长大公路隧道火灾通风三维数值模拟研究
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摘要
基于长大公路隧道在火灾安全体系研究方面的迫切需要，本文以秦岭终南山特长公路隧道为对象，采用CFD方法对长大公路隧道纵向式通风控制火灾烟流的问题进行了数值模拟研究。
依据火灾过程中状态参数变化所遵循的基本守恒定律及化学反应定律，建立了隧道火灾烟气流动的三维数学模型，即用连续性方程、动量方程、能量方程及气体组分方程描述气流流动状态，其中湍流模型采用浮力修正的κ-ε模型。以有限体积法为基础，对该模型的控制微分方程进行离散化处理，采用SIMPLE算法进行求解，并将数值计算结果与秦岭终南山特长公路隧道火灾模型试验结果进行比较，验证了本文所建火灾模型的合理性和有效性。在此基础上，将模型运用到了秦岭终南山特长公路隧道的火灾预测研究中。对隧道内的火灾状况进行了稳态和瞬态模拟计算，计算工况不仅考虑通风风速的变化，而且还对沿隧道上坡方向和下坡方向通风的情况进行了模拟分析。
通过对模拟结果的详细深入分析，从中总结出了火灾烟流速度、温度和浓度的分布特征及其随通风条件的变化规律，以及火灾期间隧道内的热传递过程；讨论了隧道坡度对烟流分布的影响；提出了隧道横断面几何构造对隧道内温度分布的影响，对我国的火灾实验研究和隧道断面结构设计给出了建议。针对该隧道防灾设计，建议结构设计中必须加强隧道上部建筑材料的耐火等级，且对安设在顶部的通风设备进行耐火和高温防护；而底部墙角适宜有关设施的布置和埋设。
研究成果表明，所建立的隧道火灾三维模拟模型计算参数较全面，能给出较完整的信息，对于我国进文中研究成果不但为秦岭公路隧道的防灾救灾预案的制定提供直接的理论依据和指导，而且也可作为其他长大隧道火灾安全工程的相关参考。一步开展隧道火灾与通风方面的研究有着重要的实用价值；
To meet the urgent need of fire safety system research for the long highway tunnels, this thesis presents numerical simulation of the longitudinal ventilation control on fire smoke flow in Qingling Zhongnanshan King-size Highway Tunnel.
Based on the conservation laws and chemical reaction laws a three-dimensional mathematical model of the smoke movement in tunnel fires was established. The model consisted of continuity equations, momentum equations, energy equations and species equations. A k-ε model with buoyancy modification was employed to model turbulent flow.
Finite volume method was used to discretize the governing equations and the SIMPLE algorithm was employed to solve the discretized equations.
Numerical results coincided well with those of scale model fire experiments of Qingling Zhongnanshan King-size Highway Tunnel, which indicated the proposed fire model was reasonable and valid.
The model was then applied to predict fire cases in Qingling Zhongnanshan King-size Highway Tunnel. The steady and unsteady conditions of the fire in this tunnel were simulated. The affects of ventilation velocities, ventilation directions and tunnel slopes on fire smoke flows were investigated.
The thesis presented a thorough analysis on fire smoke flows in tunnels and summarized their characters, which included velocity, temperature and concentration distributions, the affects of ventilation conditions on them and the heat transfer process in tunnels during fires. The thesis also discussed the influence of the tunnel slopes on smoke flows.
The thesis investigated influence of the tunnel cross section's geometry on the temperature distributions during fires and put forward proposals on fire experiment research and the tunnel cross section's construction design.
Aiming at this tunnel's fire safety design, the thesis provided following suggestions: the construction design should enhance the fire-resistant grade of the building material for the upper part of tunnel and provide fire-proof and heat-proof protection for the ventilation equipments at the top; the corner of the ground is suitable for the installation of the relevant equipments.
The fire smoke flow model of this thesis can offer comprehensive information hence it can be served as a reference for the further research on the tunnel fire and ventilation in China.
