“激光束—电阻缝焊”复合焊接方法基础研究
|
摘要
适当的预热温度(200~300℃)可以改善铝合金激光焊的焊缝成形,提高焊接效率,获得优质接头;研制成功由多功能电阻缝焊机和激光焊机器人组成的“LB-RSW”复合焊接试验系统,实现了铝合金LB-RSW的单面和双面焊接;首次建立了RSW过程的三维有限元热弹塑性和热电循环顺序分析模型,并分别进行了LB-RSW中横流RSW和纵流RSW过程的数值模拟,获得了不同焊接参数时的温度场和电流场及其影响规律,并通过红外热成像技术验证了模拟结果的可靠性;首次对LB-RSW中馈电方式选择进行了深入研究。结果表明,在适当的电流范围内纵流LB-RSW搭接接头焊缝的熔宽、熔深和拉剪力都随着缝焊电流的增加而增加,并且比单独激光焊焊缝有更大的熔宽(下板)、熔深、深宽比(熔深/上板熔宽)和拉剪力,显著提高了激光加工能力;通过二次回归正交组合设计,建立了铝合金LB-RSW搭接接头拉剪力、上板熔宽、下板熔宽和焊缝熔深关于焊接速度、缝焊电流和激光-滚轮电极配合距离的回归方程,研究了焊接参数对它们的影响规律。
综上所述,本文解决了LB-RSW中的一些基本问题,为这一新方法的深入机理研究和工程应用奠定了基础。
Attributing to the characteristics of high-speed, low-distortion and flexibility, laser beam welding is considered to be one of the most potential welding methods in 21st century. However, the application range in engineering of laser beam welding is restricted because of several problems, such as power rank of laser, assembly condition (assembly clearance, misalignment, different thickness, etc.), process control (focus fluctuation and laser beam aligning), high reflectivity of materials (aluminum, magnesium and copper) and so on. Therefore, hybrid welding technologies, which remedy the drawbacks of laser beam welding by utilizing the speciality of other welding methods, become the research emphasis. Based on synchronized pressing, preheating and slow-cooling effect owned by resistance seam welding (RSW), Prof. Zhao Xihua firstly puts forward the new concept of LB-RSW (Laser Beam-Resistance Seam Welding) in 2003, which has been applied international invention patent (No. PCT/WO2007008363A2), and has carryed out principium simulation experiment of asynchronous LB-RSW of mild steel and aluminum alloy workpieces, and accomplished primary results. So, it is indispensable to study several basic problems of the new hybrid welding method of LB-RSW systematically, and to take advantage of laser beam welding and resistance seam welding, and to acquire an effective welding effect and high quality joint finally.
The article engages in fundamental study on LB-RSW hybrid welding meyhod and system, supported by national natural science foundation (No.50575091,2006.01～2008.12).
The effect of preheating on microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy laser lap welded joint were studied. The results indicated that proper preheating could improve aluminum alloy laser welding quality and increase the efficiency of laser lap welding of aluminum alloy, which laid a foundation of subsequent mechanism study of LB-RSW hybrid welding method.
With the preheating temperature Tθincreasing, the weld width and penetration depth increased by a small margin when Tθ<250℃, and meanwhile, the weld width and penetration depth would increase rapidly as Tθ≥250℃. Preheating temperature influenced microstructure of aluminum alloy laser lap weld greatly. When the preheating temperature was higer than 300℃, the weld microstructure became coarse as the preheating temperature rising obviously. The microstructure of welds, consisting of both finer equiaxed dendritic grains and columnar dendritic grains in room temperature, tranformed to coarse dendritic grains in 400℃. In addition, compared with laser welding without preheating, the weld microstructure also consisted of both equiaxed dendritic grains and columnar dendritic grains with the preheating temperature of 300℃, and the microstructure near fusion line was similar.
There existed remarkable effects for preheating temperature on mechanical properties of aluminum alloy laser lap welded joints. With the increase of preheating temperature, microhardness of weld, HAZ and base metal decreased to different extents: quite little in the weld, HAZ and base metal as the Tθwas lower than 100℃, 200℃, 300℃, respectively. The preheating to 300℃could increase welding speed greatly for 71%, that was from 1.4m·min-1 to 2.4m·min-1, as weld width and penetration, heat affected zone width and tensile shear strength did not change obviously.
Based on the fundamental concept of hybrid laser beam and resistance seam welding (LB-RSW), considering the characteristics of laser beam welding and resistance seam welding seperately, LB-RSW hybrid testing system made up of multifunctional resistance seam welding machine and laser welding robot was designed and manufactured. Two hybrid modes were presented in LB-RSW hybrid testing system. The one mode was that two wheels positioned around two sides of the laser beam on one side of the workpiece, tilting to a certain degrees according to the laser beam shape after focusing. The other mode was that two wheels positioned on two sides of the workpiece, tilting to a certain degrees according to the laser beam shape after focusing, and laser beam positioned in one side of the wheels. By means of the two hybrid modes, both one-side and double-side hybrid welding of laser beam and RSW could be achieved. The testing results of the hybrid welding system indicated that main technological indexes met the demands of design and experiment, such as welding speed fluctuation was less than±1.5%, defocusing distance fluctuation was less than±0.03mm, resistance power capacity was 100kVA, and so on. The debugging of LB-RSW hybrid testing system was carried out and the hybrid welding scheduling was set, which established a foundation for the realization of hybrid LB-RSW.
The thermo-elastoplastic and thermo-electrical circular order analyses of resistance seam welding (RSW) process with both crossflow and longitudinal flow current in LB-RSW were carried out by means of Ansys software. The current distribution and the influences of RSW current, welding speed and spacing between two RSW wheels on temperature field and thermo-cycle of weld zone were studied. In addition, the reliability of numerical simulation of aluminum alloy RSW temperature field was verified by means of infrared thermal imaging technology, which demonstrated the dependability of the simulation method adopted in the article.
During RSW with crossflow current, The density of current which flowed through upper aluminum alloy sheet was high in the central zone between two wheel electrodes, while the density of current which flowed through lower aluminum alloy sheet and copper backing plate was less relatively. Comparatively, in RSW with longitudinal flow current, the current flowed through two wheel electrodes, weld zone and copper backing plate. During RSW with both crossflow and longitudinal flow current, the surface temperature of weld zone and the temperature grades both in front and back of wheels increased with RSW current I increasing, and decreased when welding speed v or wheel electrodes spacing d1 rised. The rising and decreasing rates of weld zone surface temperature increased with I or v increasing, and decreased when d1 rised. The effect of RSW current I on weld zone surface temperature showed a trend of enhancing with the increase of I, while the effect of welding speed v on weld zone surface temperature showed a trend of declining with the increase of v. During RSW with crossflow current, the maximum temperature point on the Y-axis of the workpiece, positioning at 0.95mm behind wheel electrode, received little effect from I, v and d1. Comparatively, during RSW with longitudinal flow current, the maximum temperature point on the Y-axis of the workpiece, positioning at 2.86mm behind wheel electrode at v=0.8m·min-1and 4.77mm behind wheel electrode at v=1.4m·min-1, received little effect from I and d1, but much from v.
Process experiments of LB-RSW with both crossflow and longitudinal flow current were performed by self-made LB-RSW hybrid testing system mentioned above, and the best style of feed was decided while weld formation, microstructure and mechanical properties of LB-RSW under the condition of the best feed style. The keyhole depth became shallow as the electromagnetic force downward received by weld pool during LB-RSW with crossflow current, and therefore the weld with large width and shallow weld depth was obtained under the auxiliary function of heating to workpieces from RSW. The feed style of secondary curcuit of multifunctional resistance seam welding machine in LB-RSW hybrid welding system was changed from crossflow current to longitudinal flow current, and the experiment of 5754 aluminum alloys with 1.0mm and 5052 aluminum alloys with 1.5mm LB-RSW with longitudinal flow current were researched seperately. The results indicated that the forced state of weld pool was changed with the change of feed style, and the weld widh, penetration depth and tensile shear strength of weld, obtained by LB-RSW with longitudinal flow current, would increase with the rising of current under the appropriate current range(2~5 kA for 5052 aluminum alloys with 1.5mm at v=0.8m·min-1, and 2～7kA for 5754 aluminum alloys with 1.0mm at v=1.5m·min-1), and that deeper weld depth and larger tensile shear stength were acquired by LB-RSW, compared with single laser beam welding. That was to say, LB-RSW with longitudinal flow current improved the machining ability of laser beam. Thereinto, welding speed could increase for 67% during LB-RSW of 5754 aluminum alloy sheet with 1.0mm, that was from 1.5m·min-1 to 2.5m·min-1, under the premise of the tensile shear load of joints keeping consistent in basically.
The weld surface fomation of 5754 aluminum alloy LB-RSW was superior to that of LBW. The microstructure of weld obtained by both LB-RSW and LBW consisted of columnar dendritic grains near fusion line and equiaxed dendritic grains in the weld center. The microstructure of 5052 aluminum alloy of 1.5mm thicknesses weld obtained by LB-RSW at low welding speed was coarser than that obtained by LBW, but the coarsing trend of microstructure became less evident with the increase of welding speed. In addition, the microstructure in weld center of 5052 aluminum alloy of 1.5mm thicknesses obtained by LB-RSW was finer than that obtained by LBW.
