三种蚤对宿主动物的气味选择性及其光学组织结构的研究
|
摘要
蚤类是多种人兽共患病的传播媒介,能够传播鼠疫杆菌、立克次体、汉赛巴尔通体等病原体,引起鼠疫、猫抓病、猫立克次体病、绦虫病等疾病,同时还通过叮刺吸血给人和动物带来严重骚扰。成蚤寻找到宿主并成功吸血是其摄取营养的唯一途径,这对其存活、交配、生殖乃至寿命等都具有决定性的意义。探讨蚤类对宿主动物的特异性选择和蚤吸血后的组织变化,为今后进一步了解“蚤类-宿主动物/人-相关传染病”的关系提供理论依据。
本文通过引用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定昆虫对气味选择的研究方法,经过比较研究,建立了蚤类对宿主动物气味选择的测定方法；并应用本方法研究了猫栉首蚤、印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤对不同宿主动物的气味选择性；同时,本文还通过常规的组织切片技术和HE染色方法,观察不同蚤在吸血前后的光学组织变化,获得如下研究结果：
1.通过方法的建立,获得了测定的适宜条件,明确了测定指标,分析了不同蚤种的气味选择特征,提出了测定过程中应该注意的事项。
2.应用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定方法,研究了不同宿主型猫栉首蚤的宿主选择性,结果表明：①猫是猫栉首蚤的主要宿主,自然情况下,猫栉首蚤对狗的选择性强于对大白鼠和小白鼠的选择；②经过大白鼠和小白鼠饲养驯化后,均表现出蚤对大白鼠和小白鼠的适应。
3.应用本方法,研究了印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤的实验室种群对不同宿主动物的气味选择性,印鼠客蚤对大白鼠和小白鼠的气味选择强于猫和狗；缓慢细蚤对这四种宿主动物气味的选择顺序为：大白鼠、小白鼠、猫、狗,表明褐家鼠是其主要宿主,其次是小家鼠。
4.通过常规的组织切片技术和HE染色方法,①能够清楚识别猫栉首蚤、印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤的光学组织结构,区分其器官和组织；②通过对吸血前后蚤的切片的观察,了解了蚤吸血后脂肪体、生殖系统及其消化道的变化；③新羽化的未吸血的缓慢细蚤的中肠上皮细胞与猫栉首蚤和印鼠客蚤相比最小,而猫栉首蚤与印鼠客蚤的相当；吸小白鼠血后,猫栉首蚤的上皮细胞层显著厚于印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤的中肠上皮细胞,后两种蚤间无显著差异；④三种蚤在吸血后,中肠直径：前胃直径的比值约为饥饿时的1.5-2倍；⑤缓慢细蚤饱血后,除肠腔相应增大外,24h时雌蚤卵巢小管内开始出现卵黄颗粒沉淀,脂肪体深染紫色,雄蚤的精子束变得平而直；48h时雌蚤的卵母细胞核破裂,且中肠上皮细胞的细胞核明显整齐排列于近中肠肠腔端。
As important vectors of zoonoses, fleas can transmit plague bacillus, Rickettsia, Bartonella, tapeworm and other pathogens. They are not only caused many diseases, such as plague, cat-scratch disease, rickettsioses and taeniasis, but also lead severe harassment to human and animals by stinging and blood sucking. Because of the only way to get nutrition and water, adult fleas have to catch the hosts and hematophagia successfully. These are critical for their survival, mating, reproduction and even the life span. In this research, behaviors of host odor selection in Ctenocephalides felis felis, Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis and their optical histology to provide evidence for the relationship study of "flea-host/human-diseases".
Based on the Y-tube olfactometer, which used to research the odor selection of insects, a method for flea behavior of host odor selecting was established. Using this method, the host selection of Ctenocephalides felis felis, Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis were carried out in the white rat, white mouse, cat and dog. At the same time, fleas'histological changes before and after blood meal were studied by conventional histological techniques and HE staining. The followings are some of the results:
1. Through the method establishing, it had obtained the optimum test conditions, made the indexes clearing, analyzed the host odor selection characteristics of different fleas to the tested host, and proposed some related notes.
2. By this flea Y-tube olfactometer method, we studied host odor selection behavior in three host specificity strains of Ctenocephalides felis felis. The results showed that:①The main host of C. felis felis was cat. Naturally, the selection of this flea to dog is stronger than that of rats and mice.②After raised by rats and mice, Ctenocephalides felis felis adapted to them.
3. Using this method, we also studied odor selection of X. cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis (both are lab strains) to different host animals. The results are as follows:The odor selection of X. cheopis to rats and mice are stronger than that to cats and dogs. The order about odor selection of L. segnis to the four animals is rat, mouse, cat, dog. It shows that dominating host of L. segnis is Rattus norvegicus, followed by Mus musculus.
4. By the conventional histological techniques and HE staining, we could get the results:①Using the fleas slices, the optical histology of C felis felis, X. cheopis and L segnis could be read to distinguish their organs and tissues.②Some changes could be found in fat body, reproductive system and digestive system by observing the slices of fleas.③The midgut epithelial cells of the new eclosion adult of L. segnis were smaller than that of C. felis felis and X. cheopis, and there was no significant difference between that of C felis felis and X. cheopis. After feeding, the midgut epithelial cells of C. felis felis were thicker than that of X. cheopis and L. segnis, and there is no significant difference between X. cheopis and L. segnis.④Compared with that of starvation, the diameter ratio of midgut and proventriculus of fleas was 1.5-2 times approximately after feeding.⑤After 24h blood feeding, the lumen of female L. segnis became increased, and the yolk granules of ovarioles began to precipitated, and the fat body stained purple. At the same time, the sperm bundles became flat and straight in male ones, but their fat body had no changes. After 48h feeding, the oocytes of female fleas became ruptured. And the nucleus of the midgut epithelial cells had arranged obviously near the intestinal lumen.