The research findings in this thesis provide not only direct guidance for the formulation of the scheme concerning the Qingling Highway Tunnel's disaster prevention and disaster relief, but also relevant reference for the other long tunnel fire safety projects.
依据火灾过程中状态参数变化所遵循的基本守恒定律及化学反应定律，建立了隧道火灾烟气流动的三维数学模型，即用连续性方程、动量方程、能量方程及气体组分方程描述气流流动状态，其中湍流模型采用浮力修正的κ-ε模型。以有限体积法为基础，对该模型的控制微分方程进行离散化处理，采用SIMPLE算法进行求解，并将数值计算结果与秦岭终南山特长公路隧道火灾模型试验结果进行比较，验证了本文所建火灾模型的合理性和有效性。在此基础上，将模型运用到了秦岭终南山特长公路隧道的火灾预测研究中。对隧道内的火灾状况进行了稳态和瞬态模拟计算，计算工况不仅考虑通风风速的变化，而且还对沿隧道上坡方向和下坡方向通风的情况进行了模拟分析。
通过对模拟结果的详细深入分析，从中总结出了火灾烟流速度、温度和浓度的分布特征及其随通风条件的变化规律，以及火灾期间隧道内的热传递过程；讨论了隧道坡度对烟流分布的影响；提出了隧道横断面几何构造对隧道内温度分布的影响，对我国的火灾实验研究和隧道断面结构设计给出了建议。针对该隧道防灾设计，建议结构设计中必须加强隧道上部建筑材料的耐火等级，且对安设在顶部的通风设备进行耐火和高温防护；而底部墙角适宜有关设施的布置和埋设。
研究成果表明，所建立的隧道火灾三维模拟模型计算参数较全面，能给出较完整的信息，对于我国进文中研究成果不但为秦岭公路隧道的防灾救灾预案的制定提供直接的理论依据和指导，而且也可作为其他长大隧道火灾安全工程的相关参考。一步开展隧道火灾与通风方面的研究有着重要的实用价值；
To meet the urgent need of fire safety system research for the long highway tunnels, this thesis presents numerical simulation of the longitudinal ventilation control on fire smoke flow in Qingling Zhongnanshan King-size Highway Tunnel.
Based on the conservation laws and chemical reaction laws a three-dimensional mathematical model of the smoke movement in tunnel fires was established. The model consisted of continuity equations, momentum equations, energy equations and species equations. A k-ε model with buoyancy modification was employed to model turbulent flow.
Finite volume method was used to discretize the governing equations and the SIMPLE algorithm was employed to solve the discretized equations.
Numerical results coincided well with those of scale model fire experiments of Qingling Zhongnanshan King-size Highway Tunnel, which indicated the proposed fire model was reasonable and valid.
The model was then applied to predict fire cases in Qingling Zhongnanshan King-size Highway Tunnel. The steady and unsteady conditions of the fire in this tunnel were simulated. The affects of ventilation velocities, ventilation directions and tunnel slopes on fire smoke flows were investigated.
The thesis presented a thorough analysis on fire smoke flows in tunnels and summarized their characters, which included velocity, temperature and concentration distributions, the affects of ventilation conditions on them and the heat transfer process in tunnels during fires. The thesis also discussed the influence of the tunnel slopes on smoke flows.
The thesis investigated influence of the tunnel cross section's geometry on the temperature distributions during fires and put forward proposals on fire experiment research and the tunnel cross section's construction design.
Aiming at this tunnel's fire safety design, the thesis provided following suggestions: the construction design should enhance the fire-resistant grade of the building material for the upper part of tunnel and provide fire-proof and heat-proof protection for the ventilation equipments at the top; the corner of the ground is suitable for the installation of the relevant equipments.
The fire smoke flow model of this thesis can offer comprehensive information hence it can be served as a reference for the further research on the tunnel fire and ventilation in China.