The regression equation of weld width of both upper sheet w1 and lower sheet w2, weld depth h and tensile shear load F about RSW current, welding speed and hybrid distance between laser beam and wheel electrode d2 was set up by means of quadratic regression combination design process, and the influence law by welding parameters on them was also dicussed, which laid a foundation for further study on the mechanism and application of LB-RSW with longitudinal flow current. Two main factors which influenced tensile shear load F, weld width of lower sheet w2 and weld penetration depth h significantly were welding speed v and RSW current I. Meanwhile, two main factors which influenced weld width of upper sheet w1 much were welding speed v and hybrid distance between laser beam and wheel electrode d2. When it came to interaction effect of some welding parameters, interaction effect of RSW current I and hybrid distance between laser beam and wheel electrode d2 on tensile shear load F, weld width of lower sheet w2 and weld penetration depth h was evident. Comparatively, interaction effect of welding speed v and hybrid distance between laser beam and wheel electrode d2 on tensile shear load F was evident. However, interaction effect of welding speed v and RSW current I had no influence on tensile shear load F, weld widths of both upper and lower sheets and weld penetration depth h.
The optimum welding parameters corresponding to the maximum of tensile shear load F had been obtained by programming using Matlab software, which is v=0.8m·min-1, I=4.5kA and d2=6.2mm. Under the condition of the optimum welding parameters, the joint with reasonable weld shaping and no visible defects could be obtained, with tensile shear load, weld width of upper sheet, weld width of lower sheet and weld penetration depth being 4.72kN, 3.78mm, 2.33mm and 2.91mm, respectively, which coincided with the predicted values. The weld consisted of columnar dendritic grains near boundary and equiaxed dendritic grains in weld center.
According to the above study, further understanding about LB-RSW hybrid welding method was achieved, and several basic problems of LB-RSW were solved, which laid a foundation for both deep research and popularization and application on the new hybrid welding method.
综上所述,本文解决了LB-RSW中的一些基本问题,为这一新方法的深入机理研究和工程应用奠定了基础。
Attributing to the characteristics of high-speed, low-distortion and flexibility, laser beam welding is considered to be one of the most potential welding methods in 21st century. However, the application range in engineering of laser beam welding is restricted because of several problems, such as power rank of laser, assembly condition (assembly clearance, misalignment, different thickness, etc.), process control (focus fluctuation and laser beam aligning), high reflectivity of materials (aluminum, magnesium and copper) and so on. Therefore, hybrid welding technologies, which remedy the drawbacks of laser beam welding by utilizing the speciality of other welding methods, become the research emphasis. Based on synchronized pressing, preheating and slow-cooling effect owned by resistance seam welding (RSW), Prof. Zhao Xihua firstly puts forward the new concept of LB-RSW (Laser Beam-Resistance Seam Welding) in 2003, which has been applied international invention patent (No. PCT/WO2007008363A2), and has carryed out principium simulation experiment of asynchronous LB-RSW of mild steel and aluminum alloy workpieces, and accomplished primary results. So, it is indispensable to study several basic problems of the new hybrid welding method of LB-RSW systematically, and to take advantage of laser beam welding and resistance seam welding, and to acquire an effective welding effect and high quality joint finally.
The article engages in fundamental study on LB-RSW hybrid welding meyhod and system, supported by national natural science foundation (No.50575091,2006.01～2008.12).
The effect of preheating on microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy laser lap welded joint were studied. The results indicated that proper preheating could improve aluminum alloy laser welding quality and increase the efficiency of laser lap welding of aluminum alloy, which laid a foundation of subsequent mechanism study of LB-RSW hybrid welding method.
With the preheating temperature Tθincreasing, the weld width and penetration depth increased by a small margin when Tθ<250℃, and meanwhile, the weld width and penetration depth would increase rapidly as Tθ≥250℃. Preheating temperature influenced microstructure of aluminum alloy laser lap weld greatly. When the preheating temperature was higer than 300℃, the weld microstructure became coarse as the preheating temperature rising obviously. The microstructure of welds, consisting of both finer equiaxed dendritic grains and columnar dendritic grains in room temperature, tranformed to coarse dendritic grains in 400℃. In addition, compared with laser welding without preheating, the weld microstructure also consisted of both equiaxed dendritic grains and columnar dendritic grains with the preheating temperature of 300℃, and the microstructure near fusion line was similar.
There existed remarkable effects for preheating temperature on mechanical properties of aluminum alloy laser lap welded joints. With the increase of preheating temperature, microhardness of weld, HAZ and base metal decreased to different extents: quite little in the weld, HAZ and base metal as the Tθwas lower than 100℃, 200℃, 300℃, respectively. The preheating to 300℃could increase welding speed greatly for 71%, that was from 1.4m·min-1 to 2.4m·min-1, as weld width and penetration, heat affected zone width and tensile shear strength did not change obviously.
Based on the fundamental concept of hybrid laser beam and resistance seam welding (LB-RSW), considering the characteristics of laser beam welding and resistance seam welding seperately, LB-RSW hybrid testing system made up of multifunctional resistance seam welding machine and laser welding robot was designed and manufactured. Two hybrid modes were presented in LB-RSW hybrid testing system. The one mode was that two wheels positioned around two sides of the laser beam on one side of the workpiece, tilting to a certain degrees according to the laser beam shape after focusing. The other mode was that two wheels positioned on two sides of the workpiece, tilting to a certain degrees according to the laser beam shape after focusing, and laser beam positioned in one side of the wheels. By means of the two hybrid modes, both one-side and double-side hybrid welding of laser beam and RSW could be achieved. The testing results of the hybrid welding system indicated that main technological indexes met the demands of design and experiment, such as welding speed fluctuation was less than±1.5%, defocusing distance fluctuation was less than±0.03mm, resistance power capacity was 100kVA, and so on. The debugging of LB-RSW hybrid testing system was carried out and the hybrid welding scheduling was set, which established a foundation for the realization of hybrid LB-RSW.
The thermo-elastoplastic and thermo-electrical circular order analyses of resistance seam welding (RSW) process with both crossflow and longitudinal flow current in LB-RSW were carried out by means of Ansys software. The current distribution and the influences of RSW current, welding speed and spacing between two RSW wheels on temperature field and thermo-cycle of weld zone were studied. In addition, the reliability of numerical simulation of aluminum alloy RSW temperature field was verified by means of infrared thermal imaging technology, which demonstrated the dependability of the simulation method adopted in the article.
During RSW with crossflow current, The density of current which flowed through upper aluminum alloy sheet was high in the central zone between two wheel electrodes, while the density of current which flowed through lower aluminum alloy sheet and copper backing plate was less relatively. Comparatively, in RSW with longitudinal flow current, the current flowed through two wheel electrodes, weld zone and copper backing plate. During RSW with both crossflow and longitudinal flow current, the surface temperature of weld zone and the temperature grades both in front and back of wheels increased with RSW current I increasing, and decreased when welding speed v or wheel electrodes spacing d1 rised. The rising and decreasing rates of weld zone surface temperature increased with I or v increasing, and decreased when d1 rised. The effect of RSW current I on weld zone surface temperature showed a trend of enhancing with the increase of I, while the effect of welding speed v on weld zone surface temperature showed a trend of declining with the increase of v. During RSW with crossflow current, the maximum temperature point on the Y-axis of the workpiece, positioning at 0.95mm behind wheel electrode, received little effect from I, v and d1. Comparatively, during RSW with longitudinal flow current, the maximum temperature point on the Y-axis of the workpiece, positioning at 2.86mm behind wheel electrode at v=0.8m·min-1and 4.77mm behind wheel electrode at v=1.4m·min-1, received little effect from I and d1, but much from v.
Process experiments of LB-RSW with both crossflow and longitudinal flow current were performed by self-made LB-RSW hybrid testing system mentioned above, and the best style of feed was decided while weld formation, microstructure and mechanical properties of LB-RSW under the condition of the best feed style. The keyhole depth became shallow as the electromagnetic force downward received by weld pool during LB-RSW with crossflow current, and therefore the weld with large width and shallow weld depth was obtained under the auxiliary function of heating to workpieces from RSW. The feed style of secondary curcuit of multifunctional resistance seam welding machine in LB-RSW hybrid welding system was changed from crossflow current to longitudinal flow current, and the experiment of 5754 aluminum alloys with 1.0mm and 5052 aluminum alloys with 1.5mm LB-RSW with longitudinal flow current were researched seperately. The results indicated that the forced state of weld pool was changed with the change of feed style, and the weld widh, penetration depth and tensile shear strength of weld, obtained by LB-RSW with longitudinal flow current, would increase with the rising of current under the appropriate current range(2~5 kA for 5052 aluminum alloys with 1.5mm at v=0.8m·min-1, and 2～7kA for 5754 aluminum alloys with 1.0mm at v=1.5m·min-1), and that deeper weld depth and larger tensile shear stength were acquired by LB-RSW, compared with single laser beam welding. That was to say, LB-RSW with longitudinal flow current improved the machining ability of laser beam. Thereinto, welding speed could increase for 67% during LB-RSW of 5754 aluminum alloy sheet with 1.0mm, that was from 1.5m·min-1 to 2.5m·min-1, under the premise of the tensile shear load of joints keeping consistent in basically.
