含救援站特长隧道火灾特性及烟气控制研究
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摘要
随着我国隧道建设的不断发展,众多长大隧道不断涌现出来,其火灾安全日益成为一个亟需关注和解决的问题。本论文对含救援站特长隧道内各火灾场景的火灾特性和烟气控制进行了深入研究,为含救援站特长隧道火灾安全设计提供理论依据和技术参考。
在风流与火羽流相互作用的分析基础上,对包括隧道顶壁下最高烟气温度、火羽流偏转角、隧道火焰长度、烟气纵向温度分布、断面温度分布、火灾热释放率和增长速率等一般隧道火灾特性进行了分析。结果表明隧道顶壁下最高烟气温度可划分为2个区域,其主要相关参数为火灾热释放率、纵向通风速度、修正隧道高度和火源尺寸；火羽流的偏转角直接与无量纲通风速度相关联；隧道火焰长度与一无量纲火源热释放率线性相关,与通风速度关系不大；火源下游烟气纵向温度分布能够很好地用2个自然指数拟合,其主要参数应为一无量纲距离；最大火灾热释放率和增长速率与通风速度密切相关。由于相对通风条件较好,隧道火灾—般处于燃料控制阶段,火灾热释放率峰值与通风无关,火灾增长速率与通风速度成线性关系,即通风只影响火灾增长速率而不影响火灾热释放率峰值。同时可见,隧道火灾最大热释放率并不一定比自然空间大,火灾增长也不一定比自然空间快。
纵向通风隧道火灾的烟气控制是隧道火灾安全设计的一个最重要问题。对纵向通风隧道火灾控制烟气流动的临界风速和回流长度进行了量纲分析和模型试验结果分析,得出了隧道火灾通风临界风速和回流长度的计算式。结果表明,隧道火灾通风临界风速与回流长度是相互关联的统一体。在火灾热释放率较小时,两者均与火灾热释放率息息相关；而当火灾热释放率较大时,两者都基本与火灾热释放率无关。同时分析了列车阻塞条件下临界风速与回流长度的变化趋势,结果表明有无列车条件的临界风速差异比略小于隧道阻塞比。在同一无量纲限制风速下,有列车回流长度要小于无列车工况。
隧道内发生火灾时,隧道间横通道可用于紧急逃生。在临界Froude数假定基础上得到了计算横通道临界风速的Froude模型,尽管试验结果表明临界Froude数并非一常数从而说明此模型的不合理性,但通过此分析确定了横通道临界风速的各影响参数。通过对各参数的量纲分析,得出了与横通道临界风速相关的主要准则。同时对横通道防火门尺寸对横通道临界风速的影响进行了理论分析。通过模型试验结果,分析了横通道防火门几何尺寸、隧道火灾热释放率和隧道纵向通风速度等参数对横通道临界风速的影响,结果表明横通道临界风速与隧道火灾热释放率成1/3次方关系、与隧道纵向通风速度成自然指数关系、与横通道防火门高度成3/2次方关系,而与横通道防火门宽度基本无关。并得到了计算横通道临界风速的无量纲公式,试验结果与其吻合很好。
对救援站型式及火灾通风模式进行了全方位的分析,得出了救援站的两种基本模式；通过对救援站有效长度和遮挡高度的分析,得出了简化救援站模型试验具体可行的方法；在此基础上开展了大量救援站火灾通风模型试验,对救援站内有列车和无列车两种条件下各横通道的烟气控制进行了系统分析,得到了救援站各横通道临界风速的基本规律;进而将横通道临界风速与横通道防火门处烟气温度关联,得出了横通道防火门处烟气温度的计算方法,并在此基础上掌握了横通道防火门高度的一般要求。同时对救援站内温度分布进行了分析,得出了有无列车情况下横通道内和横通道外温度分布的一般规律。
采用一维模拟和三维模拟结合的方法,对太行山特长隧道内2个救援站边界条件及救援站火灾通风方案进行了计算分析,结果表明这样的方法是可行的,太行山1号救援站通风方案C、方案E和太行山2号救援站方案B是较好的通风方案。同时通过数值计算分析发现,在斜井与隧道连接前转折一定角度使送风气流垂直进入隧道的方案能够极大改善救援通道风速分布的均匀性。弯管长度为1D(1倍斜井直径)时,最小横通道风速为0.7m/s；弯管长度为2D(2倍斜井直径)时,最小横通道风速为1.4m/s。而在1D直管段基础上拓宽接口界面并没有有效改善救援通道风速分布。
开展了隧道自动水喷淋火灾模型试验,并对自动水喷淋系统的响应时间、响应条件以及系统崩溃条件进行了系统分析。结果表明,自动水喷淋系统中第一个喷嘴激活时的火灾热释放率与隧道纵向通风速度成线性关系,所有的喷嘴几乎都在大约1min-2min内(全尺寸4min-8min)激活,激活烟气温度一般略大于感应温度。同时隧道内高风速和小水流量都可能导致系统的崩溃；但在合理的参数选择基础上,隧道自动水喷淋系统能够很好地控制火灾发展,能够有效避免系统的崩溃。通过对系统崩溃的研究给出了合理的抑制崩溃的区域。
With rapid development of tunnel construction in our country, there has being a large number of long and complicated road tunnels, and tunnel fire safety is becoming a focus nowadays. This thesis researches on the fire characteristics and smoke control in many scenarios in a super long tunnel including rescue stations, to provide theoretical evidence and references for determination of design of tunnel fire safety in a super long tunnel including rescue stations.
Based on the analyses of interaction of ventilated flow with plume flow, this thesis analyzes the fire characteristics in a tunnel fire, including maximum excess gas temperature beneath the tunnel ceiling, the deflection angle, the flame length, ceiling temperature distribution, vertical temperature distribution in different cross-sections, heat release rate and fire growth rate. The results show that the maximum excess gas temperature can be divided into two zones, and the most important parameters involved are the maximum heat release rate, the longitudinal