目标与涂层近场光散射特性研究
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摘要
本文主要研究了单层和多层涂层结构介质的光散射特性，以及近场条件下复杂目标对激光波束的散射，其主要工作如下：
1、采用一阶多重散射近似理论分析单层涂层对光波的散射和反射，计算并讨论了辐射强度、双向反射分布函数和单位面积激光雷达散射截面随涂层结构参数的变化规律，数值分析了粗糙基底对双向反射分布函数的影响。
2、基于辐射输运方程，运用蒙特卡罗方法研究具有任意涂层的光散射。考虑涂层介质表面的反射和透射，以及随机粗糙表面的影响，提出了一种改进的蒙特卡罗计算辐射输运问题的新算法。该算法可用于模拟计算单层和多层涂层，平行平面结构和粗糙表面情况下的光散射行为，较好地处理多层涂层结构中各层间的反射和透射，模拟结果与文献结果吻合的很好。
3、研究激光引信波束对复杂目标在近场交会过程中的散射特性。根据有关测量数据，提出了激光引信的发射波束模型，并结合粗糙面散射理论，导出面元散射功率方程，给出导体球的激光近场散射功率结果。
4、提出激光引信目标近场散射特性仿真算法，编制了仿真软件，并以F16飞机为例，通过几何建模和消隐处理，计算了目标不同姿态、不同脱靶量和不同脱靶方位角时，弹目交会过程激光引信接收系统的接收功率。
In this dissertation, the property of light scattering by coating layers is systematically investigated, and laser beam scattering by a complex object in near field is also studied. The main works and results are as follows:
1. By use of one order multiple scattering theory, light scattering and reflection by a single coating layer is analyzed. The variance of radiation intensity, bidirectional reflection distribution function (brdf) and laser radar scattering cross section with coating layer parameters is given, with the effect of rough contrast on bidirectional reflection distribution function.
2. Based on the radiation transfer equation, light scattering by coating layer is studied by using Monte Carlo method. A new improved Monte Carlo method is proposed considering reflection and transmission on the surface of coating layers and the effect of random rough surfaces. The method can simulate light scattering behavior on the condition of single layer and multiple layers, and preferably deals with reflection and transmission between layers, with a good agreement with literature results.
3. Laser beam scattering by an object in near field is studied. First, base on the measure data, a mathematical description of the angular distribution of detonator laser beam is given. Secondly, by using the scattering characteristics of rough surface, the relation formula between received power and transmitted power of remote system for a facet is derived. Finally, the scattering power for a conductor sphere is computed.
4. A simulative algorithm of laser beam scattering by an object in near field is given. Based on the algorithm, a simulative software is worked. And by using geometrical modeling and hiding, the received power of remote system for F16 airplane, as an example, is computed.
1、采用一阶多重散射近似理论分析单层涂层对光波的散射和反射，计算并讨论了辐射强度、双向反射分布函数和单位面积激光雷达散射截面随涂层结构参数的变化规律，数值分析了粗糙基底对双向反射分布函数的影响。
2、基于辐射输运方程，运用蒙特卡罗方法研究具有任意涂层的光散射。考虑涂层介质表面的反射和透射，以及随机粗糙表面的影响，提出了一种改进的蒙特卡罗计算辐射输运问题的新算法。该算法可用于模拟计算单层和多层涂层，平行平面结构和粗糙表面情况下的光散射行为，较好地处理多层涂层结构中各层间的反射和透射，模拟结果与文献结果吻合的很好。
3、研究激光引信波束对复杂目标在近场交会过程中的散射特性。根据有关测量数据，提出了激光引信的发射波束模型，并结合粗糙面散射理论，导出面元散射功率方程，给出导体球的激光近场散射功率结果。
4、提出激光引信目标近场散射特性仿真算法，编制了仿真软件，并以F16飞机为例，通过几何建模和消隐处理，计算了目标不同姿态、不同脱靶量和不同脱靶方位角时，弹目交会过程激光引信接收系统的接收功率。
In this dissertation, the property of light scattering by coating layers is systematically investigated, and laser beam scattering by a complex object in near field is also studied. The main works and results are as follows:
1. By use of one order multiple scattering theory, light scattering and reflection by a single coating layer is analyzed. The variance of radiation intensity, bidirectional reflection distribution function (brdf) and laser radar scattering cross section with coating layer parameters is given, with the effect of rough contrast on bidirectional reflection distribution function.