The weld surface fomation of 5754 aluminum alloy LB-RSW was superior to that of LBW. The microstructure of weld obtained by both LB-RSW and LBW consisted of columnar dendritic grains near fusion line and equiaxed dendritic grains in the weld center. The microstructure of 5052 aluminum alloy of 1.5mm thicknesses weld obtained by LB-RSW at low welding speed was coarser than that obtained by LBW, but the coarsing trend of microstructure became less evident with the increase of welding speed. In addition, the microstructure in weld center of 5052 aluminum alloy of 1.5mm thicknesses obtained by LB-RSW was finer than that obtained by LBW.
The regression equation of weld width of both upper sheet w1 and lower sheet w2, weld depth h and tensile shear load F about RSW current, welding speed and hybrid distance between laser beam and wheel electrode d2 was set up by means of quadratic regression combination design process, and the influence law by welding parameters on them was also dicussed, which laid a foundation for further study on the mechanism and application of LB-RSW with longitudinal flow current. Two main factors which influenced tensile shear load F, weld width of lower sheet w2 and weld penetration depth h significantly were welding speed v and RSW current I. Meanwhile, two main factors which influenced weld width of upper sheet w1 much were welding speed v and hybrid distance between laser beam and wheel electrode d2. When it came to interaction effect of some welding parameters, interaction effect of RSW current I and hybrid distance between laser beam and wheel electrode d2 on tensile shear load F, weld width of lower sheet w2 and weld penetration depth h was evident. Comparatively, interaction effect of welding speed v and hybrid distance between laser beam and wheel electrode d2 on tensile shear load F was evident. However, interaction effect of welding speed v and RSW current I had no influence on tensile shear load F, weld widths of both upper and lower sheets and weld penetration depth h.
The optimum welding parameters corresponding to the maximum of tensile shear load F had been obtained by programming using Matlab software, which is v=0.8m·min-1, I=4.5kA and d2=6.2mm. Under the condition of the optimum welding parameters, the joint with reasonable weld shaping and no visible defects could be obtained, with tensile shear load, weld width of upper sheet, weld width of lower sheet and weld penetration depth being 4.72kN, 3.78mm, 2.33mm and 2.91mm, respectively, which coincided with the predicted values. The weld consisted of columnar dendritic grains near boundary and equiaxed dendritic grains in weld center.
According to the above study, further understanding about LB-RSW hybrid welding method was achieved, and several basic problems of LB-RSW were solved, which laid a foundation for both deep research and popularization and application on the new hybrid welding method.
引文
[1] Yang Y S, Lee S H. A study on the joining strength of laser spotwelding for automotive applications[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999, 94(2): 151-156.
[2] Chugui Y V, Kiryanov V P, Verkhogliad A G. High-performance laser technological processing systems for scientific and industrial applications[C].// Proceedings of the 35th International MATADOR Conference. London: Springer, 2007: 139-142.
[3] ION J C. Laser beam welding of wrought aluminium alloys[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2000, 5(5): 265-276.
[4] Schumacher J, Zerner I, Neye G, et al. Laser beam welding of aircraft fuselage panels[C].// ICALEO 2002 - 21st International Congress on Applications of Laser and Electro-Optics, Congress Proceedings. Orlando: Laser Institute of America, 2002: 55-65.
[5] Song K N, Kim S S. Determination of optimum LASER welding parameters and the development of a laser welding technique to enhance the lateral impact strength of a spacer grid assembly for a PWR fuel assembly[C].// Materials Science Forum - Advanced Welding and Micro Joining/Packaging for the 21st Century - Selected peer reviewed papers from the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea 2007, IWJC 2007. Stafa-Zuerich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2008: 147-150.
[6] Roland F, Reinert T, Pethan G. Laser welding in shipbuilding - an overview of the activities at meyer werft[J]. Welding Research Abroad, 2003, 49(4): 39-51.
[7] Hench K W, Christensen W, Lopez A A, et al. An optimization technique for the evaluation of eddy current inspection data to determine weld quality[C].// Conference Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Piscataway, [S.L.]: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2005: 1535-1539.
[8] Larsson, J K. Laser welding application within the european automotive industry[J]. Welding Research Abroad, 2003, 49(11): 20-27.
[9]陈彦宾.现代激光焊接技术[M].北京:科学出版社, 2005.
[10]中国机械工程学会焊接学会.焊接手册(第1卷):焊接方法及设备[M].第二版.北京:机械工业出版社, 2005.
[11]李力钧.现代激光加工及其装备[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1993.
[12]王家金.激光加工技术[M].北京:中国计量出版社, 1992.
[13] Fuerschbach P W. Measurement and prediction of energy transfer efficiency in laserbeam welding[J]. Welding Journal, 1996, 75(1): 24-34.
[14] Salminen A. The effects of filler wire feed on the efficiency of laser welding[C].// SPIE. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. Bellingham, USA: SPIE. 2002: 263-268.
[15] Fellman A, Salminen A. A study of the phenomenon of CO2-laser welding with filler wire and MAG hybrid welding[C]. //24th International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics, ICALEO 2005 - Congress Proceedings. Orlando, USA: Laser Institute of America, 2005: 117-126.
[16]刘继常,李力钧,朱小东,等.试析几种激光复合焊接技术[J].激光技术, 2003, 27(5): 486-489.
[17] Downs D, Mulligan S. Hybrid CO2 laser-MAG welding of carbon steel - a literature review and initial study[R]. TWI Report, Cambridge, UK: TWI, 2002.
[18] Bagger C, Olsen F O. Review of laser hybrid welding[J]. Journal of Laser Applications, 2005, 17(1): 2-14.
[19]陈强,孙振国.弧焊技术发展现状[C].//中国机械工程学会.高效化焊接国际论坛论文集.北京:中国机械工程学会, 2002: 109-118.
[20] Salminen A, Kujanpaa V P, Moisio T J I. Interactions between laser beam and filler metal[J], Welding Journal, 1996, 75(1): 9-13.
[21] Shida T, Hirokawa M, Sato S. CO2 laser welding of aluminum alloys (No.1) - welding of aluminum alloys using CO2 laser beam in combination with MIG arc[J]. Welding Research Abroad, 1997, 43(5): 36-41.
[22] Hyatt C V, Magee K H, Porter J F. et al. Laser-assisted gas metal arc welding of 25mm thick HY-80 plate[J]. Welding Journal, 2001, 80(7): 163-172.
[23] Labudovic M, Kvacevic R. Use of a laser/TIG combination for surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2001, 17(2): 237-239.
[24]赵熹华,冯吉才.压焊方法及设备[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2005.
[25]赵熹华.焊接方法与机电一体化[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2001.
[26]赵熹华,曹海鹏,赵贺等.激光束-电阻缝焊(LB-RSW)复合焊接初步研究[C].∥第11届全国焊接学术会议论文集.哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社, 2005: 388-390.
[27]陈继民,徐向阳,肖荣诗.激光现代制造技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2007.
[28] Steen W M. Laser material processing[M]. 3rd edition. London: Springer, 2003.
[29] Dahotre N B, Harimkar S P. Laser fabrication and machining of materials[M]. New York: Springer, 2007.
[30] Reinhart P.激光制造工艺[M].张冬云译.北京:清华大学出版社, 2008.
[31] Poueyo V A, Dabezies B, Fabbro R; Thermal coupling inside the keyhole during welding process[C].//: Laser Materials Processing: Industrial and Microelectronics Applications - Proceedings of SPIE. Bellingham, USA: SPIE, 1994: 175-184.
[32] Mendez P F. New Trends in welding in the areonautic industry[C].// Proceedings of the conference“New Trends for the Manufacturing in the Aeronautic Industry”, [S.I.]: [s.n.], 2000, 21-38.
[33]游德勇,高向东.激光焊接技术的研究现状与展望[J].焊接技术, 2008, 37(4): 5-9.
[34] Maiman T. Stimulated optical radiation in ruby[J]. Nature, 1960, 187: 493-494.
[35]潘际銮,郑军,屈岳波.激光焊接技术的发展[C].//第十三次全国焊接学术会议论文集.南宁:中国焊接学会, 2008: 1-4.
[36] Wu Q, Gong J, Chen G, et al. Research on laser welding of vehicle body[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2008, 40(2): 420-426.
[37]郎旭元,张元钟.激光技术在汽车工业中的应用[J].机械工程师, 2006, (6): 20-23.
[38]朱海红,唐霞辉,朱国富.激光焊接技术在粉末冶金材料中的应用[J].粉末冶金技术, 2000, 18(2): 117-121.
