负压下层流预混平面火焰结构数值仿真与试验研究
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摘要
为解决冲压发动机在高空负压环境中工作时燃烧不稳定和燃烧效率低的问题,开展负压下燃烧机理的基础研究尤为重要。层流预混火焰作为复杂燃烧现象的自然基础,研究层流预混火焰结构具有较高的理论意义和应用价值。本文通过数值仿真与试验研究相结合的手段,较为系统深入地研究了负压下层流预混平面火焰结构的特征和机理。
自行设计搭建的试验系统包括模块化平焰燃烧器、供应系统、测控系统和三套分别基于自发辐射成像、PLIF和TDLAS技术的光学测量系统。以该试验系统为研究对象,重点研究了负压下四种不同组合可燃气(CH4/Air、C2H4/Air、H2/Air、CH4/O2)为工质时的火焰结构特性及其变化规律。PREMIX子程序库采用GRI Mech 3.0化学反应机理详细模拟了负压下的一维层流预混火焰结构,主要分析了负压、当量比等参数对火焰结构的影响,还研究了不同组合燃气火焰传播速度在压力和当量比变化时的变化趋势。
在数值仿真结果基础上,提出将火焰结构划分为预热区、火焰锋面、产物区的方法进行研究,采用TDLAS技术测量了火焰锋面附近的温度,ICCD采集了火焰发光形态以及自由基化学荧光的图像,并使用基于自适应滤波算法的MATLAB程序对原始图像进行后处理,提取了重要自由基OH和CH的分布曲线。试验数据表明,燃料组分变化时,负压下的火焰锋面移动趋势会呈现不同的变化;氧气含量对负压下的燃烧稳定性和火焰结构随负压变化的趋势有重要影响;还发现了负压下热与质量扩散效应对火焰不稳定性的影响特征。
为了更细致地研究火焰结构,采用OH-PLIF和CH、C2增强自发辐射成像相结合的手段,拍摄到了各类预混气平面火焰的精细结构图像。提出将火焰结构划分为未燃区、预热区、反应区、产物区的方法进行研究,利用OH半峰宽度定义反应区边界及厚度。研究了贫燃、恰当比、富燃状态时不同燃料类型平焰结构的变化规律,并详细讨论了负压和当量比因素对平焰精细结构的影响规律,发现反应区厚度随压力降低而增加。通过试验证明了燃烧负压下限和拐点的存在,且发现这两个参数随燃气组合和当量比的变化而改变。通过研究4.5kpa下的CH4/O2平面火焰,发现采用贫燃预混方式可提高负压下的燃烧效率。最后通过改变流体内外速度差和当量比,对层流部分预混火焰结构的变化过程进行了研究。
In purpose of solving combustion instability and low efficiency in Ramjet which work in low pressure at high altitude, it’s important to work on basic research of combustion in low pressure. Laminar premixed flame is the natural basis of complicated combustion; it has high academic meaning and applied value to study the laminar premixed flame structure. By means of numerical simulation and experimental studies, this dissertation studies the characteristic and mechanism of laminar premixed flat flame structure systematically and thoroughly.
An experimental system has been established which includes a modularized burner, an accommodation system, a measurement and control system, three different optical diagnostic system based on spontaneous emission, PLIF and TDLAS technology.Choosing experimental system as the object, characteristic and variation of flat flame structure with four different gas combinations (CH4/Air, C2H4/Air, H2/Air, CH4/O2) are studied experimentally. One dimensional laminar premixed flame structure is simulated by using PREMIX with GRI Mech 3.0 detailedly. The parameter influence of low pressure and equivalence ratio on flame structure is analyzed, flame speed diversification of different gas combinations is investigated when pressure and equivalence ratio change.
Basing on the numerical simulation results, the method which describe flame structure as three parts: preheat zone, flame surface, product zone is proposed. The temperature near flame surface is mearsured by TDLAS, the flame shape and radical chemiluminescence images are screened by ICCD. Original chemiluminescence images are decorated by MATLAB code based on adaptive-filtering method, distribution information of OH and CH radicals is extracted from these images. The rule of flame surface movement becomes different when fuel component changes in low pressure by experimental data. Combustion stability and the variation of flame structure infected by pressure are influenced by oxygen content. Also, the diffusion effect of thermal and mass influenced on flame instability is discovered.
In order to study flame structure more accurately, by technology of OH-PLIF and CH, C2 intensified spontaneous emission, the chemiluminescence images of elaborate flat flame structure with different premixed gas are collected. The method which describe flame structure as four parts: unburnt zone, preheat zone, reaction zone, product zone is proposed, and use OH half width to define the boundary and thickness of the reaction zone. The variation of flat flame structure with different premixed gas is studied in fuel-lean, stoichiometric and fuel-rich flames. Stoichiometry and pressure dependence of elaborate flat flame structure is discussed detailedly; reaction zone thickness rises when pressure descends. The existence of pressure lower limit and turning point is testified and also found these two parameters depend on stoichiometry by experiment. We also found the combustion efficiency will be improved by organising combustion with fuel-lean premixed gas in 4.5kpa CH4/O2 experiment. The variation of laminar non-premixed flame structure is studied in ways of changing equivalence ratio and inner-outer liquid velocity difference at last.
