生态因素对玉米生长发育影响及气候生态模型与评价系统建立的研究
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摘要
为了探明生态因素与玉米生长发育的关系,本研究在不同的生态类型区域(新疆石河子、伊犁61团、山东泰安),采用不同生态型的品种(YD22,SC704)及分期播种的试验方法,重点研究不同生态区在不同生育阶段光、温、降水等农业气候资源的差异及其对玉米产量形成过程中不同阶段的影响;分析新疆玉米高产的主要原因,进一步提高玉米单产存在的主要限制生态因素;建立了生态因素对玉米生长发育综合影响的数学模拟模型;将GIS技术和气候生态模型有机集成,建立了玉米品种生态适应性计算机信息管理及综合评价系统。其主要研究结果如下:
     1.玉米光温气候生产潜力预测与资源分析评价模型的建立
     1.1玉米光温气候生产潜力预测模型
     利用FAO提供的农业生态区域法,根据试验资料确定了玉米生育期(G)、玉米收获指数(CH)、玉米净干物质产量修正系数(CN)、玉米叶面积修正系数(CL)、地区晴天与阴天标准最大玉米干物质生产率(Yc、Yo)、玉米最大总生物量生产率(Y,kg/hm~2·d)、由温度决定的玉米干物质生产率(Ym)、玉米需水系数(Kc)、玉米产量反应系数(Ky)、天空云覆盖率(F)、实际耗水量(ETai)、潜在需水量(ETmi)计算参数,建立了玉米光温气候生产潜力评价模型:
     建立了试验区各点10年的气象资料库,2年农业资料库,设计了可完成逐年计算玉米光温气候生产潜力生产力和10年平均生产潜力的计算程序。
     1.2玉米生长适应性与气候资源分析评价模型
     采用的“降半梯形公式”和“升半梯形公式”,建立了评判集为V={≥10℃积温(X_1)、≥10℃的温度所持续的天数(X_2)、4~9月降水(X_3)、4~9月相对湿度(X_4)、7月份平均温度(X_5)、4~9月日照时数(X_6)}的积温、平均温度、生育期≥35℃的天数、日照时数、相对湿度、降水6个模糊隶属函数玉米气候适应性及气候资源评价适宜度模型。
     2.玉米器官干物质积累气候生态模型的建立
     2.1玉米叶片干物质积累与积温关系的动态变化模型
     根据石河子各播期,两个品种的资料建立了叶片干物质积累的模拟模型,Y为
    
    二 吕新:生态因素对玉米生长发育影响及气候生态模型与评价系统建立的研究
    单株叶片干物重,z丁为 3 10t的活动积温,a,b,卜为参数。其变化符合 Logistic
    模型:
     Y=al(+b“exp(-k“XT))
     随着播期的推迟,积温的增加,叶片干物重积累加快,4月 10日括期、4月 25
    日播期在> 10C的活动积温 3000℃·d左右,叶片干物质重达最大,而在 5月 25
    日播期在3 10’C的活动积温 2500C·d左右达最大值。Yd22的积累量比 SC704高,
    因此YD22的光合基础较好,为高产创造了条件。
    2.2玉米茎干物质积累与积温关系的动态变化模型
     以石河子各播期,两个品种的资料建立了茎干物质积累的模拟模型:
     y==1八1十V11叭-Vzn)
     Y为:茎干重,二T为二10℃的活动积温,模拟结果显示,随插期的推迟,即平
    均气温的升高,玉米茎干物重的积累增加加快。
    2.3玉米雌穗干物质积累与积温关系的动态变化檬型
     根据石河子玉米各播期的资料进行了雌穗干重门)与>10℃的相对积温(为出
    苗后累积积温与生育期总积温的比值U)的关系模拟,模拟方程形式为:
     Y=al(1+exghc“则
     两品种,YD22雌穗的平均增长量大于SC704品种。
    2.4玉米籽粒增长的模拟摸型
     以玉米生长量(籽粒干物重)W为依变数、开花后天数t开花日为0)为自变数,
    用Richards方程模拟籽粒的增长过程,石河子5个播期玉米的模拟模型为:
     *吐(二十Be-乡lin
     式中A、B、K、N为参数,A为生长终极值,根据模型可导出以下参数,起始
    生长势(RO)、生长速率为最大时的日期(tmax,G)、生长速率最大时的生长量
     (Wmax.G)、相当于生长终值 A的百分率(%)、平均生长速率(口),活跃生长期
     (D),灌浆过程的前、中、后期时间(ti、tZ、t3),并根据参数分析判断玉米籽粒
    干物质积累的变化特征。
    3.玉米潜在产量气候生态模型的建立
     以石河子三个播期(4月10日播期、4月25日播期、5月25日插期)的玉米单株
    总干物重资料,建立了包含生态因素的干物质模拟模型:
     y个m=1/(l+c一”)即:+=11(1+c什‘勺
     W二u/ym和u二二T;/二TM,其中二h表示品种全生育期所需要的积温,u作为相
    对热单位(相对积温),W(y/ym)为作物的相对增长量,
     根据石河子玉米的各播期的试验资料,采用Richards模型,进行模拟以便更好
    地说明,不同生态条件下的干物质积累情况,模型表达式为:
     y=ho(1一hi)‘bZ”T)‘八l·b3)
     式中 ho、hi、bZ、b3为参数,ho为生长终极值,Y为单株干物重,Z T为 Z
    10C的活动积温。ho为干物质积累的极限值,即为其潜在产量,YD22在各括期ho
    
