基于数字人体的程式化模型和曲面模型构建及外辐射剂量研究
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摘要
电离辐射是地球和宇宙空间自然环境的固有特征之一,与人类健康关系密切。衡量辐射危害及其严重程度的重要指标是辐射剂量。为了更有效地保护人类自身和所处环境,需要在生产、医疗、科研等电离辐射应用中,有针对性地评估受照对象的具体剂量,以掌握可能存在的辐射效应及其潜在危害,并通过客观指标指导辐射防护计划制定和屏蔽设备设计。在运用蒙特卡罗方法进行电离辐射剂量计算时,人体可计算模型至关重要。但现有各类人体模型中,基于中国人体解剖学特征的可计算模型尚未完善,不能完全满足各种实际应用需求,迫切需要进行各类可计算模型建模和辐射剂量计算,以实现人体辐射剂量的评估和防护研究。
本文根据中国数字人体男性和女性体素模型,构建了准确的男性和女性程式化模型,其中,女性体素模型根据中国数字人女一号人体彩色截面图像建立。为进一步完善中国数字人体可计算辐射模型,加强人体辐射仿真模型的解剖学真实性和可变形性,基于已建立模型构建了人体曲面模型,详细阐述了构建过程。结合辐射剂量计算的需求,本文将中国数字人体可计算模型应用于光子、中子、质子辐照引起的全身各组织器官剂量的MCNP蒙特卡罗模拟计算,全身有效剂量评估及辐射屏蔽研究中。通过剂量对比,分析讨论了影响人体内部组织器官剂量的若干因素。针对中国女性航天员质子辐照剂量的评估问题,进行了在轨剂量的快速近似计算,对比了屏蔽前后的剂量差异,分析了其中的解剖学因素。
主要研究结果和创新如下：
(1)在中国数字人体程式化模型的构建中,由体素模型获取人体组织器官参数,误差在5%以内,相对于其他模型,差异处在较小水平。在中国数字人体曲面模型的构建中,保证了人体解剖结构的真实性、精确性和可变性。
(2)通过光子和中子照射下剂量的定量比较,本研究发现：光子照射下器官剂量的转换系数曲线具有明显的方向特征,与照射方向密切相关,不仅显示出了数值上的差异,器官剂量转换系数曲线的形状都有明显的不同。而在中子照射下,不同能级粒子的穿透力不同,会形成不同的沉积能量,器官吸收剂量在两个区域分别形成了平台期和上升期。
(3)通过中国女性航天员模型的质子剂量评估,本研究发现,质子的入射和能量沉积方式与光子和中子入射的情况存在着较大的差异。皮肤并不会对内部器官的吸收剂量产生大的影响,但使乳腺的布拉格峰向高能段移动约20MeV。在屏蔽条件下,辐射粒子在穿透材料的过程中能量损失增加,人体器官剂量会有所减少。在1.35g/cm2厚度屏蔽层的条件下,器官剂量平均降低了13.90%(9.00%到24.20%之间不等),皮肤剂量是一个例外,降低了52.20%。
本研究中所建立的基于中国数字人体男一号和女一号的人体可计算辐射剂量模型,同时包含程式化模型,体素模型和曲面表面模型三类模型,完善了中国数字人体可计算模型,开发了一个辐射剂量计算和风险评估的可调模板。本文中提供的数据有助于改善现有中国人体剂量学数据集,夯实了可计算模型在辐射防护领域中的应用,对各类照射情况下的剂量计算,各种身体类型和体姿下的剂量研究,以及辐射剂量的准确估算和实时辐射防护,都有积极的推动作用。
As the intrinsic features of the natural environment of the earth and the space, there are close relations between ionizing radiation and human. In the process of the continuous research and the use of all kinds of ionizing radiation sources, the cognitive degree of ionizing radiation dangers imposed on the of human body was deepened and extended. In order to protect mankind itself and the environment more effectively, it is needed to the understand the specific dose of the targeted object under radiation, and to determine energy transfer and energy deposition in the material during the ionizing radiation in the application of production, medical treatment, scientific research and so on. It is also required to master the radiation effects of objects and the potential harm as possible, and to guide the radiation protection plan and shielding equipment design through the objective index. In the nuclear radiation dose calculation using the Monte Carlo method and procedures, the phantom of the human body is indispensable and in important position. But among each kind of the existing computational human phantoms, phantom based on the characteristics of Chinese human anatomy has not been perfected yet, and can not meet the different needs for calculation modeling and radiation dose calculation in all kinds of actual application, and also remains to be further investigated in order to achieve human radiation dose assessment and protective study.