The research findings in this thesis provide not only direct guidance for the formulation of the scheme concerning the Qingling Highway Tunnel's disaster prevention and disaster relief, but also relevant reference for the other long tunnel fire safety projects.
引文
1 刘伟．21世纪初我国公路隧道的关键技术．公路．2000(11)：82-86
2 A.Haack. Current Safety Issues in tunnels. 2001'Sino-Swiss Tunnel Technique Seminar. 2001
3 周金忠，黄代青．长人公路隧道消防设计探讨．两部探矿工程．2003(8)：87-90
4 覃文清，李风．隧道火灾与防范．消防科学与技术．2004(1)：54-57
5 刘伟，袁学勘．欧洲公路隧道营运安全技术的启示．2001(1)：5-10
6 叶飞，苏臣宏．公路隧道营运安全分析及对策．现代隧道技术．2003(1)：31-33
7 周旭，赵明华，刘义虎．长大隧道火灾与防治设计研究．中南公路工程．2002(4)：87-90
8 罗衍俭．长大公路隧道通风系统的选择．公路．1998(8)：38-42
9 霍然，胡源，李元洲．建筑火火安全工程导论．中国科学技术大学出版社，1999
10 龚延风，陈卫．建筑消防技术．科学出版社，2002
11 J. A. Gonzalez, N.H.Danaziger. Tunnel Ventilation Design for Fire Safety. 6th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 1988
12 夏永旭．我国长大公路隧道通风中的几个问题．公路．2003(5)：146—149
13 范维澄，王清安，姜冯辉，周建军．火灾学简明教程．中国科学技术大学出版社，1995
14 韩在先，徐宝林，霍然．降伏火魔之术．山东科学技术出版社，2001
15 A. Haack. Fire Protection in Traffic Tunnels-Initial Findings from Large-scale Tests. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 1992, 7(4): 363-375
16 Ricky Carvel. The history and future of fire tests. Tunnels & Tunnelling International. 11(2002): 34-35
17 刘朝文．高等级公路隧道火火扑救对策探讨．云南消防．2003(2)
18 A.G.Bendelius. The memorial tunnel fire ventilation test program-past, present and future. 9th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 1997
19 里查德·卡维尔，阿兰·比尔德，保尔·乔威特．隧道突发火灾时的明智通风控制．消防技术与产品信息．2001(9)：46～50
22 G. Cox, R. Chitty, S. Kumar. Fire model and the King's Cross fire investigation. Fire safty Junnel. 1989(6): 103-106
22 S. Kumar, G. Cox. Radiant Heat and Surface Roughness Effects in the Numerical Modeling of Tunnel Fires. 6th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics &
Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels. 1988
23 S. Kumar, G. Cox. A Numerical Model Fire in Road Tunnels. Tunnel & Tunnelling, 1987(3): 55-60
26 A. N. Beard, D. D. Drysdale, S. R. Bishop. A Non-linear Model of Major Fire Spread in a Tunnel. Fire Safety Journal. 1995(24): 333-357
20 Brandeis. J., Bergmann. D. J.. A numerical study of tunnel fires. Combustion Science and Technology. 1983(35): 133-155
24 Fletcher. D. F., Kent. J. H., Apte. V. B., Green. A. R.. Numerical simulations of smoke movement from a pool fire in a ventilated tunnel. Fire Safety. 1994, 23(3): 305-325
25 Apte. V. B., Green. A. R. & Kent. J. H.. Pool fire plume flow in a large-scale wind tunnel. Fire Safety Science-Proceedings of the Third International Symposium. 1991
27 M. Dobashi, T. imai, H. Yanagi, A. Mizuno. Numerical simulation of the emergency tunnel ventilation for a tunnel with longitudinal and transverse systems combined. 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
28 F.Demouge, D. Lacroix. CFD simulation of fire smoke behaviour with transverse ventilation-comparison with model tests.