本文通过引用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定昆虫对气味选择的研究方法,经过比较研究,建立了蚤类对宿主动物气味选择的测定方法；并应用本方法研究了猫栉首蚤、印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤对不同宿主动物的气味选择性；同时,本文还通过常规的组织切片技术和HE染色方法,观察不同蚤在吸血前后的光学组织变化,获得如下研究结果：
1.通过方法的建立,获得了测定的适宜条件,明确了测定指标,分析了不同蚤种的气味选择特征,提出了测定过程中应该注意的事项。
2.应用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定方法,研究了不同宿主型猫栉首蚤的宿主选择性,结果表明：①猫是猫栉首蚤的主要宿主,自然情况下,猫栉首蚤对狗的选择性强于对大白鼠和小白鼠的选择；②经过大白鼠和小白鼠饲养驯化后,均表现出蚤对大白鼠和小白鼠的适应。
3.应用本方法,研究了印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤的实验室种群对不同宿主动物的气味选择性,印鼠客蚤对大白鼠和小白鼠的气味选择强于猫和狗；缓慢细蚤对这四种宿主动物气味的选择顺序为：大白鼠、小白鼠、猫、狗,表明褐家鼠是其主要宿主,其次是小家鼠。
4.通过常规的组织切片技术和HE染色方法,①能够清楚识别猫栉首蚤、印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤的光学组织结构,区分其器官和组织；②通过对吸血前后蚤的切片的观察,了解了蚤吸血后脂肪体、生殖系统及其消化道的变化；③新羽化的未吸血的缓慢细蚤的中肠上皮细胞与猫栉首蚤和印鼠客蚤相比最小,而猫栉首蚤与印鼠客蚤的相当；吸小白鼠血后,猫栉首蚤的上皮细胞层显著厚于印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤的中肠上皮细胞,后两种蚤间无显著差异；④三种蚤在吸血后,中肠直径：前胃直径的比值约为饥饿时的1.5-2倍；⑤缓慢细蚤饱血后,除肠腔相应增大外,24h时雌蚤卵巢小管内开始出现卵黄颗粒沉淀,脂肪体深染紫色,雄蚤的精子束变得平而直；48h时雌蚤的卵母细胞核破裂,且中肠上皮细胞的细胞核明显整齐排列于近中肠肠腔端。
As important vectors of zoonoses, fleas can transmit plague bacillus, Rickettsia, Bartonella, tapeworm and other pathogens. They are not only caused many diseases, such as plague, cat-scratch disease, rickettsioses and taeniasis, but also lead severe harassment to human and animals by stinging and blood sucking. Because of the only way to get nutrition and water, adult fleas have to catch the hosts and hematophagia successfully. These are critical for their survival, mating, reproduction and even the life span. In this research, behaviors of host odor selection in Ctenocephalides felis felis, Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis and their optical histology to provide evidence for the relationship study of "flea-host/human-diseases".
Based on the Y-tube olfactometer, which used to research the odor selection of insects, a method for flea behavior of host odor selecting was established. Using this method, the host selection of Ctenocephalides felis felis, Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis were carried out in the white rat, white mouse, cat and dog. At the same time, fleas'histological changes before and after blood meal were studied by conventional histological techniques and HE staining. The followings are some of the results:
1. Through the method establishing, it had obtained the optimum test conditions, made the indexes clearing, analyzed the host odor selection characteristics of different fleas to the tested host, and proposed some related notes.
2. By this flea Y-tube olfactometer method, we studied host odor selection behavior in three host specificity strains of Ctenocephalides felis felis. The results showed that:①The main host of C. felis felis was cat. Naturally, the selection of this flea to dog is stronger than that of rats and mice.②After raised by rats and mice, Ctenocephalides felis felis adapted to them.
3. Using this method, we also studied odor selection of X. cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis (both are lab strains) to different host animals. The results are as follows:The odor selection of X. cheopis to rats and mice are stronger than that to cats and dogs. The order about odor selection of L. segnis to the four animals is rat, mouse, cat, dog. It shows that dominating host of L. segnis is Rattus norvegicus, followed by Mus musculus.
4. By the conventional histological techniques and HE staining, we could get the results:①Using the fleas slices, the optical histology of C felis felis, X. cheopis and L segnis could be read to distinguish their organs and tissues.②Some changes could be found in fat body, reproductive system and digestive system by observing the slices of fleas.③The midgut epithelial cells of the new eclosion adult of L. segnis were smaller than that of C. felis felis and X. cheopis, and there was no significant difference between that of C felis felis and X. cheopis. After feeding, the midgut epithelial cells of C. felis felis were thicker than that of X. cheopis and L. segnis, and there is no significant difference between X. cheopis and L. segnis.④Compared with that of starvation, the diameter ratio of midgut and proventriculus of fleas was 1.5-2 times approximately after feeding.⑤After 24h blood feeding, the lumen of female L. segnis became increased, and the yolk granules of ovarioles began to precipitated, and the fat body stained purple. At the same time, the sperm bundles became flat and straight in male ones, but their fat body had no changes. After 48h feeding, the oocytes of female fleas became ruptured. And the nucleus of the midgut epithelial cells had arranged obviously near the intestinal lumen.
引文
[1]吴厚永,主编.中国动物志昆虫纲蚤目[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[2]Michael W. Dryden.Host Association,On-host Longevity and Egg Production of Ctenocephalides felis felis[J].Veterinary Parasitology,1989;34:117-122.
