基于水循环模拟的农田土壤水效用评价方法与应用
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摘要
当前,随着经济社会的快速发展,人口的迅猛增长,农业生产的供用水矛盾日益凸显。长期以来,粮食高产的压力促使我国农田形成了复种指数高、套种间种等耕作制度复杂、人工干预行为频繁的特点,农田水循环系统的“自然-人工”二元特征日益显著。在二元水循环模式基本认知的基础上,认识现代农田水文循环,运用数学模型定量模拟农田土壤水循环过程,并以此为依据评价农田水分的有效利用程度对维持农业高产稳产、实现农业高效节水和应对水资源危机具有十分重要的意义。
本文认为,缓解当前农业供用水矛盾,需要开源和节流措施并重。在开源措施方面,应该充分挖掘土壤水资源的潜力,利用作物根系活动层土壤水库的调蓄作用来改善区域农田可供水量的时间不均匀性,可以在一定程度上缓解作物干旱缺水的程度。在节流措施方面,应充分提高农业水资源的利用效率,通过对农田土壤水循环过程的模拟和计算,解析土壤水循环过程中水分蓄量和通量的变化规律,辨识低效水分耗散过程,以采取相应措施,发掘土壤水资源潜力,进而提高农田水分的有效利用程度。同时,在农田管理措施方面,应普及和推广土壤测墒管理技术,而土壤水循环过程的模拟计算是制定灌溉措施、进行田间管理的基础性工作,为科学制定灌溉措施,充分提高单位水资源的产出效益提供重要的参考依据。
在理论上,论文参考了国内外大量的相关研究,提出了农田土壤水效用的概念,并构建了土壤水效用评价定量指标体系；在应用上,论文以我国华北平原旱作农田为研究对象,利用区域尺度农田水循环模拟与土壤水效用评价模型—MODCYCLE1.5,解析了半湿润半干旱地区农田水分循环过程,并对研究区土壤水的效用程度进行了定量评价。具体的研究内容包括以下几个方面：
1、从农田土壤水循环角度解析水分的运动路径和耗散效率,提出了农田水分高效利用评价的新方法。文章充分查阅和参考了国内外的相关研究,从区域尺度审视农田的水分循环过程,目的是实现农田土壤水资源的高效利用,手段是以分布式水文模型为工具,建立一套基于土壤水循环过程模拟的土壤水高效利用评价的新思路。
2、本文尝试利用分布式水文模型对农田土壤水循环过程进行模拟研究。研究结合我国华北地区旱作农田的水文过程特点,利用改进的分布式水文模型MODCYCLE1.5对邯郸市农田水循环过程进行了详细的模拟。改进的水文模型充分考虑了研究区农田耕作的基本特点,利用海河流域土壤岩性大面积采样实测数据建立了模型土壤属性数据库,模型其他参数也经过了充分有效的率定,确保了模型对研究区农田水循环过程模拟结果的可靠性。
3、文章从水循环过程的水量平衡效果、区域出境流量的模拟结果、区域农田土壤湿度的模拟结果以及农田作物产量的模拟结果等4个方面对模型进行了全面的验证,模拟结果与实测结果吻合效果较好,模型对研究区农田水循环的模拟结果可靠有效。
4、文章提出了农田土壤水效用的新概念,土壤水效用指土壤水在开发利用过程中各个环节的资源属性、时空位置属性以及功能属性所处的合理化状态。本文提出了土壤水效用表征指标体系,表征指标包括：1)作物根区土壤水库有效库容；2)作物根区土壤水库空库容变化指标,该指标包括土壤水库空库容年内均值和空库容年内变差2个二级指标；3)作物根区土壤水库供水与作物需水的时空匹配度指标,该指标包括土壤水库供水与作物需水的时间匹配指数和空间匹配指数2个二级指标；4)作物根区土壤水库的补给效率和有效利用效率指标。
5、定量计算了不同水平年邯郸市以县级行政区为单位的农田土壤水效用的各项表征指标。结果表明,研究区东部平原区较西部山区的土壤储水能力大,但全区域农田土壤水库有效供水条件较差,作物缺水和受旱程度较高。从土壤水供需的时间匹配程度来看,研究区冬小麦分蘖期、拔节期以孕穗期的土壤水供应明显不足,灌溉补水十分重要；从土壤水供需的空间匹配程度来看,邯郸市东中部.农田水分供需矛盾较为突出。区域土壤水补给效率计算结果显示,邯郸市各行政区农田年均土壤水补给效率都很高,说明土壤水在补给环节中水量的无效损耗不大；区域土壤水有效利用效率分计算结果显示,邯郸市各行政区农田年均土壤水有效利用效率均不高。
6、文章以邯郸市县级行政区为单位,对其农田土壤水效用程度进行了综合评价,结果显示,邯郸市东西部地区土壤水效用综合指标值较高,中部山前地区较小。本文最后针对邯郸市农田耕作管理的现状,提出从改善作物种植结构、提高耕作层土壤的储水能力、应用测墒灌溉技术方法以及普及农业节水措技术等4个方面对农田土壤水进行全时空调控的措施。
Currently, with the rapid development of social economy and growth of population, the contradiction between water supply and demand in agriculture has become a serious problem. For a long time, the pressure of food security has encouraged the farming practice in China with high multi-cropping index, complex rotation systems and strong human intervention. The characteristic of natural-artificial dualistic water cycle in farmland is becoming more and more significant. Based on the concept of dualistic water cycle, this paper analyzed water cycle of farmland influenced by modern agricultural technologies, and quantitatively simulated the movement of soil water in regional scale. Meanwhile, this paper also evaluated the soil water utility according to the evaluating index system. On a whole, the research in this paper plays an important role in maintaining high and stable yield in agriculture, popularizing water-saving technologies in agriculture and coping with agricultural water scarcity.
