管内气体爆炸数值模拟与惰性气体的淬熄研究
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摘要
近年来，一些气体爆炸事故的频繁发生对可燃气体爆炸与抑爆工作提出了严峻的挑战，而随着管道的大规模应用，气体爆炸的传播也越来越为人们所重视，关于这方面的研究也开始日益增多，因此，研究气体爆炸在管道中的传播机制，探讨气体爆炸抑制的新技术和新方法，不仅可以为防爆抑爆研究工作提供理论依据和参考，对保障安全生产和人民的生命安全也具有重要的现实意义。
本文采用了现阶段较为流行的计算机模拟技术，对预混可燃气体混合物在管道内的爆炸过程和惰性气体淬熄火焰的效果进行了研究。本文工作的主要内容和结论如下：
(1)建立了二维封闭-开放管道模型和流体力学、燃烧学控制方程组，采用有限体积法离散方程，将气体比热设为随温度变化的函数，对预混乙炔／空气混合物在管道内的爆炸过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明，可燃气体在管道内被点燃后，火焰首先呈半球状并以层流的方式向周围扩展，当火焰与壁面接触后，受壁面的约束作用，一部分火焰被壁面反弹，与已燃区内的气体相作用形成了扰动，使火焰发生变形，最后逐渐发展成为了“郁金香”状的结构；火焰的变形导致了湍流的产生，加速了燃烧反应的进程，从而形成了正反馈机制，促进了火焰在管道内加速传播。通过与实验结果和文献相比较，其最大误差不超过28％，证明了模拟具有较好的合理性与准确性。
(2)建立了开放-开放圆管通道模型和平行板狭缝模型，对惰性气体在圆管和平行板狭缝内淬熄火焰的过程进行了研究。考察了惰性气体的浓度对火焰淬熄的影响，发现随着惰性气体浓度的增加，火焰的淬熄越容易，当惰性气体浓度增加到一定程度时，火焰在圆管和狭缝中的淬熄长度将不再变化。分析了惰性气体淬熄火焰的原因，认为惰性气体能够有效提高网管和平行板狭缝淬熄火焰的能力是因为惰性气体的加入稀释了预混气体的浓度，降低了反应速率，从而使燃烧释热速率降低。
(3)对不同活性的可燃气体火焰在圆管和狭缝中的淬熄规律进行了考察，总结了火焰淬熄长度随圆管直径／狭缝间距和火焰速度的变化趋势，发现丙烷和乙烯火焰的淬熄长度与圆管直径／狭缝间距成二次函数关系，而乙炔火焰在圆管中的淬熄长度随火焰速度成指数函数关系，在狭缝中淬熄长度随火焰速度成线性关系。将火焰在圆管和平行板狭缝中的淬熄过程进行了对比，证明圆管结构的淬熄性能要优于平行板狭缝结构。
(4)建立了圆管结构淬熄火焰的数学模型，证明了圆管结构的淬熄距离与惰性气体热导率的三分之一次方和分子量的三分之一次方成正比，与反应速率的三分之一次方成反比。
In recent years, the people who are engaged in the work of explosion or explosionsuppression are puzzled with the reality of gas explosion which happen frequently. And asducts are gradually used in big amount in industry, the phenomenon of flame propagating induct is paid more attention than before; therefore, the studies about it are increasing day byday. Undoubtedly, to study the mechanism of flame propagating in duct, as well as to seekafter the new ways or new methods of explosion suppression will benefit for both ofexplosion prevention and the security of production and people.
Based on the reaslization above, the numerical simulation techniques are adopted to studythe premixed flame propagating in duct and activity of fire extinguishing in inert gases in thisarticle. The main works and conclusions are in the following:
(1) The model of a two-dimensional closed-open pipe, as well as a group of governingequations of fluid and combustion are setup to study the premixed acetylene/air flamepropagating in duct. The equations are discretizated by Finite Volum Method, and specificheat of gases is set to be the function of temperature. The simulation shows that flamepropagates aroundly as a semi-sphere once the premixed gases are ingited. After some time,when the flame approaches the wall, the flame is rebounded. Then the flame reboundedinteracts with the gases which are produced from combustion. So in this way, the flame isstretched, and finally a "tulip" flame is formed. The flame stretch produces turbulent andmakes the reaction rate increase. Then a feed-back mechanism is formed, which makese theflame accelerate in duct. The comparison between simulation and experiment is made, and themaximum error is found to be less than 28%, so in this way the simulation is proved to beveracious and rational.
(2) Open-open channels of tube and parallel plates are established, and flame extinguishingin channels in the effects of inert gases are studied. It is found that flame will extinguisheasier as the concentration of inert gases increasing. Once the concentrations increase to someextent, the quenching lengths of flame in tube and plates will not change. The reason forflame extinguishing easier in inert gases can be explained that premixed mixtures are dilutedwith the complement of inert gases, which eventually leads to the reduction of reaction rate.
(3) The rules of flame extinguishing in tube and parallel plates are summerized. Some factors which affect fire extinguishment such as premixed gas reactivity, sizes of tube andplates, flame velocity et al are taken into account. It is found that the flame quenchinglengthes for propane and ethylene are in conic relation with diameters of the tube or widths ofthe parallel plates. However, as to acetylene flame, the rules in tube are different with that inparallel plates. In tube, the quenching lengthes are in exponatial relation with flame velocity,but in parallel plates, the relation is linearity. The comparison of flame extinguishing in tubeand plates are made, and it si proved that tube has better quenching effect than plates.