2. Based on the radiation transfer equation, light scattering by coating layer is studied by using Monte Carlo method. A new improved Monte Carlo method is proposed considering reflection and transmission on the surface of coating layers and the effect of random rough surfaces. The method can simulate light scattering behavior on the condition of single layer and multiple layers, and preferably deals with reflection and transmission between layers, with a good agreement with literature results.
3. Laser beam scattering by an object in near field is studied. First, base on the measure data, a mathematical description of the angular distribution of detonator laser beam is given. Secondly, by using the scattering characteristics of rough surface, the relation formula between received power and transmitted power of remote system for a facet is derived. Finally, the scattering power for a conductor sphere is computed.
4. A simulative algorithm of laser beam scattering by an object in near field is given. Based on the algorithm, a simulative software is worked. And by using geometrical modeling and hiding, the received power of remote system for F16 airplane, as an example, is computed.
引文
[1]姚连兴等编著．目标与环境的光学特性．宇航出版社，1995
[2]魏光辉等．激光技术在兵器工业中的应用．北京：兵器工业出版社，1995．
[3]袁正．激光引信综述．航空兵器，1998，(3)：31—38
[4]曾群朋．全方位激光近炸引信探讨．内部资料．
[5]刘佳等．大型目标激光散射特性的研究．目标与环境特性，1995，九册(下)：242-254．
[6]王建岗，杨莉松，王桂英，徐至展．光在散射介质中的传输和成像．激光与光电子学进展，2000，1：14—21
[7]Lu Wu, Gu Ning, Lu Zuhong and Wei Yu. Electron Beam Scattering Trajecto-ries in Langmuir-Blodgett Resists and Substrates:A Monte-Carlo Simulation. Ch-inese Journal of Computation Physics, 1994, vol. 11, no.3:297—302
[8]裴鹿成，张孝泽．蒙特卡罗方法及其在粒子输运问题中的应用．科学出版社，1980
[9]Y. Hasegawa, Y. Yamada, M. Tamura, and Y. Nomura. Monte Carlo simulation of light transmission through living tissues. Applied Optics, 1990, vol.30, No.31: pp.4515-4520, 1990
[10]A. Sassaroli, C.Blumetti,F. Martelli et al.. Monte Carlo procedure for investing light propagation and imaging of highly scattering media. Appl.Opt.,1998,37(31):7392-7399
[11]E.D. Cashwell and C.J. Everett. A practical manual on the Monte Carlo method for random walk problems. Pergamon Press. London, 1959.
