hardin D P, Wilkes D M. Multiwavelet prefilters II: Optimal orthogonal prefilters .IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Oct. 2001,10(10): 1476–1487
[28] 黄卓君,马争鸣. 多小波图像变换的统计分析[J].中国图像图形学报,2001,6(12):1198-1203
[29] Strela V, Strang G, etc. The application of multiwavelet filterbanks to image processing. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1999,8(4):548-563
[30] 成礼智,王红霞,罗勇编著.小波的理论与应用[M].科学出版社.2004,18-48
[31] 张军. 数字图像水印技术研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2003,32-35
[32] 王沛,余松煜.图像高逼真度的自适应盲水印算法.电子与信息学报,2003,25(10):1249-1354
[33] 孙宏伟,潘建寿.一种基于多小波变换的图像压缩编码,西北大学学报(自然科学版),2003,33(5):511-514
[34] Wang Z, Bovik A C. A universal image quality index. IEEE Signal Process, Mar. 2002,9(3):81–84
[35] 王婷,刘江,王希常. 一种用于版权保护的数字图像双水印算法[J].计算机应用,2007,27(1):240-245
[36] 雷英杰,张善文,李续武,周创明. 遗传算法工具箱及应用[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2005,51-65
[37] 张军,王能超.数字图像的自适应公开水印技术[J].计算机学报,2002,25(12):1372-1377
[38] 丁玮,闫伟齐,齐东旭.基于 Arnold 变换的数字图像置乱技术.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J],2001,13(4):338-341
[39] Lewis S,Knowles G.Image compression using the 2-D wavelet transform.IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1992,1(1):244-250
[40] Barni M ,Bartolini F,Piva A.Improved wavelet based watermarking through pixel wise masking. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2001,10(5):783-791
[41] 钟桦,张小华,焦李成编著.数字水印与图像认证——算法及研究[M].西安电子科技大学出版社.2006,23-69
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