ventilation velocity, the modified tunnel height and the geometry of the fire source. The deflection of the flame in a ventilated flow is directly related to a dimensionless ventilation velocity, which takes the heat release rate, the ventilation velocity and the geometry of the fire source into account. The flame length in a large tunnel fire is proportional to the heat release rate and almost independent of the ventilation velocity. The ceiling temperature distribution can be correlated well using two natural exponential functions with a dimensionless distance away from the fire site. The maximum heat release rate and the fire growth rate are intimately related to the longitudinal ventilation velocity. Normally a tunnel fire is well ventilated and fuel-controlled, and the maximum heat release rate is independent of the ventilation velocity and the fire growth rate is proportional to the ventilation velocity. In other words, the longitudinal ventilation has influence on the fire growth rate rather than the peak heat release rate under the condition. It is also shown that the peak heat release rate in a tunnel fire may be lower than in an open fire, and so is the fire growth rate.
Smoke control in a longitudinally ventilated tunnel fire is a focus in the fire safety design of a given tunnel. The critical velocity and the back-layering length are analyzed based on dimensional analysis and tests data, and specific formulae that correlate well with tests results are proposed. The results show that there is a tight relationship between them. When a tunnel fire is small, both of them are related to the heat release rate, however, independent of the heat release rate when the fire gets very large. The effect of obstruction of a vehicle on the smoke control is also analyzed. The results show that the decrease rate of critical velocity due to obstruction is slightly greater than the ratio of cross-section area of the model vehicle to tunnel cross-section area, and the back-layering length with an accident vehicle set inside the tunnel gets smaller.
The cross-passages between two tunnels are designed for evacuation during a tunnel fire. Based on the assumption of a constant critical Froude number, a theoretical model called Froude model is proposed. Although the tests data show the critical Froude number is not a constant, the influencing parameters involved in are known and then used for dimensional analysis. The effect of geometry of a fireproof door in a cross-passage, the tunnel ventilation velocity, and the heat release rate is analyzed. The results show that the critical velocity in a tunnel cross-passage varies approximately as 1/3 power of the heat release rate, as the exponential law of the ventilation velocity, as 3/2 power of the fireproof door height, and almost independent of the fireproof door width. A correlation for predicting the critical velocity in a tunnel cross-passage was proposed. The theoretical results fit the tests data well.