[12]S.A.Prahl,M.Keijer, S.L.Jacques et.al.. A Monte Carlo model of light propagation in tissue. Proc. SPIE, 1989,IS5:102-111
[13]R. Graaff, M.H.Koelink,F.Mul et al.. Condensed Monte Carlo simulations for the description of light transport. Appl. Opt., 1993,32(4):426-434
[14]Pat. Hanrahan,Wolfgang Krueger. Reflection from Layered Surfaces due to Subsurface Scattering. Proceeding of the 20th annual conference on computer graphic, 1993: 165—174
[15]Eric Veach. A Dissertation: Robust Monte Carlo methods for light transport simulation. 1997,12
[16]王一平，吴振森．用蒙特卡罗方法计算光通过薄层随机分布粒子的散射．光学学报，vol．7，no．5，1987
[17]吴振森，王一平．直接模拟法和统计估计法研究平面波通过离散随机介质的散射．物理学报，vol．37，no．4，1988
[18]吴振森．离散随机介质中光多重散射的四通量法与蒙特卡罗法比较．第四届全国电波传播学术会议论文集上册，1991
[19]Ken Ellis. Reflectance phenomenology and modeling tutorial, http:// www. erimint.com/on-line-docs/GUIDE/guide.frm.html
[20]L. Wang, S.L. Jacques, L. Zheng. MCML-Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 1995, 47, pp. 131-146
[21]吴振森，韩香娥，张向东等．不同表面激光双向反射分布函数的实验研究．光学学报，1996，vol．16，no．3：262—268
[22]李明柱．目标对复杂背景光谱辐射的反射和散射特性研究．西安电子科技大学研究生学位论文，1999
[23]何毅，吴键，刘盛刚．粗糙表面激光散射特性的理论研究．光学学报，1997，17 (9)：1202—1208
[24]C.Long Yu, R.kipp D.J.Andersh and S.W. LeeKipp. Near-field electromagnetic modeling and analysis. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest) v 2 Jul 13-18, 1997
[25]Shyh—kang Jeng. Near-Field Scattering by Physical Theory of Diffraction and Shooting and Bouncing Rays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 46:551-558
[26]Akira Ishimaru. Wave propagation and scattering in random media. Academic Press, 1978
[27]B.Maheu and G.Gouesbet. Four-flux models to solve the scattering transfer equation special cases. Applied Optics, 1986, vol.25, no.7:1122-1128
[28]B.Maheu, J.N.Letoulouzan and G.Gouesbet. Four-flux models to solve the scattering transfer equation in terms of Lorenz-Mie parameters. Applied Optics,1984, vol.23, no.19. 3353--3362
[29]BOHREN, C., and D. Huffman. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1983.
[30]Dominique Toublanc. Henyey-Greenstein and Mie phase functions in Monte Carlo radiative transfer computations. Applied Optics, 1996, vol.35, no.18: 3270-3274
[31]Eric I. Thorsos. The validity of the Kirchhoff approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum. J.Acoust. Soc.Am. , 1988, 83: 78-92
[32]宋昆．硕士论文：随机深粗糙度表面光散射研究及应用．2000，1
[33]H.C.Van de Hust. Mutiple light scattering: Tables,Formulas and Applications, Volume 2. Academic press, New York, 1980
[34]薛研．硕士论文：大气光谱辐射传输与散射特性研究及应用．2001，1
[35]F．T．乌拉比，R．K．穆尔，冯健超．微波遥感(第二卷)．科学出版社，1987
[36]金亚秋主编．复杂系统中的电磁波．复旦大学出版社，1995
[37]TORRANCE, K., and E. Sparrow. Theory for Off-Specular Reflection From Roughened Surfaces. J. Opt. Soc. America, 1967, Vol. 57: 1105-1114
[38]Sandford,B.,and D.Robertson. Infrared Reflectance Properties of Aircraft Paints(U). Proceedings of the 1985 Meeting of the IRIS Specialty Group on Targets, backgrounds and discrimination, 12 February 1985
[39]Beard,J.,J.R.Maxwell. Bidirectional Reflectance Model Validation and Utilization. Technical Report Number AFAL-TR-73-303,October 1973
[40]曾小东，梁昌洪，安毓英．远轴高斯波．物理学报，1997，46(10)：1932-1937．
[41]张克潜，李德杰．微波与光电子学中的电磁理论．电子工业出版社，1994
[42]曾小东，梁昌洪，安毓英．小尺寸面元的误差分析远轴高斯波．物理学报，1997，46(9)：1665-1669
[43]薛谦忠．博士论文：粗糙面波束散射研究及其应用．2000，7
[44]L.Piegl,W. Tiller. Curve and surface construction using rational Bsplines. Computer-aided Design, 1987, Vol. 19,No.9:485-498