[3]李芬,孟凤霞,林杰.猫栉首蚤不同性别和不同虫态的过冷却点测定[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志.2010,21(6)：531-533.
[4]PJ Kelly.A review of bacterial pathogens in Ctenocephalides felis in New Zealand[J]. New Zealand Veterinary Journal,2004;52(6):352-357.
[5]Maruyama S,Nogami S,Inoue I,et al.Isolation of Bartonella henselae from domestic cats in Japan[J].J Vet Med Sci,1996,58:81-83.
[6]Koehler J E,Glaser CA,et al.Rochalimaea henselae infection.A new zoonosis with the domestic cat as reservoir[J]. JAMA,1994,271:531-535
[7]Ali Kamrani, Valeria R. Parreira, Janice Greenwood, John F. Prescott. The prevalence of Bartonella, hemoplasma, and Rickettsia felis infections in domestic cats and in cat fleas in Ontario [J]. The Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research,2008;72:411-419.
[8]S.E.Shaw, M.J.Kenny, S.Tasker, R.J.Birtles.Pathogen carriage by the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) in the United Kingdom[J]. Veterinary Microbiology 2004,102:183-188.
[9]栗冬梅,孟凤霞,秦增军,等.山东省家猫检出汉赛巴尔通体[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2005,16：452.
[10]Chang CC, Lee CC, Maruyama S, et al. Cat-scratch disease in veterinary-associated populations and in its cat reservoir in Taiwan[J].Vet Res,2006,37:565-577.
[11]杨小冉,刘起勇,崔步云.河南山东部分地区家猫汉赛巴尔体感染情况调查[J].疾病监测,2007,22：544-546.
[12]傅桂明,孙继民,刘起勇,等。浙江省家猫汉赛巴尔通体感染的流行病学调查[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2008,19：138-139.
[13]麦海,欧汉标,张曼青,等.猫栉首蚤指名亚种一些生物学特性的实验观察[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2006,17(3)：218-220.
[14]刘洪光.云南省保山市黄胸鼠寄生蚤的组成及时间分布[J].河南预防医学杂志,2010,21(1)：42-43.
[15]方美玉,林立辉,刘建伟,主编.虫媒传染病[M].军事医学科学出版社,2005：85-96.
[16]漆一鸣,吴厚永,20051蚤.见：吴观陵主编.人体寄生虫学(第三版)[M].北京：人民卫生出版社.
[17]纪树立,贺建国,孙玺,等.鼠疫[M].北京：人民卫生出版社.
[18]丁红建,郭予元,吴才宏.用于昆虫嗅觉行为研究的四壁嗅觉仪的设计、制作和应用[J].昆虫知识,1996,33(4)：241-243.
[19]肖春,胡纯华,杜家纬,等.棉铃虫对萎靡枫杨气味的行为反应[J].昆虫知识,2011,38(4)：278-281.
[20]Raina A.K.,Kingan T.G.,Mattoo A.K. Chemical signals from host plant and sexual behavior in a moth[J]. Science,1992,255:592-594.
[21]张时妙,莫建初,潘程远,等.几种人体气味物质对淡色库蚊雌成虫的引诱和驱避作用[J].昆虫知识,2004,41(6)：545-547.
[22]丁思悦,黄求应,雷朝亮.淡色库蚊对四种化学物质的嗅觉反应[J].昆虫知识,2007,44(3)：389-392.
[23]Gouagna L.C.,Poueme R.S.,Dabire K.R.,et al. Patterns of sugar feeding and host plant preferences in adult males of An. Gambiae (Diptera:Culicidae) [J]. Journal of Vector Ecology,2010,35(2):267-276.
[24]蒋金炜,黄翠虹,薛堃等.秋家蝇对两种卫矛植物的趋性[J].昆虫知识,2008,51(2)：1309-1312.
[25]张建旭,王祖望,张知彬.非繁殖期大仓鼠对同种气味的反应和个体间的行为关系[J].动物学研究,1999,20(30)：201-206.
[26]余静,李春晓,董言德,等.淡色库蚊对一些化合物的触角电生理及行为反应[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报：2008,15(3)：154-157.
[27]Xiong Chen, Zhaoyuan Hou, et al. Olfactory responses of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera to sex pheromone and plant volatile components[J]. Entomologia Sinica,1997,4(2):159-172.
[28]Zhaoyuan Hou, Fushun Yan, Xiong Chen. Olfactory responses of Lysiphlebia Japonica to volatile chemicals and fresh leaves of the host plants of cotton aphids in olfactometer[J]. Entomologia Sinica,1996,3(1):49-57.
[29]Rotheschild M. Interactions between fleas and their hosts[J], Abst.14th int. Congr.Ent. Canberra 1972,8(34):22-30.
[30]Reinhardt C. Ultrastuctural comparison of the midgut epithelia of fleas of different feeding behavour patterns[J]. Acta trop.1976,33:105-132.
[31]漆一鸣.三种蚤前胃的发育和细微结构[J].贵阳医学院学报,1989,14(3)：161-166.
[32]Munshi D M. Micro-anatomy of the proventriculus of the common rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothechild) [J].J Parasitol 1960;4(3):361-371.
[33]金萍.蚤消化系统的研究：14种蚤前胃的结构[J].昆虫学报,1994,37(1)：51-58.
[34]Rothschild M. Serial section cutting of fleas.Flea News.1975b,6.
[35]Rothschild M. Notes on fleas (Part Ⅱ):the internal organs:can they throw any light on relationships within the order[J].Proc Brit Ent na.Hist Soc. 1976,9:97-110.