[39]姚建华,孙东跃,熊缨,等.激光焊接超细基胎体金刚石薄壁钻[J].激光与光电子学进展, 2002, 39(6): 51-54.
[40]王玉英.电子部件的激光焊接[J].光机电信息, 2004, (11): 10-13.
[41]梅遂生.激光加工在电子工业中的应用[J].激光与红外, 1994, 24(1): 5-8.
[42]郭泽亮.激光焊接技术在舰船建造中的应用[J].舰船科学技术, 2005, 27(4): 81-84.
[43] Webster S, Kristensen J K, Petring D. Joining of thick section steels using hybrid laser welding[J]. Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 2008, 35(7): 496-504.
[44] Bachmann F. Industrial applications of high power diode lasers in materials processing[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2003, 208-209(suppl): 125-136.
[45] Sari F, Hoffmann W M, Haberstroh E. Applications of laser transmission processes for the joining of plastics, silicon and glass micro parts[J]. Microsystem Technologies. 2008, 14(12): 1879-1886.
[46] Chen, W, Pal M. Dual-beam laser welding of ultra-thin AA 5052-H19 aluminum[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2008, 39(9-10): 889-897.
[47] Xie J. Dual beam laser welding[J]. Welding Journal, 2002, 81(10): 223-230.
[48] Liu Y N, Kannatey A J. Experimental study of dual-beam laser welding of AISI 4140 steel[J]. Welding Journal, 1997, 76(9): 342-348.
[49] Rapp J, Glumann C, Dausinger F, et al. Laser welding of aluminium lightweight materials: porblems, solutions, readiness for application[J]. Optical and QuantumElectronics, 1995, 27(12): 1203-1211.
[50]李俐群,陈彦宾,陶汪.铝合金双光束焊接特性研究[J].中国激光, 2008, 35(11): 1783-1788.
[51]王威,徐广印,王旭友. 1420铝锂合金激光焊接气孔抑制技术[J].焊接学报, 2008, 29(2): 5-7, 26.
[52] Huegel H. New solid-state lasers and their application potentials[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2000. 34(4-6): 213-229.
[53]左铁钏.高强铝合金的激光加工[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2002.
[54] Yoshitake A, Ono M. Application technologies for weight reduction, improving crashworthiness, and shortening of the development period for automobiles[J]. JFE Technical Report, 2004, (4): 1-8.
[55] Sun Z, Kuo M. Bridging the joint gap with wire feed laser welding[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999, 87(1-3): 213-222.
[56] Dilthey U, Fuest D, Scheller W. Laser welding with filler wire[J]. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 1995, 27(12): 1181-1191.
[57] Sun Z K, Kuo M. Bridging the joint gap with wire feed laser welding[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999, 87(1-3): 213-222.
[58] Salminen A S, Kujanpaa V P. Effect of wire feed position on laser welding with filler wire[J]. Journal of Laser Applications, 2003, 15(1): 2-10.
[59] Chen W Z, Liu C, Yang W G, et al. Study on gap detecting sensor and wire feed control in butt laser welding with filler wire[C]// Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. Bellingham, USA: SPIE, 2002, 4915: 208-217.
[60]刘春,杨文广,陈武柱,等.填丝激光焊对接间隙宽度检测传感器与送丝系统的研究[J].应用激光, 2002, 22(2): 199-202.
[61]王红英,莫守形,李志军. AZ31镁合金CO2激光填丝焊工艺[J].焊接学报, 2007, 28(6): 93-96.
[62]唐卓,赵良磊,蔡艳,等.国产厚板大功率激光填丝焊Y形焊缝的焊接工艺性[J].焊接学报. 2008, 29(5): 81-84, 88.
[63] Staufer H, Rührn??l M, Miessbacher G. Laserhybrid welding and laserbrazing: State of the art on technology and practice by the examples of the Audi A8 and VW-Phaeton[DB/OL]. [2009-02-03]. http://www.fronius.com/cps/rde/
[64]封小松,陈彦宾,李俐群,等.镀锌板激光填丝钎焊[J].应用激光, 2004, 24(6): 357-360.
[65] Lu F G, Lu B F, Tang X h. et al.Study of influencing factors and joint performance oflaser brazing on zinc-coated steel plate[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2008, 37(9-10): 961-965.
[66] Mathieu A, Pontevicci S, Viala J. Laser brazing of a steel/aluminium assembly with hot filler wire (88% Al, 12% Si)[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2006, 435-436: 19-28.
[67] Sierra G, Peyre P, Beaume F, et al. Steel to aluminium braze welding by laser process with Al-12Si filler wire[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2008, 13(5): 430-437.
[68] Mathieu A, Mattei S, Deschamps A, et al. Temperature control in laser brazing of a steel/aluminium assembly using thermographic measurements[J]. NDT and E International, 2006, 39(4): 272-276.
[69] Kim C, Kim J, Lim H. et al. Investigation of laser remote welding using disc laser[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2008. 201(1-3): 521-525.
[70] Kungbeil K. What you need to know about remote laser welding[J]. Welding Journal, 2006, 85(8): 44-46.
[71] Shibata K. Recent automotive applications of laser processing in japan[J]. The Review of Laser Engineering, 2008, 36:1188-1191.
[72] Petring D, Fuhrmann C. Recent progress and innovative solutions for laser-arc hybrid welding[C].// PICALO 2004 - 1st Pacific International Conference on Applications of Laser and Optics, Conference Proceedings. Orlando: Laser Institute of America, 2004: 7-10.
[73] Graf T, Staufer H. Laser-hybrid welding drives VW improvements[J]. Welding Journal, 2003, 82(1): 42-48.
[74] Denney P. Hybrid Laser Welding for fabrication of ship structural components[J]. Welding Journal, 2002, 81(9), 58-63.
[75] Dilthey U, Lueder F, Wieschemann A. Technical and economical advantages by synergies in laser arc hybrid welding[J]. Welding in the world, 1999, 43(4): 141-152.
[76]王威,李丽群,王旭友,等.激光与电弧复合焊接技术[J].焊接, 2004,(4): 6-9.
[77] Li Z, Gobbi S L. Laser welding for lightweight structures[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1997. 70(1-3): 137-144.
[78] Xiao M, Bradley P. Robotic Nd: YAG-Laser Welding System and Its Applications[J]. SAE transactions, 2003. 112(1): 301-307.
[79] Hu B, Ouden G D. Synergetic effects of hybrid laser/arc welding[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2005, 10(4): 427-428.
[80]樊丁,中田一博,牛尾诚夫.激光与脉冲MIG复合焊接试验研究[J].应用激光,2002, 22(2): 169-171.
[81] Seyffarth P, Krivtsun I V. Laser-arc processes and their applications in welding and material treatment[M]. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.
[82]陈彦宾.激光-TIG复合热源焊接物理特性研究:[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学材料科学与工程学院, 2003
[83]方俊飞.同轴激光-TIG电弧复合热源焊接温度场的数值模拟[D].哈尔滨:哈尔宾工业大学材料科学与工程学院, 2002
[84] Kim C H, Lim H S, Kim J K. Position welding using disk laser-GMA hybrid welding[J]. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 2008, 28(1): 83-86.
[85] Steen W M, Eboo M. Arc augmented laser welding[J]. Metal construction, 1979, 11(7): 332-333, 335.
[86] Steen W M. Arc augmented laser processing of materials[J]. Journal of application physics, 1980, 51(11):5636-5641.
[87] Avilov V V, Decker I, Pursch H, et al. Study of a laser-enhanced welding arc using advanced split anode technique[J]. Welding Journal, 1994, 11(2): 112-113.
[88] Nayama T M. Coaxial TIG-YAG & MIG-YAG welding methods[J]. Welding International, 2001, 15(12): 940-945.
[89] Chen Y B, Lei Z L, Li L Q, et al. Experimental study on welding characteristics of CO2 laser TIG hybrid welding process[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2006, 11(4): 403-411.
[90] Gao M, Zeng X Y, Hu Q W. Effects of gas shielding parameters on weld penetration of CO2 laser-TIG hybrid welding[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2007, 184:177-183.
[91] Gao M, Zeng X Y, Hu Q W, et al. Laser-TIG hybrid welding of ultra-fine grained steel[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2009, 209(2): 785-791.
[92] Naito Y, Mizutani M, Katayama S. Penetration characteristics in YAG laser and TIG arc hybrid welding, and arc and plasma/plume behavior during welding - welding phenomena in hybrid welding using YAG laser and TIG Arc(first report)[J]. Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu/Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2006, 24(1):32-38.
[93] Naito Y, Mizutani M, Katayama S. Effect of ambient atmosphere on penetration geometry in single laser and laser-arc hybrid welding - welding phenomena in hybrid welding using YAG laser and TIG arc (second report)[J]. Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu/Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2006, 24(1):39-44.
[94] Naito Y, Mizutani M, Katayama S. Electrical measurement of arc during hybrid welding - welding phenomena in hybrid welding using YAG laser and TIG arc (third report) [J]. Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu/Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2006, 24(1): 45-51.