In order to alleviate the conflict of between water supply and demand in agriculture, we should pay much attention to both increasing volume of available water and reducing water demand. In terms of increasing volume of available water, the potential of soil water in farmland should be fully developed. The storage in crop root zone can smooth the uneven temporal distribution of available water in farmland and alleviate agricultural drought and water shortage to some extent. In terms of reducing water demand, efficiency of agricultural water use should be fully improved. Through simulating and calculating soil water cycle process of farmland, the relationship between the volume of water stored in soil reservoir and water flux in soil layer could be analyzed, which could be the reference to take the relevant measures to exploit the potential of soil water, inhibit low-efficiency water flux and then improve the level of efficient utilization of agricultural water. Meanwhile, as to the farmland management measure, monitoring-soil-moisture-for-irrigation method should be popularized, in which, soil water simulation and calculation are of great importance.
Based on extensive literature review, this study proposed the concept of water utility and the quantitative evaluation index system on farmland soil water use, and North China Plain was selected as the study area. The water cycle simulation and soil water utility evaluation model-MODCYCLE1.5was used to analyze water cycle process in the study areas, by which, the utility efficiency of soil water in the study areas was quantitatively evaluated. This paper mainly includes the following aspects:
1) Based on the analysis of the motion path and exchange of soil water cycle in farmland, this paper put forward a new concept and new evaluation method of soil water utility in farmland. Through a thorough review of relevant researches, this article aimed to achieve efficient use of farmland soil water resources by inspecting the farmland water cycle on regional scale. And the distributed hydrological model was adopted as a tool to establish a new system for evaluation on efficient utility of soil water.
2) Distributed hydrological model was used in this paper to simulate the soil water cycle in farmland. Combined with the characteristics of the hydrological cycle of farmland in North China Plain, the hydrological model-MODCYCLE was modified and improved to be MODCYCLE1.5, by which, the farmland soil water cycle in Handan City was simulated and analyzed. MODCYCLE1.5considers the basic characteristics of the farmland in the study area, and creates the database of soil properties using the measured data of lithology of soil in Haihe River Basin. And the other parameters in MODCYCLE1.5were also effectively calibrated, improving the accuracy of the simulation and the calculation.
