内蒙孪井灌区地下水补给的研究
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摘要
孪井滩位于内蒙古阿拉善盟南部,这里降水稀少且不均匀,蒸发强烈,为典型的生态脆弱区。1994年底孪井滩正式引黄河水灌溉,灌溉入渗成为该区地下水补给的主要来源。大水漫灌不仅会造成水资源的浪费,还会引起含水层矿化度的增加和地下水位的上升,引发灌区下游土壤次生盐渍化问题。
选择可信度高的评价方法准确评价地下水的补给量,准确获取地下水补给信息并确定其在时间和空间上的变化性,可以为水资源规划和地下水可持续利用方案的制定提供科学依据。目前地下水补给评价方法很多,不同评价方法适用的时空尺度、范围以及可靠性不同,如何根据研究问题的需要,选择合适的方法进行地下水补给评价就显得特别重要。
在孪井灌区深埋潜水区的典型地段,本文用土壤水均衡法、氯离子剖面法和地下水动态法对干旱区地下水补给进行了研究。首先,在灌区选取典型土壤剖面,用土壤水均衡法得出了不同地层结构主要作物的灌溉渗漏量,结果表明渗漏量与灌溉量、灌前土壤含水率、土壤岩性和种植作物密切相关。玉米在双层结构六次灌水的平均渗漏量为251 mm,油葵在多层结构的平均渗漏量为81.9 mm。同时,用氯离子剖面法估算了降水和长期灌溉地区的入渗补给量,降水对地下水的补给量还不到0.1 mm/a,补给甚微。而在长期灌溉的地区,多年灌溉平均补给量达231.5 mm/a,与水量均衡法得到的结果相吻合。地下水位观测结果表明,从2005年12月到2008年9月,灌区内地下水上升了近1m左右,反映了传统灌溉对地下水的影响。
针对不同评价方法在孪井灌区的应用,本文对评价方法的精度、适用性和局限性还进行了探讨。土壤水均衡法和氯离子剖面法在灌区的适用性较好,而地下水动态法因该区地下水埋深较大、观测井的密度小及地下水径流等等影响,误差较大,该方法在灌区的精度较低。
最后,针对灌区地下水位上升现状,提出地下水位控制措施措施。例如:调整灌溉定额,改进灌溉技术;优化种植结构,推行节水灌溉制度;加强工程水利措施和排水措施等等。
Luanjing, located in Inner Mongolia, northwest China, is an ecologically fragile area, characterized by low and irregular rainfall, high evaporation, and notable drought periods. Since the establishment of irrigation area in 1994, Water has been diverted from the Yellow River and irrigation water infiltration has been the primary source of groundwater recharge. There is misuse and wastage of water resources with traditional flooding irrigation. Excessive water may also produce high mineralization of aquifer and water table rising, leading to soil secondary salinization in low lands.
It has a great theoretical and practical significance to choose the reliable method for evaluating groundwater recharge accurately and revealing the temporal and spatial change law of groundwater recharge, which is propitious to provide a scientific basis for water resources management and sustainable use. At present, there are many evaluation methods for groundwater recharge, and different evaluation methods are applicable to different spatial and temporal scales, scope and reliability. So it is very important to choose the appropriate method according to the research.
The study was carried out in Luanjing basin, an arid area with deep aquifer, Inner Mongolia. In the research, soil water balance method, chloride profile method and groundwater level fluctuation method are used to describe the groundwater recharge in Luanjing Irrigation Area, where the utilization of irrigation water is very low. Leakage in different stratum and different crops are estimated by soil water balance method, which indicates that the irrigation leakage amount is contacted with the irrigation norm, soil moisture content before irrigation, soil texture and planting crops. For example, in the land cropped with corn, the average leakage for six irrigation times in dual-layer stratum is 251mm, which is larger than 81.9mm in the multi-layer stratum cropped with oil heliotrope. Chloride profile method is also applied to estimate the annual groundwater recharge in natural and long-term irrigation sites, showing that direct recharge by rainfall is less than 0.1 mm/a, and the irrigation infiltration recharge in long-term irrigation sites is 231.5mm/a, which is consistent with the results using soil water balance method. The water table observation data shows an about 1m increase of groundwater level from December 2005 to September 2008, which reflects the influence of traditional flooding irrigation on groundwater.
By analyzing application of different methods in Luanjing Irrigation Area, the application condition, limitation and accuracy of each method are discussed. Recharge estimated by soil water balance method and chloride profile method are reliabe, and the accuracy of groundwater fluctuation method is low due to deep aquifer, small density of observation wells and groundwater runoff.
