如何利用激励——约束机制提高企业竞争力
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  • 英文题名:How to Make Use of Encourage-Control Mechanism to Increase the Competition Ability of Business Enterprise
  • 作者:王为
  • 论文级别:硕士
  • 学科专业名称:工商管理
  • 学位年度:2004
  • 导师:庞晓波
  • 学科代码:120202
  • 学位授予单位:吉林大学
  • 论文提交日期:2004-05-01
摘要
企业经营管理者的状况和素质,是决定国有企业兴衰成败的关键因素。而建设高素质的企业经营管理者队伍的一个极其重要的方面,就是要建立健全经营管理者的激励约束机制,即由一整套有机联系的方法措施构成的激发经营管理者实现自身价值,鼓励和褒奖经营管理者不断取得良好业绩、合理约束经营管理者行为的一种制度安排。
     竞争力的强弱是企业在市场竞争中能否生存下去的关键性的影响因素。我国的国有大中型企业经过一系列的改革,虽然取得了许多的成绩,可是仍然有许多不足,例如:在国有企业中产生的贪污腐败现象、企业缺乏活力、企业人才流失、缺乏发展的后劲等等。如何增强我国国有企业的竞争力,许多专家、学者提出了许多好的建议。我认为在这个问题上,解决好激励-约束机制是关键。
     企业的竞争力在不同历史时期、不同背景条件下有着不同的内容。传统或古典经济学家把企业竞争力看成是企业占有基本要素―劳动力、资金和自然禀赋等方面具有的相对优势。与自然资源相比,人力资本更能决定企业的竞争力,而解决好人力资本的关键是激励-约束机制,他们根据大量统计分析结果指出传统要素(如劳动力和机器设备)在当代经济增长中的作用甚微,认为企业内部竞争与效率是构成企业竞争力的源泉。企业的竞争力主要包括以下几个方面:
    1、资产竞争力的基础要素,是机器设备要素。企业资产按其性质,可分为生产经营性资产、对外投资资产、在建工程资产。
    2、无形资产中的技术专利权和专有技术资产,当属资产竞争力的关键要素。无形资产就其性质分为土地使用权、知识产权和专有技术,而知识产权又可分为工业产权和文化产权,权术专利权则是工业产权的重要内容之一。
    3、资产竞争力的核心要素,应为无形资产中的品牌要素。名牌是企业之财富,国家之玫宝,是无形和有形之统一。
    4、企业过程竞争力的基础要素是企业经营机制和人力资本竞争力。企业经营机制,包括决策机制、分配机制、激励机制等,具有强烈影响企业员工偏好及行为的重要功能,是决定企业竞争力的基础性要素。
    
    5、企业过程竞争力的关键要素,在于其成本竞争力。企业竞争力的重要特点之一是盈利性,而企业盈利水平的高低,取决于产品成本和价格之间的差距。
    6、企业过程竞争力的核心,在于技术成果转化力。
    管理的实质就是通过激励和约束方式协调人的行为,以有效达成组织的目标。激励与约束方式按照其性质不同划分为文化性层面、制度性层面和技术性层面三个层次。企业各层面激励与制约机制方式的作用与效果具有以下特点:
    (1) 激励机制的文化性、制度性和技术性层面通过文化(道德)、制度和技术保障三种不同层面的激励方式对企业员工进行激励,从而使被激励者分别达到“为义而为、为利而为、安心而为”的三种不同层次的行为激励效果目标。
    (2) 约束机制的文化性、制度性和技术性层面通过文化(道德)、制度和技术保障三种不同层面的约束方式对企业员工行为约束,从而使被约束者分别达到“不愿违规、不敢违规、不能违规”的不同层次性的行为约束效果目标。
    (3) 一个完整的企业激励约束机制系统应该是激励与约束相结合,文化性、制度性和技术性层面激励约束方式相配套的均衡的系统结构,从而使对人的激励达到合法、合理和合情,而对人的约束达到物律、他律和自律的不同层次的境界和效果。
    三个层面激励与约束机制具有不同的功能和效果目标,三个层面的激励与约束机制又是紧密结合的、相辅相成的,同时,各层面激励约束机制是可以通过各种“技术化”方式加以转换的。
    构建社会主义市场经济条件下的激励机制,必须把物质激励与精神激励有机结合起来;把短期激励与长期激励有机结合起来,把激励机制与约束机制有机结合起来。
    总之,对国企经营者激励约束是一项复杂的系统工程,一方面,应按照中央关于加强和改善党的领导、加强思想政治工作和精神文明建设的部署,不断提高国企经营者的思想道德素质和职业道德水平。另一方面,应遵循市场经济的客观规律,建立健全与之相适应的国企经营者激励和约束机制。
The business enterprise operates the governor's condition with the character, is a key factor that decide the l success or failure of the state-owned business enterprise. But the high character in developments of the business enterprise operates a very and important aspect of governor's troops, is to establish the encourage stipulation mechanism, namely from a measure that the whole set of organism contact constitutes of stiring up and operating the governor realizes oneself value, encourage with the prize operate the governor to obtain continuously good accomplishment, reasonable controls the management of arrangement of governor's behavior.
    The strong or weak of the competition ability is a key factor that business enterprise can exist in market. The large and medium-sized in nation-owned enterprise of the our country is through a series of reformation, although obtained many scores, but still have many shortage, for example: The corrupt phenomenon, business enterprise in corruption produced in nation-owned business enterprise lacks the vitality, business enterprise loss of talented people and lack the delay effect etc. of the development. How to strengthen the competition ability of the state-owned business enterprise in our country, many expert, scholars put forward many good suggestions. I think on this problem, the solution likes to encourage the - controls the mechanism is a key.
    The competition ability of the business enterprise has the different contents under the period and different background in different history term. The traditional or classic economist sees the business enterprise competition ability is a comparative advantage that business enterprise occupy an essential element ― labor force, funds to have with nature born gift etc.. Compare with the nature resources, the manpower capital can also decide the competition ability of the business enterprise, but the capital key in solution is a function to encourages - controls the mechanism, they large quantity statistics analysis result indicate that traditional main factor( such as labor force and machinery equipment) in contemporary economy increase very tiny, think the business enterprise inner part competition is a headspring to constitute the business enterprise competition ability in efficiency. The competition ability of the business enterprise includes primarily a few aspects below:
    The first, the main factor of foundation of the property competition ability is machinery
    
    
    equipment. the business enterprise can be divided by property presses, the production operating property, the outward invest property, the engineering property.
    The second, the technique in the immaterial assets with patent right has the technique property, should be the key factor of the property competition ability. The immaterial assets is divided into the land using power, intelligent property right and the sole owned technique property right, and the intelligent property right can be divided into the power to produce and the power with the culture, the patent right with political strategy is then one of the important contents of the powering in the industry produces.
    The third, the key factor of the asset competition ability, should be the brand in the immaterial assets. The famous brand is the wealth of the business enterprise, the treasure of national, is unified with invisible and visible.
    The fourth, the foundational factor of the business enterprise process competition ability is the business enterprise how to operate the mechanism and the manpower capital competition ability. The operating the mechanism of business enterprise, including how to make policy of mechanism, assign the mechanism and encourage mechanism etc., having foundation factor to decide the business enterprise competition ability which having mightiness influence to business enterprise employee's hobby and behavioral and important functions .
    The fifth, the key factor of the business enterprise competition ability, consist in its cost competition ability. One of the important charac
引文
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