29 S. S. Levy, J. R. Sandzimier. Smoke contral for the Ted Williams Tunnel-a comparative of extraction rate. 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
30 C. Rudin. Fires in long railway tunnels-the ventilation concepts adopted in the AIpTransit projects. 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
31 涂文轩．铁路隧道火灾的试验研究．消防技术与产品信息．1997．10
32 柴永模．隧道内发生火灾时的温度分布规律初探．消防技术．
33 陈宜吉．隧道列车火灾案例及预防．中国铁道出版社，1988
34 王明年，杨其新，赵秋林，刘培硕．秦岭终南山特长公路隧道防灾方案研究．公路．2000(11)：87-91
35 杨其新，闫治国．秦岭终南山特长公路隧道火灾模型试验研究．广西交通科技．2003(3)：18-25
36 王明年，杨其新，袁雪戡，杨忠．公路隧道火灾温度场的分布规律研究．地下空间．2003(3)：317-323
37 阎治国，杨其新．秦岭特长公路隧道火灾温度场分布试验研究．地下空间．2003(2)：191—195
38 付修华，吕和林，杨其新，钟新樵．特长隧道竖井通风模式下火灾模型试验方案研究．西部探矿工程．2003(7)
39 付修华，杨其新，刘化冰．秦岭特长公路隧道防火安全体系的探讨．广西交通科技．2003(3)：26-30
40 曹智明，杨其新．秦岭隧道火灾模式下的通风组织试验方案研究．地下空间．2003(2)：196-199
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49 Dr.W.K.Chow, Mr. W.M.Leung. Application of field model to tunnel fire services design. 6th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels. 1988
50 W.K.Chow. On Smoke Control for Tunnels by Longitudinal Ventilation.Fire and Life Safety. 1998, 13(3)
51 蒋军成．矿井火灾巷道烟气流动场模型．矿冶工程．1997，17(2)：6-10
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53 陶文铨．数值传热学．西安交通大学出版社，1988
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55 张祉道．公路隧道的火灾事故通风．现代隧道技术．2003，40(1)：34-43
56 Oka Y, Atkinson GT. Control of smoke flow in tunnel fires. Fire Safety Journal. 1995(25):305-22
57 Atkinson GT, Wu Y. Smoke control in sloping tunnels. Fire Safety Journal. 1996(27):335-41.
58 Y. Wu, M. Z. A. Bakar. Control of Smoke Flow in Tunnel Fires Using Longitudinal
Ventilation Systems-A Study of the Critical Velocity. Fire Safety Journal. 35 (2000): 363-390
59 J.P. Kunsch. Critical Velocity And Range of A Fire-gas Plume in A Ventilated Tunnel. Atmospheric Environment. 1999(33): 13-24
60 Yasushi Oka, Graham T. Atkinson. Control of Smoke Flow in Tunnel Fires. Fire Safety Journal. 1995(25): 305-332
61 张兴凯．地下工程火火原理及应用．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，1997
62 交通部．公路隧道通风照明设计规范．人民交通出版社，2000
2 A.Haack. Current Safety Issues in tunnels. 2001'Sino-Swiss Tunnel Technique Seminar. 2001
3 周金忠，黄代青．长人公路隧道消防设计探讨．两部探矿工程．2003(8)：87-90
4 覃文清，李风．隧道火灾与防范．消防科学与技术．2004(1)：54-57
5 刘伟，袁学勘．欧洲公路隧道营运安全技术的启示．2001(1)：5-10
6 叶飞，苏臣宏．公路隧道营运安全分析及对策．现代隧道技术．2003(1)：31-33
7 周旭，赵明华，刘义虎．长大隧道火灾与防治设计研究．中南公路工程．2002(4)：87-90
8 罗衍俭．长大公路隧道通风系统的选择．公路．1998(8)：38-42
9 霍然，胡源，李元洲．建筑火火安全工程导论．中国科学技术大学出版社，1999
10 龚延风，陈卫．建筑消防技术．科学出版社，2002
11 J. A. Gonzalez, N.H.Danaziger. Tunnel Ventilation Design for Fire Safety. 6th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 1988
12 夏永旭．我国长大公路隧道通风中的几个问题．公路．2003(5)：146—149
13 范维澄，王清安，姜冯辉，周建军．火灾学简明教程．中国科学技术大学出版社，1995