(4) The mathematical model of flame extinguishing in tube is set up, and a formulation isgotten. From the formulation, it is can be seen that the quenching distance of tube is positiveproportional to one-third power of heat conductivity and molecular weight, but negativeproportional to one-third power of reaction rate of flame.
本文采用了现阶段较为流行的计算机模拟技术，对预混可燃气体混合物在管道内的爆炸过程和惰性气体淬熄火焰的效果进行了研究。本文工作的主要内容和结论如下：
(1)建立了二维封闭-开放管道模型和流体力学、燃烧学控制方程组，采用有限体积法离散方程，将气体比热设为随温度变化的函数，对预混乙炔／空气混合物在管道内的爆炸过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明，可燃气体在管道内被点燃后，火焰首先呈半球状并以层流的方式向周围扩展，当火焰与壁面接触后，受壁面的约束作用，一部分火焰被壁面反弹，与已燃区内的气体相作用形成了扰动，使火焰发生变形，最后逐渐发展成为了“郁金香”状的结构；火焰的变形导致了湍流的产生，加速了燃烧反应的进程，从而形成了正反馈机制，促进了火焰在管道内加速传播。通过与实验结果和文献相比较，其最大误差不超过28％，证明了模拟具有较好的合理性与准确性。
(2)建立了开放-开放圆管通道模型和平行板狭缝模型，对惰性气体在圆管和平行板狭缝内淬熄火焰的过程进行了研究。考察了惰性气体的浓度对火焰淬熄的影响，发现随着惰性气体浓度的增加，火焰的淬熄越容易，当惰性气体浓度增加到一定程度时，火焰在圆管和狭缝中的淬熄长度将不再变化。分析了惰性气体淬熄火焰的原因，认为惰性气体能够有效提高网管和平行板狭缝淬熄火焰的能力是因为惰性气体的加入稀释了预混气体的浓度，降低了反应速率，从而使燃烧释热速率降低。
(3)对不同活性的可燃气体火焰在圆管和狭缝中的淬熄规律进行了考察，总结了火焰淬熄长度随圆管直径／狭缝间距和火焰速度的变化趋势，发现丙烷和乙烯火焰的淬熄长度与圆管直径／狭缝间距成二次函数关系，而乙炔火焰在圆管中的淬熄长度随火焰速度成指数函数关系，在狭缝中淬熄长度随火焰速度成线性关系。将火焰在圆管和平行板狭缝中的淬熄过程进行了对比，证明圆管结构的淬熄性能要优于平行板狭缝结构。
(4)建立了圆管结构淬熄火焰的数学模型，证明了圆管结构的淬熄距离与惰性气体热导率的三分之一次方和分子量的三分之一次方成正比，与反应速率的三分之一次方成反比。
In recent years, the people who are engaged in the work of explosion or explosionsuppression are puzzled with the reality of gas explosion which happen frequently. And asducts are gradually used in big amount in industry, the phenomenon of flame propagating induct is paid more attention than before; therefore, the studies about it are increasing day byday. Undoubtedly, to study the mechanism of flame propagating in duct, as well as to seekafter the new ways or new methods of explosion suppression will benefit for both ofexplosion prevention and the security of production and people.
Based on the reaslization above, the numerical simulation techniques are adopted to studythe premixed flame propagating in duct and activity of fire extinguishing in inert gases in thisarticle. The main works and conclusions are in the following:
(1) The model of a two-dimensional closed-open pipe, as well as a group of governingequations of fluid and combustion are setup to study the premixed acetylene/air flamepropagating in duct. The equations are discretizated by Finite Volum Method, and specificheat of gases is set to be the function of temperature. The simulation shows that flamepropagates aroundly as a semi-sphere once the premixed gases are ingited. After some time,when the flame approaches the wall, the flame is rebounded. Then the flame reboundedinteracts with the gases which are produced from combustion. So in this way, the flame isstretched, and finally a "tulip" flame is formed. The flame stretch produces turbulent andmakes the reaction rate increase. Then a feed-back mechanism is formed, which makese theflame accelerate in duct. The comparison between simulation and experiment is made, and themaximum error is found to be less than 28%, so in this way the simulation is proved to beveracious and rational.
(2) Open-open channels of tube and parallel plates are established, and flame extinguishingin channels in the effects of inert gases are studied. It is found that flame will extinguisheasier as the concentration of inert gases increasing. Once the concentrations increase to someextent, the quenching lengths of flame in tube and plates will not change. The reason forflame extinguishing easier in inert gases can be explained that premixed mixtures are dilutedwith the complement of inert gases, which eventually leads to the reduction of reaction rate.
(3) The rules of flame extinguishing in tube and parallel plates are summerized. Some factors which affect fire extinguishment such as premixed gas reactivity, sizes of tube andplates, flame velocity et al are taken into account. It is found that the flame quenchinglengthes for propane and ethylene are in conic relation with diameters of the tube or widths ofthe parallel plates. However, as to acetylene flame, the rules in tube are different with that inparallel plates. In tube, the quenching lengthes are in exponatial relation with flame velocity,but in parallel plates, the relation is linearity. The comparison of flame extinguishing in tubeand plates are made, and it si proved that tube has better quenching effect than plates.
(4) The mathematical model of flame extinguishing in tube is set up, and a formulation isgotten. From the formulation, it is can be seen that the quenching distance of tube is positiveproportional to one-third power of heat conductivity and molecular weight, but negativeproportional to one-third power of reaction rate of flame.
引文
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