[45]De Boor. A practical suide to splines. Springer Verlag, 1978
[46]施法中．计算机辅助几何设计与非均匀有理B样条(CAGD&NURBS)．北京航空航天大学，1994
[47]D．F．罗杰斯著，梁友栋，石教英，彭群生译．计算机图形学的算法基础．北京科学出版社，1990
[48]Zhang Xiangdong, Shen Peiyi, Wu Zhensen and Wu Chengke. Light Scattering from a Complex Rough Object. Chinese Journal of Electronics, 1999,8 (3): 303-305
[49]王军波，施聚生．导弹引信空中目标建模及自适应炸点控制．火力与指挥控制，1999，24(2)：16-21
[50]周宗海，徐永朋．三维图形动画在引战配合计算机仿真中的应用．制导与引信，1995，3：15—22
[51]Dave Shreiner编，孙守迁等人译．OpenGL参考手册(第3版)．机械工业出版社，2001
[2]魏光辉等．激光技术在兵器工业中的应用．北京：兵器工业出版社，1995．
[3]袁正．激光引信综述．航空兵器，1998，(3)：31—38
[4]曾群朋．全方位激光近炸引信探讨．内部资料．
[5]刘佳等．大型目标激光散射特性的研究．目标与环境特性，1995，九册(下)：242-254．
[6]王建岗，杨莉松，王桂英，徐至展．光在散射介质中的传输和成像．激光与光电子学进展，2000，1：14—21
[7]Lu Wu, Gu Ning, Lu Zuhong and Wei Yu. Electron Beam Scattering Trajecto-ries in Langmuir-Blodgett Resists and Substrates:A Monte-Carlo Simulation. Ch-inese Journal of Computation Physics, 1994, vol. 11, no.3:297—302
[8]裴鹿成，张孝泽．蒙特卡罗方法及其在粒子输运问题中的应用．科学出版社，1980
[9]Y. Hasegawa, Y. Yamada, M. Tamura, and Y. Nomura. Monte Carlo simulation of light transmission through living tissues. Applied Optics, 1990, vol.30, No.31: pp.4515-4520, 1990
[10]A. Sassaroli, C.Blumetti,F. Martelli et al.. Monte Carlo procedure for investing light propagation and imaging of highly scattering media. Appl.Opt.,1998,37(31):7392-7399
[11]E.D. Cashwell and C.J. Everett. A practical manual on the Monte Carlo method for random walk problems. Pergamon Press. London, 1959.
[12]S.A.Prahl,M.Keijer, S.L.Jacques et.al.. A Monte Carlo model of light propagation in tissue. Proc. SPIE, 1989,IS5:102-111
[13]R. Graaff, M.H.Koelink,F.Mul et al.. Condensed Monte Carlo simulations for the description of light transport. Appl. Opt., 1993,32(4):426-434
[14]Pat. Hanrahan,Wolfgang Krueger. Reflection from Layered Surfaces due to Subsurface Scattering. Proceeding of the 20th annual conference on computer graphic, 1993: 165—174
[15]Eric Veach. A Dissertation: Robust Monte Carlo methods for light transport simulation. 1997,12
[16]王一平，吴振森．用蒙特卡罗方法计算光通过薄层随机分布粒子的散射．光学学报，vol．7，no．5，1987
[17]吴振森，王一平．直接模拟法和统计估计法研究平面波通过离散随机介质的散射．物理学报，vol．37，no．4，1988
[18]吴振森．离散随机介质中光多重散射的四通量法与蒙特卡罗法比较．第四届全国电波传播学术会议论文集上册，1991
[19]Ken Ellis. Reflectance phenomenology and modeling tutorial, http:// www. erimint.com/on-line-docs/GUIDE/guide.frm.html
[20]L. Wang, S.L. Jacques, L. Zheng. MCML-Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 1995, 47, pp. 131-146
[21]吴振森，韩香娥，张向东等．不同表面激光双向反射分布函数的实验研究．光学学报，1996，vol．16，no．3：262—268
[22]李明柱．目标对复杂背景光谱辐射的反射和散射特性研究．西安电子科技大学研究生学位论文，1999
[23]何毅，吴键，刘盛刚．粗糙表面激光散射特性的理论研究．光学学报，1997，17 (9)：1202—1208
[24]C.Long Yu, R.kipp D.J.Andersh and S.W. LeeKipp. Near-field electromagnetic modeling and analysis. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest) v 2 Jul 13-18, 1997
[25]Shyh—kang Jeng. Near-Field Scattering by Physical Theory of Diffraction and Shooting and Bouncing Rays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 46:551-558
[26]Akira Ishimaru. Wave propagation and scattering in random media. Academic Press, 1978
[27]B.Maheu and G.Gouesbet. Four-flux models to solve the scattering transfer equation special cases. Applied Optics, 1986, vol.25, no.7:1122-1128
[28]B.Maheu, J.N.Letoulouzan and G.Gouesbet. Four-flux models to solve the scattering transfer equation in terms of Lorenz-Mie parameters. Applied Optics,1984, vol.23, no.19. 3353--3362
[29]BOHREN, C., and D. Huffman. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1983.