     山东农业大学博士学位论文3
     值均大于 SC704;SC704品种以二月 10日播期、4月 25日括期 ho值高,YD 22以 5
     月25日括期ho值高,其潜在产量高.
     实践表明,以积温作?
In order to elucidate the relationship between growth of maize and ecological factors, this study analyze the yield of maize in different areas (SHihezi.Yili in Xinjiang,Taian in Shandong),adapting two varieties and different seedtime methods.
    This study researched the effects of light, temperature and water for growth of maize in different stages. Analyzed the reasons of high yield of maize in Xinjiang and the methods of promoting the output of maize, established the compositive model between growth of maize and ecological factor, discussing the limited climate factor. Using the GIS technique, established a adaptability judgment of maize variety system and MIS. The principal results are as follows:
    1. The model of light and temperature potential yield and evaluates the climate resource for maize
    1.1 The model of light and temperature potential yield
    Using agro-ecological zones (AEZ) approach and based on the trial data, set up some parameter, such as: Length of growing period(G), harvest index(CH), net dry yield revising coefficient (CN), LAI revising coefficient (CL), standard maximal dry mater productivity revising coefficient in clearness and cloudy condition(Yc ,Yo ),maximum rate of photosynthesis (Y), dry mater productivity of maize (Ym ),water requirements of the crop coefficient(Kc), yield response coefficient(Ky),rate of cloudy(F), actual potential evapotranspiration(Eta).potential evapotranspiration (Etm),the model as follows: Ymp=YxCLxCNxCHxGx K ( 1 -ET,S / ET.j) xlOOV. Y=F (0.8+0.01Ym) xYO+ ( 1-F) (0.5+0.025Ym) xYc (Ym>20kg/hm2-d) Y=F(0.5+0.025Ym)xYO+(l-F) (0.05 Ym) xYc (Ym<20 kg / hm2 d)
    1.2 The model of adaptability of maize growth and climate resource analysis.
    select the variables as : v={above 10 accumulated temperature(X|), Days of above (Xp, precipitation from Apr to Sep(X3),Relative humidity from Apr to Sep
    
    
    (X4), Average temperature of Jul (Xs), Hour of sunlight (X6) }, setup fuzzy model, appraised the climate resource.
    2. The climate-ecological model of accumulate rate of dry weight for maize apparatus
    2.1 The climate-ecological model of accumulate rate of leaf dry weight for maize
    Base on seedtime date in Shihezi,set up the Logistic model between leaf dry weight and above 10癈 accumulated temperature, as follows: Y = a/(l+b*exp(-k*ET))
    A.b.k are parameter, Y.T is above 10癈 accumulated temperature is leaf dry weight. With Seedtime delay, accumulated temperature is up, accumulated rate of leaf dry weigh increasing . maximum weight of leaf when above 10癈 accumulated temperature is 3000 癈 ?d in 10th of Apr and 25th of Apr, the 25th of May is 2500'C.d. Accumulated rate of leaf dry weigh, YD 22 is high than SC704.
    2.2 The climate-ecological model of accumulated rate of stem dry weight for maize Based on seedtime date in Shihezi,set up the Logistic model between stem dry weight and above 10癈 accumulated temperature, as follows:
    y = a/(l + b*exp(-k* E T))
    A,b,k is parameter ,Y: dry weight of stem, ET: above 10癈 accumulated temperature,
    the result show : The dry weight of stem increase when accumulated temperature is up .
    2.3 The climate-ecological model of accumulated rate of male spike dry weight for maize Based on seedtime date in Shihezi,set up the model between stem dry weight and above 10癈 accumulated temperature, as follows:
    Y = a/(l+exp(b+c*U))
    a, b, c are parameter, Y is male spike dry weight is relative accumulated temperature.
    The result show : YD22 is high in Accumulate rate of male spike dry weigh .
    2.4 The model of accumulating rate of grain dry weight for maize
    Based on seedtime date in Shihezi,set up the Richards model between stem dry weight and time , as follows: \V=A(l+Be'ky1/N
    a, b, k, n are parameter, A also is maximal dry mater of grain , w is dry weight of grain, t is Days after seedling. It can educe some parameter as follows , Tendency of growth (R ),date of maximal rate dry mater of grain(tmax.G), dry of weight at maximal rate of growth (Wmax.G) , proportion of A (%
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