In this work, the accurate Chinese male stylized phantom was constructed based on Visible Chinese Human (VCH) male voxel phantom and and the instauration process of the phantom was discussed in detail. And the whole body VCH female phantoms were developed using human body color section images from China's digital woman dataset, including three kinds of radiation model (stylized model, voxel model and boundary-representation model), and the China digital human phantoms were further perfected. The existing problems in the modeling has been improved, moreover, the application foundation of the phantom simulation has been enhanced. Furthermore, on this basis, combining with the needs of the radiation dose calculation, MCNP Monte Carlo simulation calculations were implemented under irradiation of photon, neutron and proton to study the organ doses, the whole body effective doses and the radiation shielding. Through the dose comparison, several factors which affect the internal organ doses were discussed. For the problem about the dose evaluation of proton irradiation for female astronaut, rapid approximate calculation of on-orbit dose was obtained, the differences before and after shielding were compared, the anatomical factors were analyzed.
The main research results and innovation are as follows:
(1) During the construction of the stylized models, the parameters of tissue and organ are from the voxel model, with error within5%, in smaller level compared with other models. During the construction of boundary-representation models, the authenticity, accuracy and variability of the human anatomy structure were ensured.
(2) Through the comparison of photon doses, we found that the curve of conversion coefficient of photon organ dose has the obvious directional features, and closely related to radiation directions. The obvious differences are not only numerical, but also exist in the shape of the curve. Through the comparison of the neutron irradiation dose, it is found that:for particle energy of different level, because of different penetrating power, the energy deposition is dissimilar, that is to say, the level of the relevant organ dose would be different. In the curve of organ absorbed dose for the VCH male stylized phantom, due to the different energy, values of organ absorbed dose form a plateau and a rising phase in two areas.
(3) Through the comparison of the proton illuminate dose, this study found that, the way of proton incidence and energy deposition has many difference with photon and neutron. It indicates that the skin does not have large influence on the absorbed dose of the internal organs, but the Bragg Peak of breast shift to the high-energy period about20MeV. In the field of radiation protection study, shielding strategy is an important factor to be considered, especially for human space exploration. In the process of penetration under shielding conditions, there must be some energy loss, less radiation particles can pass through and reach of human organs, so organ doses decrease after shielding. Under shielding layer of1.35g/cm2thickness, the organ doses reduce by13.90%on average (from9.00%to24.20%range). An exception is the skin dose, with52.20%reduction.
In this study, the established computational human phantom for radiation dose calculation is based on the VCH male NO.1and the VCH female NO.1, including three kinds of phantom, stylized phantom, the voxel phantom and NURBS surface phantom. It improves VCH computational human phantoms, and can be used as an adjustable template of radiation dose calculation and risk assessment. The data provided by this work will be helpful to the existing Chinese human dose data set, and to improve the calculation model in radiation protection applications. For all kinds of application and dose calculation of more complex illuminate circumstance, dose research on various body type and human body posture, as well as accurate radiation dose estimation and real-time radiation protection, are extremely important.
本文根据中国数字人体男性和女性体素模型,构建了准确的男性和女性程式化模型,其中,女性体素模型根据中国数字人女一号人体彩色截面图像建立。为进一步完善中国数字人体可计算辐射模型,加强人体辐射仿真模型的解剖学真实性和可变形性,基于已建立模型构建了人体曲面模型,详细阐述了构建过程。结合辐射剂量计算的需求,本文将中国数字人体可计算模型应用于光子、中子、质子辐照引起的全身各组织器官剂量的MCNP蒙特卡罗模拟计算,全身有效剂量评估及辐射屏蔽研究中。通过剂量对比,分析讨论了影响人体内部组织器官剂量的若干因素。针对中国女性航天员质子辐照剂量的评估问题,进行了在轨剂量的快速近似计算,对比了屏蔽前后的剂量差异,分析了其中的解剖学因素。
主要研究结果和创新如下：
(1)在中国数字人体程式化模型的构建中,由体素模型获取人体组织器官参数,误差在5%以内,相对于其他模型,差异处在较小水平。在中国数字人体曲面模型的构建中,保证了人体解剖结构的真实性、精确性和可变性。
(2)通过光子和中子照射下剂量的定量比较,本研究发现：光子照射下器官剂量的转换系数曲线具有明显的方向特征,与照射方向密切相关,不仅显示出了数值上的差异,器官剂量转换系数曲线的形状都有明显的不同。而在中子照射下,不同能级粒子的穿透力不同,会形成不同的沉积能量,器官吸收剂量在两个区域分别形成了平台期和上升期。
(3)通过中国女性航天员模型的质子剂量评估,本研究发现,质子的入射和能量沉积方式与光子和中子入射的情况存在着较大的差异。皮肤并不会对内部器官的吸收剂量产生大的影响,但使乳腺的布拉格峰向高能段移动约20MeV。在屏蔽条件下,辐射粒子在穿透材料的过程中能量损失增加,人体器官剂量会有所减少。在1.35g/cm2厚度屏蔽层的条件下,器官剂量平均降低了13.90%(9.00%到24.20%之间不等),皮肤剂量是一个例外,降低了52.20%。
本研究中所建立的基于中国数字人体男一号和女一号的人体可计算辐射剂量模型,同时包含程式化模型,体素模型和曲面表面模型三类模型,完善了中国数字人体可计算模型,开发了一个辐射剂量计算和风险评估的可调模板。本文中提供的数据有助于改善现有中国人体剂量学数据集,夯实了可计算模型在辐射防护领域中的应用,对各类照射情况下的剂量计算,各种身体类型和体姿下的剂量研究,以及辐射剂量的准确估算和实时辐射防护,都有积极的推动作用。