[30]Dominique Toublanc. Henyey-Greenstein and Mie phase functions in Monte Carlo radiative transfer computations. Applied Optics, 1996, vol.35, no.18: 3270-3274
[31]Eric I. Thorsos. The validity of the Kirchhoff approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum. J.Acoust. Soc.Am. , 1988, 83: 78-92
[32]宋昆．硕士论文：随机深粗糙度表面光散射研究及应用．2000，1
[33]H.C.Van de Hust. Mutiple light scattering: Tables,Formulas and Applications, Volume 2. Academic press, New York, 1980
[34]薛研．硕士论文：大气光谱辐射传输与散射特性研究及应用．2001，1
[35]F．T．乌拉比，R．K．穆尔，冯健超．微波遥感(第二卷)．科学出版社，1987
[36]金亚秋主编．复杂系统中的电磁波．复旦大学出版社，1995
[37]TORRANCE, K., and E. Sparrow. Theory for Off-Specular Reflection From Roughened Surfaces. J. Opt. Soc. America, 1967, Vol. 57: 1105-1114
[38]Sandford,B.,and D.Robertson. Infrared Reflectance Properties of Aircraft Paints(U). Proceedings of the 1985 Meeting of the IRIS Specialty Group on Targets, backgrounds and discrimination, 12 February 1985
[39]Beard,J.,J.R.Maxwell. Bidirectional Reflectance Model Validation and Utilization. Technical Report Number AFAL-TR-73-303,October 1973
[40]曾小东，梁昌洪，安毓英．远轴高斯波．物理学报，1997，46(10)：1932-1937．
[41]张克潜，李德杰．微波与光电子学中的电磁理论．电子工业出版社，1994
[42]曾小东，梁昌洪，安毓英．小尺寸面元的误差分析远轴高斯波．物理学报，1997，46(9)：1665-1669
[43]薛谦忠．博士论文：粗糙面波束散射研究及其应用．2000，7
[44]L.Piegl,W. Tiller. Curve and surface construction using rational Bsplines. Computer-aided Design, 1987, Vol. 19,No.9:485-498
[45]De Boor. A practical suide to splines. Springer Verlag, 1978
[46]施法中．计算机辅助几何设计与非均匀有理B样条(CAGD&NURBS)．北京航空航天大学，1994
[47]D．F．罗杰斯著，梁友栋，石教英，彭群生译．计算机图形学的算法基础．北京科学出版社，1990
[48]Zhang Xiangdong, Shen Peiyi, Wu Zhensen and Wu Chengke. Light Scattering from a Complex Rough Object. Chinese Journal of Electronics, 1999,8 (3): 303-305
[49]王军波，施聚生．导弹引信空中目标建模及自适应炸点控制．火力与指挥控制，1999，24(2)：16-21
[50]周宗海，徐永朋．三维图形动画在引战配合计算机仿真中的应用．制导与引信，1995，3：15—22
[51]Dave Shreiner编，孙守迁等人译．OpenGL参考手册(第3版)．机械工业出版社，2001