14 韩在先，徐宝林，霍然．降伏火魔之术．山东科学技术出版社，2001
15 A. Haack. Fire Protection in Traffic Tunnels-Initial Findings from Large-scale Tests. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 1992, 7(4): 363-375
16 Ricky Carvel. The history and future of fire tests. Tunnels & Tunnelling International. 11(2002): 34-35
17 刘朝文．高等级公路隧道火火扑救对策探讨．云南消防．2003(2)
18 A.G.Bendelius. The memorial tunnel fire ventilation test program-past, present and future. 9th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 1997
19 里查德·卡维尔，阿兰·比尔德，保尔·乔威特．隧道突发火灾时的明智通风控制．消防技术与产品信息．2001(9)：46～50
22 G. Cox, R. Chitty, S. Kumar. Fire model and the King's Cross fire investigation. Fire safty Junnel. 1989(6): 103-106
22 S. Kumar, G. Cox. Radiant Heat and Surface Roughness Effects in the Numerical Modeling of Tunnel Fires. 6th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics &
Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels. 1988
23 S. Kumar, G. Cox. A Numerical Model Fire in Road Tunnels. Tunnel & Tunnelling, 1987(3): 55-60
26 A. N. Beard, D. D. Drysdale, S. R. Bishop. A Non-linear Model of Major Fire Spread in a Tunnel. Fire Safety Journal. 1995(24): 333-357
20 Brandeis. J., Bergmann. D. J.. A numerical study of tunnel fires. Combustion Science and Technology. 1983(35): 133-155
24 Fletcher. D. F., Kent. J. H., Apte. V. B., Green. A. R.. Numerical simulations of smoke movement from a pool fire in a ventilated tunnel. Fire Safety. 1994, 23(3): 305-325
25 Apte. V. B., Green. A. R. & Kent. J. H.. Pool fire plume flow in a large-scale wind tunnel. Fire Safety Science-Proceedings of the Third International Symposium. 1991
27 M. Dobashi, T. imai, H. Yanagi, A. Mizuno. Numerical simulation of the emergency tunnel ventilation for a tunnel with longitudinal and transverse systems combined. 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
28 F.Demouge, D. Lacroix. CFD simulation of fire smoke behaviour with transverse ventilation-comparison with model tests.
29 S. S. Levy, J. R. Sandzimier. Smoke contral for the Ted Williams Tunnel-a comparative of extraction rate. 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
30 C. Rudin. Fires in long railway tunnels-the ventilation concepts adopted in the AIpTransit projects. 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
31 涂文轩．铁路隧道火灾的试验研究．消防技术与产品信息．1997．10
32 柴永模．隧道内发生火灾时的温度分布规律初探．消防技术．
33 陈宜吉．隧道列车火灾案例及预防．中国铁道出版社，1988
34 王明年，杨其新，赵秋林，刘培硕．秦岭终南山特长公路隧道防灾方案研究．公路．2000(11)：87-91
35 杨其新，闫治国．秦岭终南山特长公路隧道火灾模型试验研究．广西交通科技．2003(3)：18-25
36 王明年，杨其新，袁雪戡，杨忠．公路隧道火灾温度场的分布规律研究．地下空间．2003(3)：317-323
37 阎治国，杨其新．秦岭特长公路隧道火灾温度场分布试验研究．地下空间．2003(2)：191—195
38 付修华，吕和林，杨其新，钟新樵．特长隧道竖井通风模式下火灾模型试验方案研究．西部探矿工程．2003(7)
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