3) The simulated results were sufficiently verified from the following aspects: simulated soil moisture in15soil moisture monitoring stations, yearly water balance in the entire area, yearly runoff running out of the area and the simulated yield of crop. The results show that there is a good agreement between the estimated values and the observed values, which indicate that the model is reliable.
4) This paper gave a new concept about the soil water utility in farmland. It holds that the soil water utility refers to the rational state of the resource attribute, spatial-temporal distribution attribute and function attribute of soil water in its development and utilization. This paper also put forward the evaluation index system based on the new concept, which included:1) the effective storage of soil water reservoir in the crop root zone;2) the variation of the empty storage of soil water reservoir in the crop root zone, which includes2subindexes, the annual average value of the empty storage and the variation coefficient of the empty storage within one year;3) the spatial and temporal matching status between water supply of the soil water reservoir and water demand of the crop, which includes2subindexes, the spatial matching index and the temporal matching index;4) the recharge efficiency and discharge efficiency of the soil water reservoir in the crop root zone.
5) This paper quantitatively analyzed the indexes of soil water utility in different hydrological level years of Handan City. The results show that the soil storage capacity in the eastern plain area is larger than that in the western mountainous areas. However, the condition of water supply in crop root zone of the study area is not good, and the crops seriously suffer from water deficiency and water stress. In terms of temporal matching status between soil water supply and crop water demand, water is severely deficient in the tillering stage, shooting stage and booting stage of winter wheat. Therefore, irrigation is important for wheat growth in the study area. In terms of spatial matching status between soil water supply and crop water demand, the agricultural water scarcity in the east and middle parts of Handan City is serious. According to the results, the efficiency of soil water recharge in Handan City is high, which indicates that inefficient water loss in the recharging process of the farmland is not large, while the efficiency of soil water discharge is much lower, indicating that a large amount of soil water can't be efficiently absorbed by crops.
6) At last, the paper comprehensively evaluated the utility efficiency of soil water in different county districts. Results show that the comprehensive utility efficiency in the west mountainous part and the east plain part is higher than that in the middle part of Handan City. And this paper also proposed many measures to improve the utility efficiency of soil water based on the concept of temporal and spatial soil water management, which included changing planting structure, increasing the storage capacity in the crop root zone, applying monitoring-soil-moisture-for-irrigation method and popularizing water-saving technologies.
本文认为,缓解当前农业供用水矛盾,需要开源和节流措施并重。在开源措施方面,应该充分挖掘土壤水资源的潜力,利用作物根系活动层土壤水库的调蓄作用来改善区域农田可供水量的时间不均匀性,可以在一定程度上缓解作物干旱缺水的程度。在节流措施方面,应充分提高农业水资源的利用效率,通过对农田土壤水循环过程的模拟和计算,解析土壤水循环过程中水分蓄量和通量的变化规律,辨识低效水分耗散过程,以采取相应措施,发掘土壤水资源潜力,进而提高农田水分的有效利用程度。同时,在农田管理措施方面,应普及和推广土壤测墒管理技术,而土壤水循环过程的模拟计算是制定灌溉措施、进行田间管理的基础性工作,为科学制定灌溉措施,充分提高单位水资源的产出效益提供重要的参考依据。