Finally, the paper provides some control measures of groundwater levels in response to the local utilization situation of groundwater. Such as modifying irrigation norms and improving irrigation technique, optimizing plant structure and implementing water-saving irrigation system, strengthening the water conservancy project measures and agro-ecological measures, and so on.
选择可信度高的评价方法准确评价地下水的补给量,准确获取地下水补给信息并确定其在时间和空间上的变化性,可以为水资源规划和地下水可持续利用方案的制定提供科学依据。目前地下水补给评价方法很多,不同评价方法适用的时空尺度、范围以及可靠性不同,如何根据研究问题的需要,选择合适的方法进行地下水补给评价就显得特别重要。
在孪井灌区深埋潜水区的典型地段,本文用土壤水均衡法、氯离子剖面法和地下水动态法对干旱区地下水补给进行了研究。首先,在灌区选取典型土壤剖面,用土壤水均衡法得出了不同地层结构主要作物的灌溉渗漏量,结果表明渗漏量与灌溉量、灌前土壤含水率、土壤岩性和种植作物密切相关。玉米在双层结构六次灌水的平均渗漏量为251 mm,油葵在多层结构的平均渗漏量为81.9 mm。同时,用氯离子剖面法估算了降水和长期灌溉地区的入渗补给量,降水对地下水的补给量还不到0.1 mm/a,补给甚微。而在长期灌溉的地区,多年灌溉平均补给量达231.5 mm/a,与水量均衡法得到的结果相吻合。地下水位观测结果表明,从2005年12月到2008年9月,灌区内地下水上升了近1m左右,反映了传统灌溉对地下水的影响。
针对不同评价方法在孪井灌区的应用,本文对评价方法的精度、适用性和局限性还进行了探讨。土壤水均衡法和氯离子剖面法在灌区的适用性较好,而地下水动态法因该区地下水埋深较大、观测井的密度小及地下水径流等等影响,误差较大,该方法在灌区的精度较低。
最后,针对灌区地下水位上升现状,提出地下水位控制措施措施。例如:调整灌溉定额,改进灌溉技术;优化种植结构,推行节水灌溉制度;加强工程水利措施和排水措施等等。
Luanjing, located in Inner Mongolia, northwest China, is an ecologically fragile area, characterized by low and irregular rainfall, high evaporation, and notable drought periods. Since the establishment of irrigation area in 1994, Water has been diverted from the Yellow River and irrigation water infiltration has been the primary source of groundwater recharge. There is misuse and wastage of water resources with traditional flooding irrigation. Excessive water may also produce high mineralization of aquifer and water table rising, leading to soil secondary salinization in low lands.
It has a great theoretical and practical significance to choose the reliable method for evaluating groundwater recharge accurately and revealing the temporal and spatial change law of groundwater recharge, which is propitious to provide a scientific basis for water resources management and sustainable use. At present, there are many evaluation methods for groundwater recharge, and different evaluation methods are applicable to different spatial and temporal scales, scope and reliability. So it is very important to choose the appropriate method according to the research.
The study was carried out in Luanjing basin, an arid area with deep aquifer, Inner Mongolia. In the research, soil water balance method, chloride profile method and groundwater level fluctuation method are used to describe the groundwater recharge in Luanjing Irrigation Area, where the utilization of irrigation water is very low. Leakage in different stratum and different crops are estimated by soil water balance method, which indicates that the irrigation leakage amount is contacted with the irrigation norm, soil moisture content before irrigation, soil texture and planting crops. For example, in the land cropped with corn, the average leakage for six irrigation times in dual-layer stratum is 251mm, which is larger than 81.9mm in the multi-layer stratum cropped with oil heliotrope. Chloride profile method is also applied to estimate the annual groundwater recharge in natural and long-term irrigation sites, showing that direct recharge by rainfall is less than 0.1 mm/a, and the irrigation infiltration recharge in long-term irrigation sites is 231.5mm/a, which is consistent with the results using soil water balance method. The water table observation data shows an about 1m increase of groundwater level from December 2005 to September 2008, which reflects the influence of traditional flooding irrigation on groundwater.
By analyzing application of different methods in Luanjing Irrigation Area, the application condition, limitation and accuracy of each method are discussed. Recharge estimated by soil water balance method and chloride profile method are reliabe, and the accuracy of groundwater fluctuation method is low due to deep aquifer, small density of observation wells and groundwater runoff.
Finally, the paper provides some control measures of groundwater levels in response to the local utilization situation of groundwater. Such as modifying irrigation norms and improving irrigation technique, optimizing plant structure and implementing water-saving irrigation system, strengthening the water conservancy project measures and agro-ecological measures, and so on.
引文
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