[36]Rothschild M. Schlein,Y.&Ito,S. A colour arlas of insect tissues via the flea. Wolfe Publishing Ltd.London.1986.
[37]谭六谦.昆虫组织切片技术[J].昆虫知识,1986,5：226-227.
[38]范东晖,呼满霞.蚤类标本制作方法的改进[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志,2004,27(1)：46-47.
[39]漆一鸣.蚤的组织学制片技术[J].贵阳医学院学报,1985,10(1)：67-69.
[40]寻慧,漆一鸣.不等单蚤和缓慢细蚤吸血前后脂肪和非特异性酯酶的组织化学研究[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(6)：829-832.
[41]寻慧,漆一鸣.两种鼠蚤在新羽化和吸血后不同时间三种酶的组织化学研究.昆虫学报：2004,47(4)：444-448.
[42]寻慧,漆一鸣.两种鼠蚤成熟过程中组织化学研究Ⅰ糖原和PAS物质.贵阳医学院报,2002,2：1-3.
[43]张迎春,漆一鸣.苯醚威作用于印鼠客蚤的组织学研究.昆虫学报,2008,51(5)：504-508.
[44]孟凤霞,刘起勇.杀蚤剂的使用历史及蚤的综合防治[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2004,15(5)：341-343.
[45]孟凤霞,刘起勇,任东升.病媒蚤类的防制现状及国内外研究进展[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2006,12(2)：105-107.
[46]Jin J, Ding Z, Meng F,elt.An immunotherapeutic treatment against flea allergy dermatitis in cats by co-immunization of DNA and protein vaccines[J].Vaccine,2010,28(8):1997-2004.
[47]孟凤霞,冯延龙,陈建强,等.印鼠客蚤实验室种群的性比和羽化[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2006,17(1)：15-16.
[48]孟凤霞,刘小闪,任东升,等.蚤类对杀虫剂敏感性测定方法的研究与应用[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2007,18(5)：357-359.
[49]孟凤霞,刘起勇,冯延龙,等.印鼠客蚤实验室种群的羽化规律研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2008,15(2)：82-84.
[50]漆一鸣.三种蚤生殖系统发育的细微结构：雌性生殖腺的发育[J].昆虫学报,1984,27(2)：152-159.
[51]漆一鸣.三种蚤生殖系统的细微结构：雄性生殖腺的发育[J].昆虫学报,1984,27(1)：57-63.
[52]吴丹丹,孟凤霞,孙凡.猫栉首蚤产卵与血便量的关系研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2010,17(1)：34-37.
[1]G. W. Elzen, H.J.Williams, and S. B. Vinson. Role of diet in host selection of Heliothis virescens by parasitoid campoletis sonorensis[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1984,10(11):1535-1541.
[2]余静,李春晓,董言德,等.淡色库蚊对一些化合物的触角电生理及行为反应[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报：2008,15(3)：154-157.
[3]丁思悦,黄求应,雷朝亮.淡色库蚊对四种化学物质的嗅觉反应[J].昆虫知识,2007,44(3)：389-392.
[4]尉吉乾,莫建初,王小娇,等.家蝇成虫对不同食物气味的反应[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2008,19(1)：12-13.,
[5]施伟.刘辉.叶辉.桔小实蝇对五种芒果气味挥发性物质的行为反应[J].昆虫知识,2010,47(2)：318-321.
[6]蒋金炜,黄翠虹,薛堃等.秋家蝇对两种卫矛植物的趋性[J].昆虫知识,2008,51(2)：1309-1312.
[7]王晓燕,竹傲,游红等.不同食物对德国小蠊的引诱作用[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2010,21(2)：112-114.
[8]张启贵,闫秀兰,李巍等.测定物质对蟑螂引诱力的试验方法研究[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2006,12(2)：113-115.
[9]孟凤霞,刘起勇.杀蚤剂的使用历史及蚤的综合防治[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2004,15(5)：341-343.
[10]孟凤霞,刘起勇,任东升.病媒蚤类的防制现状及国内外研究进展[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2006,12(2)：105-107.
[11]Jin J, Ding Z, Meng F,elt.An immunotherapeutic treatment against flea allergy dermatitis in cats by co-immunization of DNA and protein vaccines[J].Vaccine,2010,28(8):1997-2004.
[12]孟凤霞,冯延龙,陈建强,等.印鼠客蚤实验室种群的性比和羽化[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2006,17(1)：15-16.
[13]孟凤霞,刘小闪,任东升,等.蚤类对杀虫剂敏感性测定方法的研究与应用[J].中 国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2007,18(5)：357-359.
[14]孟凤霞,刘起勇,冯延龙,等.印鼠客蚤实验室种群的羽化规律研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2008,15(2)：82-84.
[15]吴丹丹,孟凤霞,孙凡.猫栉首蚤产卵与血便量的关系研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2010,17(1)：34-37.
[16]李芬,孟凤霞,林杰.猫栉首蚤不同性别和不同虫态的过冷却点测定[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志.2010,21(6)：531-533.
[17]丁红建,郭予元,吴才宏.用于昆虫嗅觉行为研究的四壁嗅觉仪的设计、制作和应用[J].昆虫知识,1996,33(4)：241-243.
[18]严善春,程红,杨慧,等.青杨脊虎天牛对植物源挥发物的EAG和行为反应[J].昆虫学报,2006,49(5)：759-767.
[19]E.R.Mitchell, F.C.Tingle, and R.R.Heath. Flight activity of Heliothis virescens(F.) females (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) with reference to host-plant volatiles[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1991,17(2):259-266.
[20]张红兵,李小鹰,戴华国,等.台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁对三种饵剂的嗅觉行为反应[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(3)：298-301.