在理论上,论文参考了国内外大量的相关研究,提出了农田土壤水效用的概念,并构建了土壤水效用评价定量指标体系；在应用上,论文以我国华北平原旱作农田为研究对象,利用区域尺度农田水循环模拟与土壤水效用评价模型—MODCYCLE1.5,解析了半湿润半干旱地区农田水分循环过程,并对研究区土壤水的效用程度进行了定量评价。具体的研究内容包括以下几个方面：
1、从农田土壤水循环角度解析水分的运动路径和耗散效率,提出了农田水分高效利用评价的新方法。文章充分查阅和参考了国内外的相关研究,从区域尺度审视农田的水分循环过程,目的是实现农田土壤水资源的高效利用,手段是以分布式水文模型为工具,建立一套基于土壤水循环过程模拟的土壤水高效利用评价的新思路。
2、本文尝试利用分布式水文模型对农田土壤水循环过程进行模拟研究。研究结合我国华北地区旱作农田的水文过程特点,利用改进的分布式水文模型MODCYCLE1.5对邯郸市农田水循环过程进行了详细的模拟。改进的水文模型充分考虑了研究区农田耕作的基本特点,利用海河流域土壤岩性大面积采样实测数据建立了模型土壤属性数据库,模型其他参数也经过了充分有效的率定,确保了模型对研究区农田水循环过程模拟结果的可靠性。
3、文章从水循环过程的水量平衡效果、区域出境流量的模拟结果、区域农田土壤湿度的模拟结果以及农田作物产量的模拟结果等4个方面对模型进行了全面的验证,模拟结果与实测结果吻合效果较好,模型对研究区农田水循环的模拟结果可靠有效。
4、文章提出了农田土壤水效用的新概念,土壤水效用指土壤水在开发利用过程中各个环节的资源属性、时空位置属性以及功能属性所处的合理化状态。本文提出了土壤水效用表征指标体系,表征指标包括：1)作物根区土壤水库有效库容；2)作物根区土壤水库空库容变化指标,该指标包括土壤水库空库容年内均值和空库容年内变差2个二级指标；3)作物根区土壤水库供水与作物需水的时空匹配度指标,该指标包括土壤水库供水与作物需水的时间匹配指数和空间匹配指数2个二级指标；4)作物根区土壤水库的补给效率和有效利用效率指标。
5、定量计算了不同水平年邯郸市以县级行政区为单位的农田土壤水效用的各项表征指标。结果表明,研究区东部平原区较西部山区的土壤储水能力大,但全区域农田土壤水库有效供水条件较差,作物缺水和受旱程度较高。从土壤水供需的时间匹配程度来看,研究区冬小麦分蘖期、拔节期以孕穗期的土壤水供应明显不足,灌溉补水十分重要；从土壤水供需的空间匹配程度来看,邯郸市东中部.农田水分供需矛盾较为突出。区域土壤水补给效率计算结果显示,邯郸市各行政区农田年均土壤水补给效率都很高,说明土壤水在补给环节中水量的无效损耗不大；区域土壤水有效利用效率分计算结果显示,邯郸市各行政区农田年均土壤水有效利用效率均不高。
6、文章以邯郸市县级行政区为单位,对其农田土壤水效用程度进行了综合评价,结果显示,邯郸市东西部地区土壤水效用综合指标值较高,中部山前地区较小。本文最后针对邯郸市农田耕作管理的现状,提出从改善作物种植结构、提高耕作层土壤的储水能力、应用测墒灌溉技术方法以及普及农业节水措技术等4个方面对农田土壤水进行全时空调控的措施。
Currently, with the rapid development of social economy and growth of population, the contradiction between water supply and demand in agriculture has become a serious problem. For a long time, the pressure of food security has encouraged the farming practice in China with high multi-cropping index, complex rotation systems and strong human intervention. The characteristic of natural-artificial dualistic water cycle in farmland is becoming more and more significant. Based on the concept of dualistic water cycle, this paper analyzed water cycle of farmland influenced by modern agricultural technologies, and quantitatively simulated the movement of soil water in regional scale. Meanwhile, this paper also evaluated the soil water utility according to the evaluating index system. On a whole, the research in this paper plays an important role in maintaining high and stable yield in agriculture, popularizing water-saving technologies in agriculture and coping with agricultural water scarcity.
In order to alleviate the conflict of between water supply and demand in agriculture, we should pay much attention to both increasing volume of available water and reducing water demand. In terms of increasing volume of available water, the potential of soil water in farmland should be fully developed. The storage in crop root zone can smooth the uneven temporal distribution of available water in farmland and alleviate agricultural drought and water shortage to some extent. In terms of reducing water demand, efficiency of agricultural water use should be fully improved. Through simulating and calculating soil water cycle process of farmland, the relationship between the volume of water stored in soil reservoir and water flux in soil layer could be analyzed, which could be the reference to take the relevant measures to exploit the potential of soil water, inhibit low-efficiency water flux and then improve the level of efficient utilization of agricultural water. Meanwhile, as to the farmland management measure, monitoring-soil-moisture-for-irrigation method should be popularized, in which, soil water simulation and calculation are of great importance.