As the intrinsic features of the natural environment of the earth and the space, there are close relations between ionizing radiation and human. In the process of the continuous research and the use of all kinds of ionizing radiation sources, the cognitive degree of ionizing radiation dangers imposed on the of human body was deepened and extended. In order to protect mankind itself and the environment more effectively, it is needed to the understand the specific dose of the targeted object under radiation, and to determine energy transfer and energy deposition in the material during the ionizing radiation in the application of production, medical treatment, scientific research and so on. It is also required to master the radiation effects of objects and the potential harm as possible, and to guide the radiation protection plan and shielding equipment design through the objective index. In the nuclear radiation dose calculation using the Monte Carlo method and procedures, the phantom of the human body is indispensable and in important position. But among each kind of the existing computational human phantoms, phantom based on the characteristics of Chinese human anatomy has not been perfected yet, and can not meet the different needs for calculation modeling and radiation dose calculation in all kinds of actual application, and also remains to be further investigated in order to achieve human radiation dose assessment and protective study.
In this work, the accurate Chinese male stylized phantom was constructed based on Visible Chinese Human (VCH) male voxel phantom and and the instauration process of the phantom was discussed in detail. And the whole body VCH female phantoms were developed using human body color section images from China's digital woman dataset, including three kinds of radiation model (stylized model, voxel model and boundary-representation model), and the China digital human phantoms were further perfected. The existing problems in the modeling has been improved, moreover, the application foundation of the phantom simulation has been enhanced. Furthermore, on this basis, combining with the needs of the radiation dose calculation, MCNP Monte Carlo simulation calculations were implemented under irradiation of photon, neutron and proton to study the organ doses, the whole body effective doses and the radiation shielding. Through the dose comparison, several factors which affect the internal organ doses were discussed. For the problem about the dose evaluation of proton irradiation for female astronaut, rapid approximate calculation of on-orbit dose was obtained, the differences before and after shielding were compared, the anatomical factors were analyzed.
The main research results and innovation are as follows:
(1) During the construction of the stylized models, the parameters of tissue and organ are from the voxel model, with error within5%, in smaller level compared with other models. During the construction of boundary-representation models, the authenticity, accuracy and variability of the human anatomy structure were ensured.
(2) Through the comparison of photon doses, we found that the curve of conversion coefficient of photon organ dose has the obvious directional features, and closely related to radiation directions. The obvious differences are not only numerical, but also exist in the shape of the curve. Through the comparison of the neutron irradiation dose, it is found that:for particle energy of different level, because of different penetrating power, the energy deposition is dissimilar, that is to say, the level of the relevant organ dose would be different. In the curve of organ absorbed dose for the VCH male stylized phantom, due to the different energy, values of organ absorbed dose form a plateau and a rising phase in two areas.
(3) Through the comparison of the proton illuminate dose, this study found that, the way of proton incidence and energy deposition has many difference with photon and neutron. It indicates that the skin does not have large influence on the absorbed dose of the internal organs, but the Bragg Peak of breast shift to the high-energy period about20MeV. In the field of radiation protection study, shielding strategy is an important factor to be considered, especially for human space exploration. In the process of penetration under shielding conditions, there must be some energy loss, less radiation particles can pass through and reach of human organs, so organ doses decrease after shielding. Under shielding layer of1.35g/cm2thickness, the organ doses reduce by13.90%on average (from9.00%to24.20%range). An exception is the skin dose, with52.20%reduction.
In this study, the established computational human phantom for radiation dose calculation is based on the VCH male NO.1and the VCH female NO.1, including three kinds of phantom, stylized phantom, the voxel phantom and NURBS surface phantom. It improves VCH computational human phantoms, and can be used as an adjustable template of radiation dose calculation and risk assessment. The data provided by this work will be helpful to the existing Chinese human dose data set, and to improve the calculation model in radiation protection applications. For all kinds of application and dose calculation of more complex illuminate circumstance, dose research on various body type and human body posture, as well as accurate radiation dose estimation and real-time radiation protection, are extremely important.
引文
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