[21]Louis-Chement Gouagna, Rodrigue S. Poueme, Kounbobr Roch Dabire, elt. Patterns of sugar feeding and host plant preferences in adult males of An. Gambiae [J]. Journal of Vector Ecology,2010,35(2):267-277.
[22]杨桦,杨茂法,杨伟等.竹横锥大象对寄主及虫体挥发物的行为和触角电位反应[J].昆虫学报,2010,53(3)：286-292.
[23]余静,淡色库蚊嗜血习性的嗅觉生理研究.中国人民解放军军事医学科学院博士学位论文,2007.
[24]Dogan EB, Rossignol PA, An olfactometer for discriminating between attraction, inhibition, and repellency in mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae)[J]. J Med Entomol, 1999,36(6):788-793.
[25]彩万志,庞雄飞,花保祯,等.普通昆虫学[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,2007：250-253.
[26]张时妙,莫建初,潘程远,等.几种人体气味物质对淡色库蚊雌成虫的引诱和驱 避作用[J].昆虫知识,2004,41(6)：545-547.
[27]石国祥,汤永康,卢苗贵,等.浙江省历史鼠疫疫区的蚤类种群分布与寄生关系研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2008,.19(3)：213-215.
[1]丁红建,郭予元,吴才宏.用于昆虫嗅觉行为研究的四壁嗅觉仪的设计、制作和应用[J].昆虫知识,1996,33(4)：241-243.
[2]Michael W. Dryden.Host Association,On-host Longevity and Egg Production of Ctenocephalides felis felis[J].Veterinary Parasitology,1989;34:117-122.
[3]PJ Kelly.A review of bacterial pathogens in Ctenocephalides felis in New Zealand[J].New Zealand Veterinary Journal,2004;52(6):352-357.
[4]Maruyama S,Nogami S,Inoue I,et al.Isolation of Bartonella henselae from domestic cats in Japan[J].J Vet Med Sci,1996,58:81-83.
[5]Koehler J E,Glaser CA,et al.Rochalimaea henselae infection. A new zoonosis with the domestic cat as reservoir[J]. JAMA,1994,271:531-535
[6]Ali Kamrani, Valeria R. Parreira, Janice Greenwood, John F. Prescott. The prevalence of Bartonella, hemoplasma, and Rickettsia felis infections in domestic cats and in cat fleas in Ontario [J]. The Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research,2008;72:411-419.
[7]S.E.Shaw, M.J.Kenny, S.Tasker, R.J.Birtles.Pathogen carriage by the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) in the United Kingdom[J]. Veterinary Microbiology 2004;102:183-188.
[8]吴厚永,主编.中国动物志昆虫纲蚤目[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[9]方美玉,林立辉,刘建伟,主编.虫媒传染病[M].军事医学科学出版社,2005：85-96.
[10]刘洪光.云南省保山市黄胸鼠寄生蚤的组成及时间分布[J].河南预防医学杂志,2010,21(1)：42-43.
[11]吴丹丹,孟凤霞,孙凡.猫栉首蚤产卵与血便量的关系研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2010,17(1)：34-37.
[1]吴厚永,主编.中国动物志昆虫纲蚤目[M].北京：科学出版社,2007：196,1069.
[2]方美玉,林立辉,刘建伟,主编.虫媒传染病[M].军事医学科学出版社,2005：85-96.
[3]郑智民,姜志宽,陈安国,主编.啮齿动物学[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2008.
[4]卢苗贵,蒋巧玲,姚强.浙江省鼠疫宿主动物与媒介蚤种群结构动态关系的研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2009,20(3)：230-233.
[5]潘志明,郭荣同,高雨藩,等.广州市鼠类及其体表蚤类的调查[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2006,17(3)：216-217.
[6]ZUO Xiao-hua, GUO Xian-guo, ZHAN Yin-zhu et al.Epidemiological Predicting of the Fleas on Rattus norvegicus [J].Agricultural Science & Technology, 2010,11(4):116-117,143.
[7]石国祥,汤永康,卢苗贵,等.浙江省历史鼠疫疫区的蚤类种群分布与寄生关系研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2008,.19(3)：213-215.
[8]刘振才,程治国,张雁冰,等.我国鼠疫自然疫源地染疫动物种类及其分布[J].现代预防医院,2002,29(6)：768-770.
[1]漆一鸣.蚤的组织学制片技术[J].贵阳医学院学报,1985,10(1)：67-69.
[2]谭六谦.昆虫组织切片技术[J].昆虫知识,1986,5：226-227.
[3]吴厚永,主编.中国动物志昆虫纲蚤目[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[4]谭璟宪,张京生.吸血对印鼠客蚤生殖腺发育的影响[J].军事医学科学院院刊,1986,10(2)：113-118.
[5]吴丹丹,孟凤霞,孙凡.猫栉首蚤产卵与血便量的关系研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2010,17(1)：34-37.
[6]栗冬梅,孟凤霞,秦增军,等.山东省家猫检出汉赛巴尔通体[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2005,16：452.
[7]Hawley J.R., Shaw S.E., Lappin M.R. Prevalence of Rickettsia felis DNA in the blood of cats and their fleas in the United States[J]. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery,2007,9:258-262.
[8]梁云,何晋侯,张洪英,等.印鼠客蚤缓慢细蚤的生物学特性及鼠疫媒介效能[J].中国地方病学杂志,1994,13(6)：380-381.
[9]M. Rothschild, Y. Schlein, S. Ito. A Colour Atlas of Insect Tissues (Via the flea) [M]. Wolfe Publishing Ltd,1986.