The types of structure of a rescue station in a super long tunnel and its emergency ventilation systems are analyzed. Two types of rescue stations are classified. The influence of the effective length of a rescue station and effective height of the blocks are analyzed and simplified method of carrying out model-scale rescue station fire tests is obtained. A series of rescue station fire tests was conducted based on the simplified method. The smoke control in a rescue station with and without a train placed inside the model tunnel is analyzed. The basic rule of distribution of the critical velocities in different cross-passages is obtained. According to theoretical analysis, the critical velocity in a tunnel cross-passage is directly related to the gas temperature beside the fire-proof door at the door height. In other words, the gas temperature beside the door can be predicted if the critical velocity is determined. A specific requirement for fireproof door height is also proposed based on these analyses. The temperature distribution in the rescue station and the cross-passages is also analyzed, and the basic rule of gas temperature distribution along the ceiling of the cross-passage is obtained.
A method combing one-dimensional method and three-dimensional method was used to analyze the emergency ventilation systems used in two rescue stations of Taihangshan super long tunnel. The ventilation scheme C and E is better than others for Rescue stationⅠand scheme B for Rescue stationⅡ. The distribution of the velocities in tunnel cross-passages gets much more uniform if the shaft turns its direction to make the air flow in the shaft inject into the rescue station with a right angle. The minimum velocity in the cross-passage is about 0.7 m/s if the length of the section is 1D (one time its hydraulic diameter), and 1.4 m/s 2D (two times its hydraulic diameter). The measure widening the connector based on 1D long section has nearly no effect on the distribution of velocities in the cross-passages.
A series of model scale tunnel fire tests with automatic water spray system was carried out. The actuation time, actuation condition of the bulbs and collapse of an automatic water spray system were analyzed. The results show that the actuation heat release rate of the first bulb is proportional to the longitudinal ventilation velocity, and all the actuated nozzles are activated in a range of about 1 min to 2 min (full-scale 4 min to 8 min), and normally the actuated temperature is little higher than the link temperature. The high longitudinal ventilation velocity and the low water flow rate result in collapse of an automatic water spray system. An appropriate zone avoiding the collapse of a system is proposed.
在风流与火羽流相互作用的分析基础上,对包括隧道顶壁下最高烟气温度、火羽流偏转角、隧道火焰长度、烟气纵向温度分布、断面温度分布、火灾热释放率和增长速率等一般隧道火灾特性进行了分析。结果表明隧道顶壁下最高烟气温度可划分为2个区域,其主要相关参数为火灾热释放率、纵向通风速度、修正隧道高度和火源尺寸；火羽流的偏转角直接与无量纲通风速度相关联；隧道火焰长度与一无量纲火源热释放率线性相关,与通风速度关系不大；火源下游烟气纵向温度分布能够很好地用2个自然指数拟合,其主要参数应为一无量纲距离；最大火灾热释放率和增长速率与通风速度密切相关。由于相对通风条件较好,隧道火灾—般处于燃料控制阶段,火灾热释放率峰值与通风无关,火灾增长速率与通风速度成线性关系,即通风只影响火灾增长速率而不影响火灾热释放率峰值。同时可见,隧道火灾最大热释放率并不一定比自然空间大,火灾增长也不一定比自然空间快。
纵向通风隧道火灾的烟气控制是隧道火灾安全设计的一个最重要问题。对纵向通风隧道火灾控制烟气流动的临界风速和回流长度进行了量纲分析和模型试验结果分析,得出了隧道火灾通风临界风速和回流长度的计算式。结果表明,隧道火灾通风临界风速与回流长度是相互关联的统一体。在火灾热释放率较小时,两者均与火灾热释放率息息相关；而当火灾热释放率较大时,两者都基本与火灾热释放率无关。同时分析了列车阻塞条件下临界风速与回流长度的变化趋势,结果表明有无列车条件的临界风速差异比略小于隧道阻塞比。在同一无量纲限制风速下,有列车回流长度要小于无列车工况。