[95] Naito Y, Mizutani M, Katayama S. Elucidation of penetration characteristics, porosity prevention mechanism and flows in molten pool during laser-arc hybrid welding - Welding phenomena in hybrid welding using YAG laser and TIG arc (fourth report)[J]. Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu/Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2006, 24(2):149-161.
[96]牧野吉延,椎原克典,浅井知. CO2レ-ザ@ア-クハイブリツド溶接法[J].溶接学会言志, 2001, 70(4): 18-22.
[97] Kim Y P, Alam N, Bang H S, et al. Observation of hybrid (cw Nd: YAG laser+MIG) welding phenomenon in AA5083 butt joints with different gap condition[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2006, 11(3): 305-306.
[98] Campana G, Ascari A, Fortunato A, et al. Hybrid laser-MIG welding of aluminum alloys: The influence of shielding gases[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2009, 255(10): 5588-5590.
[99] Tani G; Campana G, Fortunato A, et al. The influence of shielding gas in hybrid LASER-MIG welding[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2007, 253(19): 8050-8053.
[100] Dilthey U, Keller H. Prospects in laser GMA hybrid welding of steel[C].// Proceedings of the first International WLT-conference on lasers in manufacturing. [S.I.]:[s.n.],2001: 453-465.
[101] Qin G L, Lei Z, Lin S Y. Effects of Nd: YAG laser + pulsed MAG arc hybrid welding parameters on its weld shape[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2007, 12 (1): 85-86.
[102]石功奇, Howse D,船用钢结构的激光焊接以及激光-MAG复合焊接[J].电焊机, 2007, 37(6): 32-39.
[103] Swanson P T, Page C J, E. Read, et al. Plasma augmented laser welding of 6mm steel plate[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2007, 12 (2): 159-160.
[104] Yoon S H, Hwang J R, Na S J. A study on the plasma-augmented laser welding for small-diameter STS tubes[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2006, 32(11~12): 1134-1143.
[105] Yao W, Gong S L, Chen L. Effect of energy parameters on weld shaping for hybrid laser/plasma welding of titanium alloy[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2006, 27(9): 81-84.
[106] Khersonsky A, Lee H. Induction heating for efficient laser applications [J]. Advanced Materials & Processes, 2000, 157(4):39-41.
[107] Draugelates U, Bouaifi B, Daniel S. Effect of the post-weld treatment on the weld properties of mash-seam-welded and laser-beam-welded sheets[J]. Schweissen & Schneiden(Welding and Cutting), 2000, 52(1): 27-35.
[108]王春明,胡伦骥,胡席远,等.激光-高频感应复合焊接技术[J].激光技术, 2004, 28(5): 452-454.
[109] Chiang M F, Chen C. Induction-assisted laser welding of IN-738 nickel–base superalloy[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2009. 114(1): 415-419.
[110] Thomas W M, Nicholas E D. Friction stir welding for the transportation industries. Materials & Design, 1997, 18 (4-6): 269-273.
[111] Nicholas E D, Sato T, Kumai S, et al. Developments in the friction stir welding of metals[C].// 6th International Conference Aluminum Alloys, Toyohashi, Japan: The Japan Institute of Light Metal, 1998: 139-151.
[112]李维博.世界焊接技术的最新发展[J].上海造船, 2003, (2): 24-28.
[113] Kohn G, Greenberg Y, Makover I, et al. Laser-assisted friction stir Welding[J]. Welding Journal, 2002, 81(2):46-48.
[114] Able N, Pfefferkorn F. Laser-assisted friction stir lap welding of aluminum[C].// Proceedings of the ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference-2005 ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference, New York: ASME, 2005, 425-429.
[115] Merklein M, Giera A. Laser assisted friction stir welding of drawable steel-aluminium tailored hybrids[J]. International Journal of Material Forming, 2008, 1(suppl.1): 1299-1302.
[116]曾钢,袁少波.拼焊板在汽车工业中的应用[J].电焊机, 2004, 34(6): 12-15.
[117]李仕民,杨尚磊,楼松年.航天贮箱用不锈钢网与钛合金板电阻缝焊技术研究[J].焊接技术, 2005. 34(5): 26-27.
[118]赵熹华主编.压力焊[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1989.
[119] Ando Y, Inaba Y, Higuchi K, et al. New laser welding process for welded stainless steel pipe with excellent formability[J]. Sumitomo Metals, 1993, 45(6): 109-115.
[120] Tsay L W, Chung C S, Chen C. Fatigue crack propagation of D6AC laser welds[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 1997, 19(1): 25-31.
[121] Young M C, Chan S L I, Tsay L W, et al. Hydrogen-enhanced cracking of 2205 duplex stainless steel welds[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2005, 91: 21-27.
[122] Dilthey U, Brandenburg A, Piontek D. Laser beam welded cooling structure components made of martensitic high-temperature steels[J]. Research Abroad, 2004,50(12): 7-11.
[123] Wildash C. Dual process welding of plate steel employing high power laser and synchronised tandem wire arc welding technologies[J]. Welding Research Abroad, 2003, 49(6-7): 18-28.
[124] Verhaeghe G, Hilton P. Achieving low-porosity laser welds in aerospace aluminium alloy[J]. SAE transactions, 2003, 112(1):286-294.
[125]肖亚庆等.铝加工技术实用手册[M].北京:冶金工业出版社, 2005.
[126]金相图谱编写组.变形铝合金金相图谱[M].北京:冶金工业出版社, 1975.
[127] Kuo T Y, Lin H C. Effects of pulse level of Nd-YAG laser on tensile properties and formability of laser weldments in automotive aluminum alloys[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2006, 416(1-2): 281-289.
[128] Pastor M, Zhao H, Martukanitz R P, et al. Porosity underfill and magnesium loss during continuous wave Nd: YAG laser welding of aluminum alloys 5182 and 5754[J]. Welding Journal, 1999, 78(6): 207-216.
[129] Song Q, Zhang W, Bay N. Contact modelling in resistance welding. part 1: algorithms and numerical verification[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 2006, 220(5): 599-606.
[130]李宝清.铝合金电阻点焊过程的数值模拟及能量分析研究[D].天津:天津大学材料科学与工程学院, 2002.
[131]杨黎峰.铝合金电阻点焊熔核形成过程的数值模拟[D].长春:吉林大学材料科学与工程学院, 2005.
[132] Rogeon P, Carre P, Costa J, et al. Characterization of electrical contact conditions in spot welding assemblies[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2008, 195(1-3): 117-124.
[133] Feulvarch E, Rogeon P, Carre P, et al. Resistance spot welding process: experimental and numerical modeling of the weld growth mechanisms with consideration of contact conditions[J]. Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications, 2006, 49(4): 345-367.
[134] Rogeon P, Carre P, Costa J, et al. Characterization of electrical contact conditions in spot welding assemblies[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2008, 195(1-3): 117-124.
[135]朱文峰,林忠钦,来新民,等.基于多场耦合的车门铰链凸焊过程有限元仿真[J].焊接学报, 2005, 26(1): 64-68.
[136]夏志皋.塑性力学[M].上海:同济大学出版社, 1991.
[137]王勖成.有限单元法[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2003.
[138]张汝清,詹先义.非线性有限元分析[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1990.
[139]徐进,牛占文,廉金瑞,等.电阻点焊过程数值模拟的研究与进展[J].焊接技术, 2003: 32(1): 5-7.
[140] Song Q F, Zhang W Q, Bay N. An experimental study determines the electrical contact resistance in resistance welding[J]. Welding Journal, 2005, 84(5): 73-76.
[141] Zhang Y S, Xu J, Lai X M, et al. Numerical simulation of spot welding for galvanised sheet steels[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2008, 13(2): 192-198.
[142] James P S, Chandler H W, Evans J T, et.al. The effect of mechanical loading on the contact resistance of coated aluminium[J]. Materials sciecne and engineering A, 1997, 230(1-2): 194-201.
[143]王祝堂,田荣璋.铝合金及其加工手册[M].长沙:中南工业大学出版社, 1989.
[144]武恭.铝及铝合金材料手册[M].北京:科学出版社, 1984.
[145]黄伯云,李成功,石力开,等.中国材料工程大典第4卷有色金属材料工程上[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2006.
[146] Mondolfo L F. Aluminum Alloys: Structure and Properties[M]. London: Butterworth’s Limited Company, 1976.
[147]刘平,任凤章,贾淑果,等.铜合金及其应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2007.
[148]钟卫佳主编. Cu铜加工技术实用手册[M].北京:冶金工业出版社, 2007.
[149] West E G.铜和铜合金[M].陈北盈,涂远军,孙啸华,译.长沙:中南工业大学出版社, 1987.
[150]王莹,陈东生.用示波器测交变磁场及真空磁导率[J].物理实验, 2008, 28(8): 41-43.
[151]李大明.磁场测量讲座——第二讲电磁感应法(上) [J].电测与仪表, 1989, (11): 39-44.