[2]Michael W. Dryden.Host Association,On-host Longevity and Egg Production of Ctenocephalides felis felis[J].Veterinary Parasitology,1989;34:117-122.
[3]李芬,孟凤霞,林杰.猫栉首蚤不同性别和不同虫态的过冷却点测定[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志.2010,21(6)：531-533.
[4]PJ Kelly.A review of bacterial pathogens in Ctenocephalides felis in New Zealand[J]. New Zealand Veterinary Journal,2004;52(6):352-357.
[5]Maruyama S,Nogami S,Inoue I,et al.Isolation of Bartonella henselae from domestic cats in Japan[J].J Vet Med Sci,1996,58:81-83.
[6]Koehler J E,Glaser CA,et al.Rochalimaea henselae infection.A new zoonosis with the domestic cat as reservoir[J]. JAMA,1994,271:531-535
[7]Ali Kamrani, Valeria R. Parreira, Janice Greenwood, John F. Prescott. The prevalence of Bartonella, hemoplasma, and Rickettsia felis infections in domestic cats and in cat fleas in Ontario [J]. The Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research,2008;72:411-419.
[8]S.E.Shaw, M.J.Kenny, S.Tasker, R.J.Birtles.Pathogen carriage by the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) in the United Kingdom[J]. Veterinary Microbiology 2004,102:183-188.
[9]栗冬梅,孟凤霞,秦增军,等.山东省家猫检出汉赛巴尔通体[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2005,16：452.
[10]Chang CC, Lee CC, Maruyama S, et al. Cat-scratch disease in veterinary-associated populations and in its cat reservoir in Taiwan[J].Vet Res,2006,37:565-577.
[11]杨小冉,刘起勇,崔步云.河南山东部分地区家猫汉赛巴尔体感染情况调查[J].疾病监测,2007,22：544-546.
[12]傅桂明,孙继民,刘起勇,等。浙江省家猫汉赛巴尔通体感染的流行病学调查[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2008,19：138-139.
[13]麦海,欧汉标,张曼青,等.猫栉首蚤指名亚种一些生物学特性的实验观察[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2006,17(3)：218-220.
[14]刘洪光.云南省保山市黄胸鼠寄生蚤的组成及时间分布[J].河南预防医学杂志,2010,21(1)：42-43.
[15]方美玉,林立辉,刘建伟,主编.虫媒传染病[M].军事医学科学出版社,2005：85-96.
[16]漆一鸣,吴厚永,20051蚤.见：吴观陵主编.人体寄生虫学(第三版)[M].北京：人民卫生出版社.
[17]纪树立,贺建国,孙玺,等.鼠疫[M].北京：人民卫生出版社.
[18]丁红建,郭予元,吴才宏.用于昆虫嗅觉行为研究的四壁嗅觉仪的设计、制作和应用[J].昆虫知识,1996,33(4)：241-243.
[19]肖春,胡纯华,杜家纬,等.棉铃虫对萎靡枫杨气味的行为反应[J].昆虫知识,2011,38(4)：278-281.
[20]Raina A.K.,Kingan T.G.,Mattoo A.K. Chemical signals from host plant and sexual behavior in a moth[J]. Science,1992,255:592-594.
[21]张时妙,莫建初,潘程远,等.几种人体气味物质对淡色库蚊雌成虫的引诱和驱避作用[J].昆虫知识,2004,41(6)：545-547.
[22]丁思悦,黄求应,雷朝亮.淡色库蚊对四种化学物质的嗅觉反应[J].昆虫知识,2007,44(3)：389-392.
[23]Gouagna L.C.,Poueme R.S.,Dabire K.R.,et al. Patterns of sugar feeding and host plant preferences in adult males of An. Gambiae (Diptera:Culicidae) [J]. Journal of Vector Ecology,2010,35(2):267-276.
[24]蒋金炜,黄翠虹,薛堃等.秋家蝇对两种卫矛植物的趋性[J].昆虫知识,2008,51(2)：1309-1312.
[25]张建旭,王祖望,张知彬.非繁殖期大仓鼠对同种气味的反应和个体间的行为关系[J].动物学研究,1999,20(30)：201-206.
[26]余静,李春晓,董言德,等.淡色库蚊对一些化合物的触角电生理及行为反应[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报：2008,15(3)：154-157.
[27]Xiong Chen, Zhaoyuan Hou, et al. Olfactory responses of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera to sex pheromone and plant volatile components[J]. Entomologia Sinica,1997,4(2):159-172.
[28]Zhaoyuan Hou, Fushun Yan, Xiong Chen. Olfactory responses of Lysiphlebia Japonica to volatile chemicals and fresh leaves of the host plants of cotton aphids in olfactometer[J]. Entomologia Sinica,1996,3(1):49-57.
[29]Rotheschild M. Interactions between fleas and their hosts[J], Abst.14th int. Congr.Ent. Canberra 1972,8(34):22-30.
[30]Reinhardt C. Ultrastuctural comparison of the midgut epithelia of fleas of different feeding behavour patterns[J]. Acta trop.1976,33:105-132.
[31]漆一鸣.三种蚤前胃的发育和细微结构[J].贵阳医学院学报,1989,14(3)：161-166.
[32]Munshi D M. Micro-anatomy of the proventriculus of the common rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothechild) [J].J Parasitol 1960;4(3):361-371.
[33]金萍.蚤消化系统的研究：14种蚤前胃的结构[J].昆虫学报,1994,37(1)：51-58.
[34]Rothschild M. Serial section cutting of fleas.Flea News.1975b,6.
[35]Rothschild M. Notes on fleas (Part Ⅱ):the internal organs:can they throw any light on relationships within the order[J].Proc Brit Ent na.Hist Soc. 1976,9:97-110.