隧道内发生火灾时,隧道间横通道可用于紧急逃生。在临界Froude数假定基础上得到了计算横通道临界风速的Froude模型,尽管试验结果表明临界Froude数并非一常数从而说明此模型的不合理性,但通过此分析确定了横通道临界风速的各影响参数。通过对各参数的量纲分析,得出了与横通道临界风速相关的主要准则。同时对横通道防火门尺寸对横通道临界风速的影响进行了理论分析。通过模型试验结果,分析了横通道防火门几何尺寸、隧道火灾热释放率和隧道纵向通风速度等参数对横通道临界风速的影响,结果表明横通道临界风速与隧道火灾热释放率成1/3次方关系、与隧道纵向通风速度成自然指数关系、与横通道防火门高度成3/2次方关系,而与横通道防火门宽度基本无关。并得到了计算横通道临界风速的无量纲公式,试验结果与其吻合很好。
对救援站型式及火灾通风模式进行了全方位的分析,得出了救援站的两种基本模式；通过对救援站有效长度和遮挡高度的分析,得出了简化救援站模型试验具体可行的方法；在此基础上开展了大量救援站火灾通风模型试验,对救援站内有列车和无列车两种条件下各横通道的烟气控制进行了系统分析,得到了救援站各横通道临界风速的基本规律;进而将横通道临界风速与横通道防火门处烟气温度关联,得出了横通道防火门处烟气温度的计算方法,并在此基础上掌握了横通道防火门高度的一般要求。同时对救援站内温度分布进行了分析,得出了有无列车情况下横通道内和横通道外温度分布的一般规律。
采用一维模拟和三维模拟结合的方法,对太行山特长隧道内2个救援站边界条件及救援站火灾通风方案进行了计算分析,结果表明这样的方法是可行的,太行山1号救援站通风方案C、方案E和太行山2号救援站方案B是较好的通风方案。同时通过数值计算分析发现,在斜井与隧道连接前转折一定角度使送风气流垂直进入隧道的方案能够极大改善救援通道风速分布的均匀性。弯管长度为1D(1倍斜井直径)时,最小横通道风速为0.7m/s；弯管长度为2D(2倍斜井直径)时,最小横通道风速为1.4m/s。而在1D直管段基础上拓宽接口界面并没有有效改善救援通道风速分布。
开展了隧道自动水喷淋火灾模型试验,并对自动水喷淋系统的响应时间、响应条件以及系统崩溃条件进行了系统分析。结果表明,自动水喷淋系统中第一个喷嘴激活时的火灾热释放率与隧道纵向通风速度成线性关系,所有的喷嘴几乎都在大约1min-2min内(全尺寸4min-8min)激活,激活烟气温度一般略大于感应温度。同时隧道内高风速和小水流量都可能导致系统的崩溃；但在合理的参数选择基础上,隧道自动水喷淋系统能够很好地控制火灾发展,能够有效避免系统的崩溃。通过对系统崩溃的研究给出了合理的抑制崩溃的区域。
With rapid development of tunnel construction in our country, there has being a large number of long and complicated road tunnels, and tunnel fire safety is becoming a focus nowadays. This thesis researches on the fire characteristics and smoke control in many scenarios in a super long tunnel including rescue stations, to provide theoretical evidence and references for determination of design of tunnel fire safety in a super long tunnel including rescue stations.
Based on the analyses of interaction of ventilated flow with plume flow, this thesis analyzes the fire characteristics in a tunnel fire, including maximum excess gas temperature beneath the tunnel ceiling, the deflection angle, the flame length, ceiling temperature distribution, vertical temperature distribution in different cross-sections, heat release rate and fire growth rate. The results show that the maximum excess gas temperature can be divided into two zones, and the most important parameters involved are the maximum heat release rate, the longitudinal ventilation velocity, the modified tunnel height and the geometry of the fire source. The deflection of the flame in a ventilated flow is directly related to a dimensionless ventilation velocity, which takes the heat release rate, the ventilation velocity and the geometry of the fire source into account. The flame length in a large tunnel fire is proportional to the heat release rate and almost independent of the ventilation velocity. The ceiling temperature distribution can be correlated well using two natural exponential functions with a dimensionless distance away from the fire site. The maximum heat release rate and the fire growth rate are intimately related to the longitudinal ventilation velocity. Normally a tunnel fire is well ventilated and fuel-controlled, and the maximum heat release rate is independent of the ventilation velocity and the fire growth rate is proportional to the ventilation velocity. In other words, the longitudinal ventilation has influence on the fire growth rate rather than the peak heat release rate under the condition. It is also shown that the peak heat release rate in a tunnel fire may be lower than in an open fire, and so is the fire growth rate.