[152] Peng Y, Chen W Z, Wang C, et al. Controlling the plasma of deep penetration laser welding to increase power efficiency[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2001, 34(21): 3145-3149.
[153]杨德才,刘金合.外加磁场对激光焊接熔深的影响[J].激光技术, 2001, 25(5): 347-350.
[154] Tse H C, Man H C, Yue T M. Effect of magnetic field on plasma control during CO2 laser welding[J]. Optics and Laser Technology, 1999, 31(5): 363-368.
[155]肖荣诗,左铁钏, Ambrosy G, et al.电流强化铝合金CO2激光焊接[J]. 2004, 31(3): 359-362.
[156] Xiao R S, Zuo T C, Leimser M, et al. Hybrid Nd: YAG laser beam welding of aluminum in addition with an electric current[C].// Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering: Lasers in Material Processing andManufacturing II. USA: SPIE, 2005, 5629: 195-201.
[157] Ambrosy G, Berger P, Hügel H, et al. The use of electromagnetic body forces to enhance the quality of laser welds[C].// Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering: XIV International Symposium on Gas Flow, Chemical Lasers, and High-Power Lasers. USA: SPIE, 2003, 5629: 596-600.
[158] Reinhart P.激光制造工艺[M].张冬云译.北京:清华大学出版社, 2008.
[159] M A阿勃拉洛夫, P Y阿勃杜拉赫曼诺夫.电磁作用焊接技术[M].韦福水,路登平译.北京:机械工业出版社, 1988.
[160]任露泉.试验优化设计与分析[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社, 2001.
[161]高允彦.正交及回归试验设计方法[M].北京:冶金工业出版社, 1988.
[2] Chugui Y V, Kiryanov V P, Verkhogliad A G. High-performance laser technological processing systems for scientific and industrial applications[C].// Proceedings of the 35th International MATADOR Conference. London: Springer, 2007: 139-142.
[3] ION J C. Laser beam welding of wrought aluminium alloys[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2000, 5(5): 265-276.
[4] Schumacher J, Zerner I, Neye G, et al. Laser beam welding of aircraft fuselage panels[C].// ICALEO 2002 - 21st International Congress on Applications of Laser and Electro-Optics, Congress Proceedings. Orlando: Laser Institute of America, 2002: 55-65.
[5] Song K N, Kim S S. Determination of optimum LASER welding parameters and the development of a laser welding technique to enhance the lateral impact strength of a spacer grid assembly for a PWR fuel assembly[C].// Materials Science Forum - Advanced Welding and Micro Joining/Packaging for the 21st Century - Selected peer reviewed papers from the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea 2007, IWJC 2007. Stafa-Zuerich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2008: 147-150.
[6] Roland F, Reinert T, Pethan G. Laser welding in shipbuilding - an overview of the activities at meyer werft[J]. Welding Research Abroad, 2003, 49(4): 39-51.
[7] Hench K W, Christensen W, Lopez A A, et al. An optimization technique for the evaluation of eddy current inspection data to determine weld quality[C].// Conference Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Piscataway, [S.L.]: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2005: 1535-1539.
[8] Larsson, J K. Laser welding application within the european automotive industry[J]. Welding Research Abroad, 2003, 49(11): 20-27.
[9]陈彦宾.现代激光焊接技术[M].北京:科学出版社, 2005.
[10]中国机械工程学会焊接学会.焊接手册(第1卷):焊接方法及设备[M].第二版.北京:机械工业出版社, 2005.
[11]李力钧.现代激光加工及其装备[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1993.
[12]王家金.激光加工技术[M].北京:中国计量出版社, 1992.
[13] Fuerschbach P W. Measurement and prediction of energy transfer efficiency in laserbeam welding[J]. Welding Journal, 1996, 75(1): 24-34.
[14] Salminen A. The effects of filler wire feed on the efficiency of laser welding[C].// SPIE. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. Bellingham, USA: SPIE. 2002: 263-268.
[15] Fellman A, Salminen A. A study of the phenomenon of CO2-laser welding with filler wire and MAG hybrid welding[C]. //24th International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics, ICALEO 2005 - Congress Proceedings. Orlando, USA: Laser Institute of America, 2005: 117-126.
[16]刘继常,李力钧,朱小东,等.试析几种激光复合焊接技术[J].激光技术, 2003, 27(5): 486-489.
[17] Downs D, Mulligan S. Hybrid CO2 laser-MAG welding of carbon steel - a literature review and initial study[R]. TWI Report, Cambridge, UK: TWI, 2002.
[18] Bagger C, Olsen F O. Review of laser hybrid welding[J]. Journal of Laser Applications, 2005, 17(1): 2-14.
[19]陈强,孙振国.弧焊技术发展现状[C].//中国机械工程学会.高效化焊接国际论坛论文集.北京:中国机械工程学会, 2002: 109-118.
[20] Salminen A, Kujanpaa V P, Moisio T J I. Interactions between laser beam and filler metal[J], Welding Journal, 1996, 75(1): 9-13.
[21] Shida T, Hirokawa M, Sato S. CO2 laser welding of aluminum alloys (No.1) - welding of aluminum alloys using CO2 laser beam in combination with MIG arc[J]. Welding Research Abroad, 1997, 43(5): 36-41.
[22] Hyatt C V, Magee K H, Porter J F. et al. Laser-assisted gas metal arc welding of 25mm thick HY-80 plate[J]. Welding Journal, 2001, 80(7): 163-172.
[23] Labudovic M, Kvacevic R. Use of a laser/TIG combination for surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2001, 17(2): 237-239.
[24]赵熹华,冯吉才.压焊方法及设备[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2005.
[25]赵熹华.焊接方法与机电一体化[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2001.
[26]赵熹华,曹海鹏,赵贺等.激光束-电阻缝焊(LB-RSW)复合焊接初步研究[C].∥第11届全国焊接学术会议论文集.哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社, 2005: 388-390.
[27]陈继民,徐向阳,肖荣诗.激光现代制造技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2007.
[28] Steen W M. Laser material processing[M]. 3rd edition. London: Springer, 2003.
[29] Dahotre N B, Harimkar S P. Laser fabrication and machining of materials[M]. New York: Springer, 2007.
[30] Reinhart P.激光制造工艺[M].张冬云译.北京:清华大学出版社, 2008.
[31] Poueyo V A, Dabezies B, Fabbro R; Thermal coupling inside the keyhole during welding process[C].//: Laser Materials Processing: Industrial and Microelectronics Applications - Proceedings of SPIE. Bellingham, USA: SPIE, 1994: 175-184.
[32] Mendez P F. New Trends in welding in the areonautic industry[C].// Proceedings of the conference“New Trends for the Manufacturing in the Aeronautic Industry”, [S.I.]: [s.n.], 2000, 21-38.
[33]游德勇,高向东.激光焊接技术的研究现状与展望[J].焊接技术, 2008, 37(4): 5-9.
[34] Maiman T. Stimulated optical radiation in ruby[J]. Nature, 1960, 187: 493-494.
[35]潘际銮,郑军,屈岳波.激光焊接技术的发展[C].//第十三次全国焊接学术会议论文集.南宁:中国焊接学会, 2008: 1-4.
[36] Wu Q, Gong J, Chen G, et al. Research on laser welding of vehicle body[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2008, 40(2): 420-426.
[37]郎旭元,张元钟.激光技术在汽车工业中的应用[J].机械工程师, 2006, (6): 20-23.
[38]朱海红,唐霞辉,朱国富.激光焊接技术在粉末冶金材料中的应用[J].粉末冶金技术, 2000, 18(2): 117-121.
[39]姚建华,孙东跃,熊缨,等.激光焊接超细基胎体金刚石薄壁钻[J].激光与光电子学进展, 2002, 39(6): 51-54.
[40]王玉英.电子部件的激光焊接[J].光机电信息, 2004, (11): 10-13.
[41]梅遂生.激光加工在电子工业中的应用[J].激光与红外, 1994, 24(1): 5-8.
[42]郭泽亮.激光焊接技术在舰船建造中的应用[J].舰船科学技术, 2005, 27(4): 81-84.
[43] Webster S, Kristensen J K, Petring D. Joining of thick section steels using hybrid laser welding[J]. Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 2008, 35(7): 496-504.
[44] Bachmann F. Industrial applications of high power diode lasers in materials processing[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2003, 208-209(suppl): 125-136.
[45] Sari F, Hoffmann W M, Haberstroh E. Applications of laser transmission processes for the joining of plastics, silicon and glass micro parts[J]. Microsystem Technologies. 2008, 14(12): 1879-1886.
[46] Chen, W, Pal M. Dual-beam laser welding of ultra-thin AA 5052-H19 aluminum[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2008, 39(9-10): 889-897.
[47] Xie J. Dual beam laser welding[J]. Welding Journal, 2002, 81(10): 223-230.
[48] Liu Y N, Kannatey A J. Experimental study of dual-beam laser welding of AISI 4140 steel[J]. Welding Journal, 1997, 76(9): 342-348.