[36]Rothschild M. Schlein,Y.&Ito,S. A colour arlas of insect tissues via the flea. Wolfe Publishing Ltd.London.1986.
[37]谭六谦.昆虫组织切片技术[J].昆虫知识,1986,5：226-227.
[38]范东晖,呼满霞.蚤类标本制作方法的改进[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志,2004,27(1)：46-47.
[39]漆一鸣.蚤的组织学制片技术[J].贵阳医学院学报,1985,10(1)：67-69.
[40]寻慧,漆一鸣.不等单蚤和缓慢细蚤吸血前后脂肪和非特异性酯酶的组织化学研究[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(6)：829-832.
[41]寻慧,漆一鸣.两种鼠蚤在新羽化和吸血后不同时间三种酶的组织化学研究.昆虫学报：2004,47(4)：444-448.
[42]寻慧,漆一鸣.两种鼠蚤成熟过程中组织化学研究Ⅰ糖原和PAS物质.贵阳医学院报,2002,2：1-3.
[43]张迎春,漆一鸣.苯醚威作用于印鼠客蚤的组织学研究.昆虫学报,2008,51(5)：504-508.
[44]孟凤霞,刘起勇.杀蚤剂的使用历史及蚤的综合防治[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2004,15(5)：341-343.
[45]孟凤霞,刘起勇,任东升.病媒蚤类的防制现状及国内外研究进展[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2006,12(2)：105-107.
[46]Jin J, Ding Z, Meng F,elt.An immunotherapeutic treatment against flea allergy dermatitis in cats by co-immunization of DNA and protein vaccines[J].Vaccine,2010,28(8):1997-2004.
[47]孟凤霞,冯延龙,陈建强,等.印鼠客蚤实验室种群的性比和羽化[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2006,17(1)：15-16.
[48]孟凤霞,刘小闪,任东升,等.蚤类对杀虫剂敏感性测定方法的研究与应用[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2007,18(5)：357-359.
[49]孟凤霞,刘起勇,冯延龙,等.印鼠客蚤实验室种群的羽化规律研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2008,15(2)：82-84.
[50]漆一鸣.三种蚤生殖系统发育的细微结构：雌性生殖腺的发育[J].昆虫学报,1984,27(2)：152-159.
[51]漆一鸣.三种蚤生殖系统的细微结构：雄性生殖腺的发育[J].昆虫学报,1984,27(1)：57-63.
[52]吴丹丹,孟凤霞,孙凡.猫栉首蚤产卵与血便量的关系研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2010,17(1)：34-37.
[1]G. W. Elzen, H.J.Williams, and S. B. Vinson. Role of diet in host selection of Heliothis virescens by parasitoid campoletis sonorensis[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1984,10(11):1535-1541.
[2]余静,李春晓,董言德,等.淡色库蚊对一些化合物的触角电生理及行为反应[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报：2008,15(3)：154-157.
[3]丁思悦,黄求应,雷朝亮.淡色库蚊对四种化学物质的嗅觉反应[J].昆虫知识,2007,44(3)：389-392.
[4]尉吉乾,莫建初,王小娇,等.家蝇成虫对不同食物气味的反应[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2008,19(1)：12-13.,
[5]施伟.刘辉.叶辉.桔小实蝇对五种芒果气味挥发性物质的行为反应[J].昆虫知识,2010,47(2)：318-321.
[6]蒋金炜,黄翠虹,薛堃等.秋家蝇对两种卫矛植物的趋性[J].昆虫知识,2008,51(2)：1309-1312.
[7]王晓燕,竹傲,游红等.不同食物对德国小蠊的引诱作用[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2010,21(2)：112-114.
[8]张启贵,闫秀兰,李巍等.测定物质对蟑螂引诱力的试验方法研究[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2006,12(2)：113-115.
[9]孟凤霞,刘起勇.杀蚤剂的使用历史及蚤的综合防治[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2004,15(5)：341-343.
[10]孟凤霞,刘起勇,任东升.病媒蚤类的防制现状及国内外研究进展[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2006,12(2)：105-107.
[11]Jin J, Ding Z, Meng F,elt.An immunotherapeutic treatment against flea allergy dermatitis in cats by co-immunization of DNA and protein vaccines[J].Vaccine,2010,28(8):1997-2004.
[12]孟凤霞,冯延龙,陈建强,等.印鼠客蚤实验室种群的性比和羽化[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2006,17(1)：15-16.
[13]孟凤霞,刘小闪,任东升,等.蚤类对杀虫剂敏感性测定方法的研究与应用[J].中 国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2007,18(5)：357-359.
[14]孟凤霞,刘起勇,冯延龙,等.印鼠客蚤实验室种群的羽化规律研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2008,15(2)：82-84.
[15]吴丹丹,孟凤霞,孙凡.猫栉首蚤产卵与血便量的关系研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2010,17(1)：34-37.
[16]李芬,孟凤霞,林杰.猫栉首蚤不同性别和不同虫态的过冷却点测定[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志.2010,21(6)：531-533.
[17]丁红建,郭予元,吴才宏.用于昆虫嗅觉行为研究的四壁嗅觉仪的设计、制作和应用[J].昆虫知识,1996,33(4)：241-243.
[18]严善春,程红,杨慧,等.青杨脊虎天牛对植物源挥发物的EAG和行为反应[J].昆虫学报,2006,49(5)：759-767.
[19]E.R.Mitchell, F.C.Tingle, and R.R.Heath. Flight activity of Heliothis virescens(F.) females (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) with reference to host-plant volatiles[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1991,17(2):259-266.