Smoke control in a longitudinally ventilated tunnel fire is a focus in the fire safety design of a given tunnel. The critical velocity and the back-layering length are analyzed based on dimensional analysis and tests data, and specific formulae that correlate well with tests results are proposed. The results show that there is a tight relationship between them. When a tunnel fire is small, both of them are related to the heat release rate, however, independent of the heat release rate when the fire gets very large. The effect of obstruction of a vehicle on the smoke control is also analyzed. The results show that the decrease rate of critical velocity due to obstruction is slightly greater than the ratio of cross-section area of the model vehicle to tunnel cross-section area, and the back-layering length with an accident vehicle set inside the tunnel gets smaller.
The cross-passages between two tunnels are designed for evacuation during a tunnel fire. Based on the assumption of a constant critical Froude number, a theoretical model called Froude model is proposed. Although the tests data show the critical Froude number is not a constant, the influencing parameters involved in are known and then used for dimensional analysis. The effect of geometry of a fireproof door in a cross-passage, the tunnel ventilation velocity, and the heat release rate is analyzed. The results show that the critical velocity in a tunnel cross-passage varies approximately as 1/3 power of the heat release rate, as the exponential law of the ventilation velocity, as 3/2 power of the fireproof door height, and almost independent of the fireproof door width. A correlation for predicting the critical velocity in a tunnel cross-passage was proposed. The theoretical results fit the tests data well.
The types of structure of a rescue station in a super long tunnel and its emergency ventilation systems are analyzed. Two types of rescue stations are classified. The influence of the effective length of a rescue station and effective height of the blocks are analyzed and simplified method of carrying out model-scale rescue station fire tests is obtained. A series of rescue station fire tests was conducted based on the simplified method. The smoke control in a rescue station with and without a train placed inside the model tunnel is analyzed. The basic rule of distribution of the critical velocities in different cross-passages is obtained. According to theoretical analysis, the critical velocity in a tunnel cross-passage is directly related to the gas temperature beside the fire-proof door at the door height. In other words, the gas temperature beside the door can be predicted if the critical velocity is determined. A specific requirement for fireproof door height is also proposed based on these analyses. The temperature distribution in the rescue station and the cross-passages is also analyzed, and the basic rule of gas temperature distribution along the ceiling of the cross-passage is obtained.
A method combing one-dimensional method and three-dimensional method was used to analyze the emergency ventilation systems used in two rescue stations of Taihangshan super long tunnel. The ventilation scheme C and E is better than others for Rescue stationⅠand scheme B for Rescue stationⅡ. The distribution of the velocities in tunnel cross-passages gets much more uniform if the shaft turns its direction to make the air flow in the shaft inject into the rescue station with a right angle. The minimum velocity in the cross-passage is about 0.7 m/s if the length of the section is 1D (one time its hydraulic diameter), and 1.4 m/s 2D (two times its hydraulic diameter). The measure widening the connector based on 1D long section has nearly no effect on the distribution of velocities in the cross-passages.
A series of model scale tunnel fire tests with automatic water spray system was carried out. The actuation time, actuation condition of the bulbs and collapse of an automatic water spray system were analyzed. The results show that the actuation heat release rate of the first bulb is proportional to the longitudinal ventilation velocity, and all the actuated nozzles are activated in a range of about 1 min to 2 min (full-scale 4 min to 8 min), and normally the actuated temperature is little higher than the link temperature. The high longitudinal ventilation velocity and the low water flow rate result in collapse of an automatic water spray system. An appropriate zone avoiding the collapse of a system is proposed.
引文
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