Based on extensive literature review, this study proposed the concept of water utility and the quantitative evaluation index system on farmland soil water use, and North China Plain was selected as the study area. The water cycle simulation and soil water utility evaluation model-MODCYCLE1.5was used to analyze water cycle process in the study areas, by which, the utility efficiency of soil water in the study areas was quantitatively evaluated. This paper mainly includes the following aspects:
1) Based on the analysis of the motion path and exchange of soil water cycle in farmland, this paper put forward a new concept and new evaluation method of soil water utility in farmland. Through a thorough review of relevant researches, this article aimed to achieve efficient use of farmland soil water resources by inspecting the farmland water cycle on regional scale. And the distributed hydrological model was adopted as a tool to establish a new system for evaluation on efficient utility of soil water.
2) Distributed hydrological model was used in this paper to simulate the soil water cycle in farmland. Combined with the characteristics of the hydrological cycle of farmland in North China Plain, the hydrological model-MODCYCLE was modified and improved to be MODCYCLE1.5, by which, the farmland soil water cycle in Handan City was simulated and analyzed. MODCYCLE1.5considers the basic characteristics of the farmland in the study area, and creates the database of soil properties using the measured data of lithology of soil in Haihe River Basin. And the other parameters in MODCYCLE1.5were also effectively calibrated, improving the accuracy of the simulation and the calculation.
3) The simulated results were sufficiently verified from the following aspects: simulated soil moisture in15soil moisture monitoring stations, yearly water balance in the entire area, yearly runoff running out of the area and the simulated yield of crop. The results show that there is a good agreement between the estimated values and the observed values, which indicate that the model is reliable.
4) This paper gave a new concept about the soil water utility in farmland. It holds that the soil water utility refers to the rational state of the resource attribute, spatial-temporal distribution attribute and function attribute of soil water in its development and utilization. This paper also put forward the evaluation index system based on the new concept, which included:1) the effective storage of soil water reservoir in the crop root zone;2) the variation of the empty storage of soil water reservoir in the crop root zone, which includes2subindexes, the annual average value of the empty storage and the variation coefficient of the empty storage within one year;3) the spatial and temporal matching status between water supply of the soil water reservoir and water demand of the crop, which includes2subindexes, the spatial matching index and the temporal matching index;4) the recharge efficiency and discharge efficiency of the soil water reservoir in the crop root zone.
5) This paper quantitatively analyzed the indexes of soil water utility in different hydrological level years of Handan City. The results show that the soil storage capacity in the eastern plain area is larger than that in the western mountainous areas. However, the condition of water supply in crop root zone of the study area is not good, and the crops seriously suffer from water deficiency and water stress. In terms of temporal matching status between soil water supply and crop water demand, water is severely deficient in the tillering stage, shooting stage and booting stage of winter wheat. Therefore, irrigation is important for wheat growth in the study area. In terms of spatial matching status between soil water supply and crop water demand, the agricultural water scarcity in the east and middle parts of Handan City is serious. According to the results, the efficiency of soil water recharge in Handan City is high, which indicates that inefficient water loss in the recharging process of the farmland is not large, while the efficiency of soil water discharge is much lower, indicating that a large amount of soil water can't be efficiently absorbed by crops.
6) At last, the paper comprehensively evaluated the utility efficiency of soil water in different county districts. Results show that the comprehensive utility efficiency in the west mountainous part and the east plain part is higher than that in the middle part of Handan City. And this paper also proposed many measures to improve the utility efficiency of soil water based on the concept of temporal and spatial soil water management, which included changing planting structure, increasing the storage capacity in the crop root zone, applying monitoring-soil-moisture-for-irrigation method and popularizing water-saving technologies.
引文
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