[20]张红兵,李小鹰,戴华国,等.台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁对三种饵剂的嗅觉行为反应[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(3)：298-301.
[21]Louis-Chement Gouagna, Rodrigue S. Poueme, Kounbobr Roch Dabire, elt. Patterns of sugar feeding and host plant preferences in adult males of An. Gambiae [J]. Journal of Vector Ecology,2010,35(2):267-277.
[22]杨桦,杨茂法,杨伟等.竹横锥大象对寄主及虫体挥发物的行为和触角电位反应[J].昆虫学报,2010,53(3)：286-292.
[23]余静,淡色库蚊嗜血习性的嗅觉生理研究.中国人民解放军军事医学科学院博士学位论文,2007.
[24]Dogan EB, Rossignol PA, An olfactometer for discriminating between attraction, inhibition, and repellency in mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae)[J]. J Med Entomol, 1999,36(6):788-793.
[25]彩万志,庞雄飞,花保祯,等.普通昆虫学[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,2007：250-253.
[26]张时妙,莫建初,潘程远,等.几种人体气味物质对淡色库蚊雌成虫的引诱和驱 避作用[J].昆虫知识,2004,41(6)：545-547.
[27]石国祥,汤永康,卢苗贵,等.浙江省历史鼠疫疫区的蚤类种群分布与寄生关系研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2008,.19(3)：213-215.
[1]丁红建,郭予元,吴才宏.用于昆虫嗅觉行为研究的四壁嗅觉仪的设计、制作和应用[J].昆虫知识,1996,33(4)：241-243.
[2]Michael W. Dryden.Host Association,On-host Longevity and Egg Production of Ctenocephalides felis felis[J].Veterinary Parasitology,1989;34:117-122.
[3]PJ Kelly.A review of bacterial pathogens in Ctenocephalides felis in New Zealand[J].New Zealand Veterinary Journal,2004;52(6):352-357.
[4]Maruyama S,Nogami S,Inoue I,et al.Isolation of Bartonella henselae from domestic cats in Japan[J].J Vet Med Sci,1996,58:81-83.
[5]Koehler J E,Glaser CA,et al.Rochalimaea henselae infection. A new zoonosis with the domestic cat as reservoir[J]. JAMA,1994,271:531-535
[6]Ali Kamrani, Valeria R. Parreira, Janice Greenwood, John F. Prescott. The prevalence of Bartonella, hemoplasma, and Rickettsia felis infections in domestic cats and in cat fleas in Ontario [J]. The Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research,2008;72:411-419.
[7]S.E.Shaw, M.J.Kenny, S.Tasker, R.J.Birtles.Pathogen carriage by the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) in the United Kingdom[J]. Veterinary Microbiology 2004;102:183-188.
[8]吴厚永,主编.中国动物志昆虫纲蚤目[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[9]方美玉,林立辉,刘建伟,主编.虫媒传染病[M].军事医学科学出版社,2005：85-96.
[10]刘洪光.云南省保山市黄胸鼠寄生蚤的组成及时间分布[J].河南预防医学杂志,2010,21(1)：42-43.
[11]吴丹丹,孟凤霞,孙凡.猫栉首蚤产卵与血便量的关系研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2010,17(1)：34-37.
[1]吴厚永,主编.中国动物志昆虫纲蚤目[M].北京：科学出版社,2007：196,1069.
[2]方美玉,林立辉,刘建伟,主编.虫媒传染病[M].军事医学科学出版社,2005：85-96.
[3]郑智民,姜志宽,陈安国,主编.啮齿动物学[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2008.
[4]卢苗贵,蒋巧玲,姚强.浙江省鼠疫宿主动物与媒介蚤种群结构动态关系的研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2009,20(3)：230-233.
[5]潘志明,郭荣同,高雨藩,等.广州市鼠类及其体表蚤类的调查[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2006,17(3)：216-217.
[6]ZUO Xiao-hua, GUO Xian-guo, ZHAN Yin-zhu et al.Epidemiological Predicting of the Fleas on Rattus norvegicus [J].Agricultural Science & Technology, 2010,11(4):116-117,143.
[7]石国祥,汤永康,卢苗贵,等.浙江省历史鼠疫疫区的蚤类种群分布与寄生关系研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2008,.19(3)：213-215.
[8]刘振才,程治国,张雁冰,等.我国鼠疫自然疫源地染疫动物种类及其分布[J].现代预防医院,2002,29(6)：768-770.
[1]漆一鸣.蚤的组织学制片技术[J].贵阳医学院学报,1985,10(1)：67-69.
[2]谭六谦.昆虫组织切片技术[J].昆虫知识,1986,5：226-227.
[3]吴厚永,主编.中国动物志昆虫纲蚤目[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[4]谭璟宪,张京生.吸血对印鼠客蚤生殖腺发育的影响[J].军事医学科学院院刊,1986,10(2)：113-118.
[5]吴丹丹,孟凤霞,孙凡.猫栉首蚤产卵与血便量的关系研究[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2010,17(1)：34-37.
[6]栗冬梅,孟凤霞,秦增军,等.山东省家猫检出汉赛巴尔通体[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2005,16：452.
[7]Hawley J.R., Shaw S.E., Lappin M.R. Prevalence of Rickettsia felis DNA in the blood of cats and their fleas in the United States[J]. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery,2007,9:258-262.
[8]梁云,何晋侯,张洪英,等.印鼠客蚤缓慢细蚤的生物学特性及鼠疫媒介效能[J].中国地方病学杂志,1994,13(6)：380-381.
[9]M. Rothschild, Y. Schlein, S. Ito. A Colour Atlas of Insect Tissues (Via the flea) [M]. Wolfe Publishing Ltd,1986.