自行设计搭建的试验系统包括模块化平焰燃烧器、供应系统、测控系统和三套分别基于自发辐射成像、PLIF和TDLAS技术的光学测量系统。以该试验系统为研究对象,重点研究了负压下四种不同组合可燃气(CH4/Air、C2H4/Air、H2/Air、CH4/O2)为工质时的火焰结构特性及其变化规律。PREMIX子程序库采用GRI Mech 3.0化学反应机理详细模拟了负压下的一维层流预混火焰结构,主要分析了负压、当量比等参数对火焰结构的影响,还研究了不同组合燃气火焰传播速度在压力和当量比变化时的变化趋势。
在数值仿真结果基础上,提出将火焰结构划分为预热区、火焰锋面、产物区的方法进行研究,采用TDLAS技术测量了火焰锋面附近的温度,ICCD采集了火焰发光形态以及自由基化学荧光的图像,并使用基于自适应滤波算法的MATLAB程序对原始图像进行后处理,提取了重要自由基OH和CH的分布曲线。试验数据表明,燃料组分变化时,负压下的火焰锋面移动趋势会呈现不同的变化;氧气含量对负压下的燃烧稳定性和火焰结构随负压变化的趋势有重要影响;还发现了负压下热与质量扩散效应对火焰不稳定性的影响特征。
为了更细致地研究火焰结构,采用OH-PLIF和CH、C2增强自发辐射成像相结合的手段,拍摄到了各类预混气平面火焰的精细结构图像。提出将火焰结构划分为未燃区、预热区、反应区、产物区的方法进行研究,利用OH半峰宽度定义反应区边界及厚度。研究了贫燃、恰当比、富燃状态时不同燃料类型平焰结构的变化规律,并详细讨论了负压和当量比因素对平焰精细结构的影响规律,发现反应区厚度随压力降低而增加。通过试验证明了燃烧负压下限和拐点的存在,且发现这两个参数随燃气组合和当量比的变化而改变。通过研究4.5kpa下的CH4/O2平面火焰,发现采用贫燃预混方式可提高负压下的燃烧效率。最后通过改变流体内外速度差和当量比,对层流部分预混火焰结构的变化过程进行了研究。
In purpose of solving combustion instability and low efficiency in Ramjet which work in low pressure at high altitude, it’s important to work on basic research of combustion in low pressure. Laminar premixed flame is the natural basis of complicated combustion; it has high academic meaning and applied value to study the laminar premixed flame structure. By means of numerical simulation and experimental studies, this dissertation studies the characteristic and mechanism of laminar premixed flat flame structure systematically and thoroughly.
An experimental system has been established which includes a modularized burner, an accommodation system, a measurement and control system, three different optical diagnostic system based on spontaneous emission, PLIF and TDLAS technology.Choosing experimental system as the object, characteristic and variation of flat flame structure with four different gas combinations (CH4/Air, C2H4/Air, H2/Air, CH4/O2) are studied experimentally. One dimensional laminar premixed flame structure is simulated by using PREMIX with GRI Mech 3.0 detailedly. The parameter influence of low pressure and equivalence ratio on flame structure is analyzed, flame speed diversification of different gas combinations is investigated when pressure and equivalence ratio change.
Basing on the numerical simulation results, the method which describe flame structure as three parts: preheat zone, flame surface, product zone is proposed. The temperature near flame surface is mearsured by TDLAS, the flame shape and radical chemiluminescence images are screened by ICCD. Original chemiluminescence images are decorated by MATLAB code based on adaptive-filtering method, distribution information of OH and CH radicals is extracted from these images. The rule of flame surface movement becomes different when fuel component changes in low pressure by experimental data. Combustion stability and the variation of flame structure infected by pressure are influenced by oxygen content. Also, the diffusion effect of thermal and mass influenced on flame instability is discovered.
In order to study flame structure more accurately, by technology of OH-PLIF and CH, C2 intensified spontaneous emission, the chemiluminescence images of elaborate flat flame structure with different premixed gas are collected. The method which describe flame structure as four parts: unburnt zone, preheat zone, reaction zone, product zone is proposed, and use OH half width to define the boundary and thickness of the reaction zone. The variation of flat flame structure with different premixed gas is studied in fuel-lean, stoichiometric and fuel-rich flames. Stoichiometry and pressure dependence of elaborate flat flame structure is discussed detailedly; reaction zone thickness rises when pressure descends. The existence of pressure lower limit and turning point is testified and also found these two parameters depend on stoichiometry by experiment. We also found the combustion efficiency will be improved by organising combustion with fuel-lean premixed gas in 4.5kpa CH4/O2 experiment. The variation of laminar non-premixed flame structure is studied in ways of changing equivalence ratio and inner-outer liquid velocity difference at last.
引文
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