[49] Rapp J, Glumann C, Dausinger F, et al. Laser welding of aluminium lightweight materials: porblems, solutions, readiness for application[J]. Optical and QuantumElectronics, 1995, 27(12): 1203-1211.
[50]李俐群,陈彦宾,陶汪.铝合金双光束焊接特性研究[J].中国激光, 2008, 35(11): 1783-1788.
[51]王威,徐广印,王旭友. 1420铝锂合金激光焊接气孔抑制技术[J].焊接学报, 2008, 29(2): 5-7, 26.
[52] Huegel H. New solid-state lasers and their application potentials[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2000. 34(4-6): 213-229.
[53]左铁钏.高强铝合金的激光加工[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2002.
[54] Yoshitake A, Ono M. Application technologies for weight reduction, improving crashworthiness, and shortening of the development period for automobiles[J]. JFE Technical Report, 2004, (4): 1-8.
[55] Sun Z, Kuo M. Bridging the joint gap with wire feed laser welding[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999, 87(1-3): 213-222.
[56] Dilthey U, Fuest D, Scheller W. Laser welding with filler wire[J]. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 1995, 27(12): 1181-1191.
[57] Sun Z K, Kuo M. Bridging the joint gap with wire feed laser welding[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999, 87(1-3): 213-222.
[58] Salminen A S, Kujanpaa V P. Effect of wire feed position on laser welding with filler wire[J]. Journal of Laser Applications, 2003, 15(1): 2-10.
[59] Chen W Z, Liu C, Yang W G, et al. Study on gap detecting sensor and wire feed control in butt laser welding with filler wire[C]// Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. Bellingham, USA: SPIE, 2002, 4915: 208-217.
[60]刘春,杨文广,陈武柱,等.填丝激光焊对接间隙宽度检测传感器与送丝系统的研究[J].应用激光, 2002, 22(2): 199-202.
[61]王红英,莫守形,李志军. AZ31镁合金CO2激光填丝焊工艺[J].焊接学报, 2007, 28(6): 93-96.
[62]唐卓,赵良磊,蔡艳,等.国产厚板大功率激光填丝焊Y形焊缝的焊接工艺性[J].焊接学报. 2008, 29(5): 81-84, 88.
[63] Staufer H, Rührn??l M, Miessbacher G. Laserhybrid welding and laserbrazing: State of the art on technology and practice by the examples of the Audi A8 and VW-Phaeton[DB/OL]. [2009-02-03]. http://www.fronius.com/cps/rde/
[64]封小松,陈彦宾,李俐群,等.镀锌板激光填丝钎焊[J].应用激光, 2004, 24(6): 357-360.
[65] Lu F G, Lu B F, Tang X h. et al.Study of influencing factors and joint performance oflaser brazing on zinc-coated steel plate[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2008, 37(9-10): 961-965.
[66] Mathieu A, Pontevicci S, Viala J. Laser brazing of a steel/aluminium assembly with hot filler wire (88% Al, 12% Si)[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2006, 435-436: 19-28.
[67] Sierra G, Peyre P, Beaume F, et al. Steel to aluminium braze welding by laser process with Al-12Si filler wire[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2008, 13(5): 430-437.
[68] Mathieu A, Mattei S, Deschamps A, et al. Temperature control in laser brazing of a steel/aluminium assembly using thermographic measurements[J]. NDT and E International, 2006, 39(4): 272-276.
[69] Kim C, Kim J, Lim H. et al. Investigation of laser remote welding using disc laser[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2008. 201(1-3): 521-525.
[70] Kungbeil K. What you need to know about remote laser welding[J]. Welding Journal, 2006, 85(8): 44-46.
[71] Shibata K. Recent automotive applications of laser processing in japan[J]. The Review of Laser Engineering, 2008, 36:1188-1191.
[72] Petring D, Fuhrmann C. Recent progress and innovative solutions for laser-arc hybrid welding[C].// PICALO 2004 - 1st Pacific International Conference on Applications of Laser and Optics, Conference Proceedings. Orlando: Laser Institute of America, 2004: 7-10.
[73] Graf T, Staufer H. Laser-hybrid welding drives VW improvements[J]. Welding Journal, 2003, 82(1): 42-48.
[74] Denney P. Hybrid Laser Welding for fabrication of ship structural components[J]. Welding Journal, 2002, 81(9), 58-63.
[75] Dilthey U, Lueder F, Wieschemann A. Technical and economical advantages by synergies in laser arc hybrid welding[J]. Welding in the world, 1999, 43(4): 141-152.
[76]王威,李丽群,王旭友,等.激光与电弧复合焊接技术[J].焊接, 2004,(4): 6-9.
[77] Li Z, Gobbi S L. Laser welding for lightweight structures[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1997. 70(1-3): 137-144.
[78] Xiao M, Bradley P. Robotic Nd: YAG-Laser Welding System and Its Applications[J]. SAE transactions, 2003. 112(1): 301-307.
[79] Hu B, Ouden G D. Synergetic effects of hybrid laser/arc welding[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2005, 10(4): 427-428.
[80]樊丁,中田一博,牛尾诚夫.激光与脉冲MIG复合焊接试验研究[J].应用激光,2002, 22(2): 169-171.
[81] Seyffarth P, Krivtsun I V. Laser-arc processes and their applications in welding and material treatment[M]. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.
[82]陈彦宾.激光-TIG复合热源焊接物理特性研究:[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学材料科学与工程学院, 2003
[83]方俊飞.同轴激光-TIG电弧复合热源焊接温度场的数值模拟[D].哈尔滨:哈尔宾工业大学材料科学与工程学院, 2002
[84] Kim C H, Lim H S, Kim J K. Position welding using disk laser-GMA hybrid welding[J]. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 2008, 28(1): 83-86.
[85] Steen W M, Eboo M. Arc augmented laser welding[J]. Metal construction, 1979, 11(7): 332-333, 335.
[86] Steen W M. Arc augmented laser processing of materials[J]. Journal of application physics, 1980, 51(11):5636-5641.
[87] Avilov V V, Decker I, Pursch H, et al. Study of a laser-enhanced welding arc using advanced split anode technique[J]. Welding Journal, 1994, 11(2): 112-113.
[88] Nayama T M. Coaxial TIG-YAG & MIG-YAG welding methods[J]. Welding International, 2001, 15(12): 940-945.
[89] Chen Y B, Lei Z L, Li L Q, et al. Experimental study on welding characteristics of CO2 laser TIG hybrid welding process[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2006, 11(4): 403-411.
[90] Gao M, Zeng X Y, Hu Q W. Effects of gas shielding parameters on weld penetration of CO2 laser-TIG hybrid welding[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2007, 184:177-183.
[91] Gao M, Zeng X Y, Hu Q W, et al. Laser-TIG hybrid welding of ultra-fine grained steel[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2009, 209(2): 785-791.
[92] Naito Y, Mizutani M, Katayama S. Penetration characteristics in YAG laser and TIG arc hybrid welding, and arc and plasma/plume behavior during welding - welding phenomena in hybrid welding using YAG laser and TIG Arc(first report)[J]. Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu/Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2006, 24(1):32-38.
[93] Naito Y, Mizutani M, Katayama S. Effect of ambient atmosphere on penetration geometry in single laser and laser-arc hybrid welding - welding phenomena in hybrid welding using YAG laser and TIG arc (second report)[J]. Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu/Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2006, 24(1):39-44.
[94] Naito Y, Mizutani M, Katayama S. Electrical measurement of arc during hybrid welding - welding phenomena in hybrid welding using YAG laser and TIG arc (third report) [J]. Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu/Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2006, 24(1): 45-51.
[95] Naito Y, Mizutani M, Katayama S. Elucidation of penetration characteristics, porosity prevention mechanism and flows in molten pool during laser-arc hybrid welding - Welding phenomena in hybrid welding using YAG laser and TIG arc (fourth report)[J]. Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu/Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2006, 24(2):149-161.
[96]牧野吉延,椎原克典,浅井知. CO2レ-ザ@ア-クハイブリツド溶接法[J].溶接学会言志, 2001, 70(4): 18-22.
[97] Kim Y P, Alam N, Bang H S, et al. Observation of hybrid (cw Nd: YAG laser+MIG) welding phenomenon in AA5083 butt joints with different gap condition[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2006, 11(3): 305-306.
[98] Campana G, Ascari A, Fortunato A, et al. Hybrid laser-MIG welding of aluminum alloys: The influence of shielding gases[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2009, 255(10): 5588-5590.
[99] Tani G; Campana G, Fortunato A, et al. The influence of shielding gas in hybrid LASER-MIG welding[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2007, 253(19): 8050-8053.
[100] Dilthey U, Keller H. Prospects in laser GMA hybrid welding of steel[C].// Proceedings of the first International WLT-conference on lasers in manufacturing. [S.I.]:[s.n.],2001: 453-465.
[101] Qin G L, Lei Z, Lin S Y. Effects of Nd: YAG laser + pulsed MAG arc hybrid welding parameters on its weld shape[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2007, 12 (1): 85-86.
[102]石功奇, Howse D,船用钢结构的激光焊接以及激光-MAG复合焊接[J].电焊机, 2007, 37(6): 32-39.
[103] Swanson P T, Page C J, E. Read, et al. Plasma augmented laser welding of 6mm steel plate[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2007, 12 (2): 159-160.
[104] Yoon S H, Hwang J R, Na S J. A study on the plasma-augmented laser welding for small-diameter STS tubes[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2006, 32(11~12): 1134-1143.
[105] Yao W, Gong S L, Chen L. Effect of energy parameters on weld shaping for hybrid laser/plasma welding of titanium alloy[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2006, 27(9): 81-84.
[106] Khersonsky A, Lee H. Induction heating for efficient laser applications [J]. Advanced Materials & Processes, 2000, 157(4):39-41.
[107] Draugelates U, Bouaifi B, Daniel S. Effect of the post-weld treatment on the weld properties of mash-seam-welded and laser-beam-welded sheets[J]. Schweissen & Schneiden(Welding and Cutting), 2000, 52(1): 27-35.
[108]王春明,胡伦骥,胡席远,等.激光-高频感应复合焊接技术[J].激光技术, 2004, 28(5): 452-454.
[109] Chiang M F, Chen C. Induction-assisted laser welding of IN-738 nickel–base superalloy[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2009. 114(1): 415-419.
[110] Thomas W M, Nicholas E D. Friction stir welding for the transportation industries. Materials & Design, 1997, 18 (4-6): 269-273.
[111] Nicholas E D, Sato T, Kumai S, et al. Developments in the friction stir welding of metals[C].// 6th International Conference Aluminum Alloys, Toyohashi, Japan: The Japan Institute of Light Metal, 1998: 139-151.
[112]李维博.世界焊接技术的最新发展[J].上海造船, 2003, (2): 24-28.
[113] Kohn G, Greenberg Y, Makover I, et al. Laser-assisted friction stir Welding[J]. Welding Journal, 2002, 81(2):46-48.
[114] Able N, Pfefferkorn F. Laser-assisted friction stir lap welding of aluminum[C].// Proceedings of the ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference-2005 ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference, New York: ASME, 2005, 425-429.
[115] Merklein M, Giera A. Laser assisted friction stir welding of drawable steel-aluminium tailored hybrids[J]. International Journal of Material Forming, 2008, 1(suppl.1): 1299-1302.
[116]曾钢,袁少波.拼焊板在汽车工业中的应用[J].电焊机, 2004, 34(6): 12-15.
[117]李仕民,杨尚磊,楼松年.航天贮箱用不锈钢网与钛合金板电阻缝焊技术研究[J].焊接技术, 2005. 34(5): 26-27.
[118]赵熹华主编.压力焊[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1989.
[119] Ando Y, Inaba Y, Higuchi K, et al. New laser welding process for welded stainless steel pipe with excellent formability[J]. Sumitomo Metals, 1993, 45(6): 109-115.
[120] Tsay L W, Chung C S, Chen C. Fatigue crack propagation of D6AC laser welds[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 1997, 19(1): 25-31.
[121] Young M C, Chan S L I, Tsay L W, et al. Hydrogen-enhanced cracking of 2205 duplex stainless steel welds[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2005, 91: 21-27.
[122] Dilthey U, Brandenburg A, Piontek D. Laser beam welded cooling structure components made of martensitic high-temperature steels[J]. Research Abroad, 2004,50(12): 7-11.
[123] Wildash C. Dual process welding of plate steel employing high power laser and synchronised tandem wire arc welding technologies[J]. Welding Research Abroad, 2003, 49(6-7): 18-28.
[124] Verhaeghe G, Hilton P. Achieving low-porosity laser welds in aerospace aluminium alloy[J]. SAE transactions, 2003, 112(1):286-294.
[125]肖亚庆等.铝加工技术实用手册[M].北京:冶金工业出版社, 2005.
[126]金相图谱编写组.变形铝合金金相图谱[M].北京:冶金工业出版社, 1975.
[127] Kuo T Y, Lin H C. Effects of pulse level of Nd-YAG laser on tensile properties and formability of laser weldments in automotive aluminum alloys[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2006, 416(1-2): 281-289.
[128] Pastor M, Zhao H, Martukanitz R P, et al. Porosity underfill and magnesium loss during continuous wave Nd: YAG laser welding of aluminum alloys 5182 and 5754[J]. Welding Journal, 1999, 78(6): 207-216.
[129] Song Q, Zhang W, Bay N. Contact modelling in resistance welding. part 1: algorithms and numerical verification[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 2006, 220(5): 599-606.
[130]李宝清.铝合金电阻点焊过程的数值模拟及能量分析研究[D].天津:天津大学材料科学与工程学院, 2002.
[131]杨黎峰.铝合金电阻点焊熔核形成过程的数值模拟[D].长春:吉林大学材料科学与工程学院, 2005.
[132] Rogeon P, Carre P, Costa J, et al. Characterization of electrical contact conditions in spot welding assemblies[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2008, 195(1-3): 117-124.
[133] Feulvarch E, Rogeon P, Carre P, et al. Resistance spot welding process: experimental and numerical modeling of the weld growth mechanisms with consideration of contact conditions[J]. Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications, 2006, 49(4): 345-367.
[134] Rogeon P, Carre P, Costa J, et al. Characterization of electrical contact conditions in spot welding assemblies[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2008, 195(1-3): 117-124.
[135]朱文峰,林忠钦,来新民,等.基于多场耦合的车门铰链凸焊过程有限元仿真[J].焊接学报, 2005, 26(1): 64-68.
[136]夏志皋.塑性力学[M].上海:同济大学出版社, 1991.
[137]王勖成.有限单元法[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2003.
[138]张汝清,詹先义.非线性有限元分析[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1990.
[139]徐进,牛占文,廉金瑞,等.电阻点焊过程数值模拟的研究与进展[J].焊接技术, 2003: 32(1): 5-7.
[140] Song Q F, Zhang W Q, Bay N. An experimental study determines the electrical contact resistance in resistance welding[J]. Welding Journal, 2005, 84(5): 73-76.
[141] Zhang Y S, Xu J, Lai X M, et al. Numerical simulation of spot welding for galvanised sheet steels[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2008, 13(2): 192-198.
[142] James P S, Chandler H W, Evans J T, et.al. The effect of mechanical loading on the contact resistance of coated aluminium[J]. Materials sciecne and engineering A, 1997, 230(1-2): 194-201.
[143]王祝堂,田荣璋.铝合金及其加工手册[M].长沙:中南工业大学出版社, 1989.
[144]武恭.铝及铝合金材料手册[M].北京:科学出版社, 1984.
[145]黄伯云,李成功,石力开,等.中国材料工程大典第4卷有色金属材料工程上[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2006.
[146] Mondolfo L F. Aluminum Alloys: Structure and Properties[M]. London: Butterworth’s Limited Company, 1976.
[147]刘平,任凤章,贾淑果,等.铜合金及其应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2007.
[148]钟卫佳主编. Cu铜加工技术实用手册[M].北京:冶金工业出版社, 2007.
[149] West E G.铜和铜合金[M].陈北盈,涂远军,孙啸华,译.长沙:中南工业大学出版社, 1987.
[150]王莹,陈东生.用示波器测交变磁场及真空磁导率[J].物理实验, 2008, 28(8): 41-43.
[151]李大明.磁场测量讲座——第二讲电磁感应法(上) [J].电测与仪表, 1989, (11): 39-44.
[152] Peng Y, Chen W Z, Wang C, et al. Controlling the plasma of deep penetration laser welding to increase power efficiency[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2001, 34(21): 3145-3149.
[153]杨德才,刘金合.外加磁场对激光焊接熔深的影响[J].激光技术, 2001, 25(5): 347-350.
[154] Tse H C, Man H C, Yue T M. Effect of magnetic field on plasma control during CO2 laser welding[J]. Optics and Laser Technology, 1999, 31(5): 363-368.
[155]肖荣诗,左铁钏, Ambrosy G, et al.电流强化铝合金CO2激光焊接[J]. 2004, 31(3): 359-362.
[156] Xiao R S, Zuo T C, Leimser M, et al. Hybrid Nd: YAG laser beam welding of aluminum in addition with an electric current[C].// Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering: Lasers in Material Processing andManufacturing II. USA: SPIE, 2005, 5629: 195-201.
[157] Ambrosy G, Berger P, Hügel H, et al. The use of electromagnetic body forces to enhance the quality of laser welds[C].// Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering: XIV International Symposium on Gas Flow, Chemical Lasers, and High-Power Lasers. USA: SPIE, 2003, 5629: 596-600.
[158] Reinhart P.激光制造工艺[M].张冬云译.北京:清华大学出版社, 2008.
[159] M A阿勃拉洛夫, P Y阿勃杜拉赫曼诺夫.电磁作用焊接技术[M].韦福水,路登平译.北京:机械工业出版社, 1988.
[160]任露泉.试验优化设计与分析[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社, 2001.
[161]高允彦.正交及回归试验设计方法[M].北京:冶金工业出版社, 1988.