柔性机织复合材料撕裂和顶破损伤机制的有限元分析
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摘要
纺织结构柔性复合材料在柔性防弹/防刺防护材料、轻结构建筑、油料运输管等领域有较大的应用潜力。相比于刚性纺织结构复合材料,柔性复合材料在服役过程中不可避免地涉及撕裂和顶破加载情况。研究柔性复合材料撕裂和顶破行为有十分重要的实际意义。本课题以机织物和柔性复合材料为研究对象,采用实验研究和有限元分析两种方法比较机织物和柔性复合材料的撕裂和顶破性能差异,从细观结构层面揭示撕裂和顶破损伤机制。
实验研究主要得到机织柔性复合材料撕裂和顶破过程的载荷-位移曲线以及破坏形态。其中,撕裂性能测试采用美国材料与试验协会ASTM D885-07中推荐的梯形试验方法；顶破性能测试采用圆形试样。撕裂和顶破测试速度均为100mm/min。通过比较分析机织物和柔性复合材料撕裂和顶破性能之间的差异,考察破坏模式的细观结构机制。
有限元分析数值仿真基于柔性机织复合材料细观结构,建立机织物和柔性复合材料细观结构几何模型,结合纤维束和基体力学性质参数,计算撕裂和顶破动态过程,揭示破坏区域的应力分布和纤维束断裂、滑移,提出细观结构参数对撕裂和顶破的影响。
研究主要结论是：
(1)织物撕裂：影响机织物梯形撕裂性能主要因素包括：经、纬纱拉伸性质、摩擦系数、织物经纬密和紧度参数。撕裂三角区受上述因素影响,导致三角区有不同形态、大小和应力分布,使织物在撕裂过程中纱线间滑移性质、撕裂断口形态和撕裂强度存在显著差异。
(2)柔性复合材料撕裂：柔性复合材料撕裂强力与机织物撕裂强力差异不大,由于受集体对纤维束的固结作用,柔性复合材料的撕裂轨迹沿直线扩展,撕裂破坏区域明显小于机织物的损伤区域。织物涂层增加了纱线与纱线之间的连接点,限制了经纬纱之间的滑动,减少了撕裂三角区的大小,但由于涂层本身也贡献撕裂强力,使柔性复合材料撕裂强力与机织物撕裂强力无明显差异。
(3)织物顶破：影响机织物顶破性能主要因素有：织物的经纬密度、纱线拉伸性能和纱线间摩擦系数等。织物的顶破过程可以分为以下三个阶段：(Ⅰ)开始阶段：刺锥开始接触织物,与刺锥直接接触的纱线开始伸直；(Ⅱ)中间阶段：随着刺锥的逐步深入,部分纱线断裂,织物挠度逐渐变大；(Ⅲ)与刺锥直接接触的纱线脱离机织物表面,直至断裂。纱线断裂的不同时性导致顶破载荷-位移曲线上的波动。
(4)柔性复合材料顶破：柔性复合材料顶破强力远大于机织物顶破强力,顶破损伤面积也比机织物要小。织物涂层阻止经纬纱之间的滑动,防止刺锥尖端与纱线的直接接触,均匀集中应力。虽然涂层本身的承载能力远远小于增强机织物,但涂覆涂层显著提高了柔性复合材料的顶破性能。
实验测试结果证实有限元数值仿真的准确性,基于该仿真模型可以在揭示撕裂和顶破的细观尺度破坏机理的同时,形成撕裂和顶破设计方案。该设计方案所包括的基本参数是织物规格、纤维束力学性质和涂层基体性质。在工程实际应用中,将可以根据相应强度要求,合理选择细观结构参数、纤维材料和涂层基体材料。
Textile structural flexible composites have a great potential for use in applications such as bullet-proof/stab-resistant materials, lightweight architectures and oil pipeline structures. During their use, the flexible composites are likely to suffer from tear and stab damages as compared to rigid textile structural composites. The aim of studying tearing and stab failure behaviors of flexible composites is to aid in designing of a flexible composite with high tear and stab resistance. This paper will report the tearing and stab behaviors of woven fabrics and flexible composites in experimental and numerical simulations. Numerical simulations were developed based on the microstructure parameters of woven fabrics and flexible composites to show the tear and stab failure mechanisms on mesoscale.
From the experiments, tearing and puncture load-displacement curves, failure processes and failure morphologies were obtained. The trapezoid tearing tests were carried out according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D885-07standards. The circle-shaped sample was adopted in the puncture test while the movement velocity of the jaw for both tearing and puncture tests was100mm/min. The tearing and puncture strength as well as damage morphologies obtained from experiments of two kinds of specimens were compared. The differences in tearing and stab performances between woven fabrics and flexible composites revealed the influence of structural parameters.
In finite element analysis (FEA), microstructure geometrical models of both woven fabrics and flexible composites were constructed based on microstructural parameters of two specimens in ABAQUS/CAE. The mechanical parameters of yarns and coating resin were incorporated into the finite element (FE) model to calculate dynamic tear and stab failure processes. The stress distribution as well as the failure and slippages of fiber tows at local damage area could be visually displayed in the FE results. This will be helpful in analyzing the influence of microstructural parameters on the tear and stab performances.
The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Tear behaviors of woven fabrics:We found out that the main factors influencing the tear performance of woven fabrics are:tensile properties of warp and weft yarns, frictional coefficient, warp and weft density as well as fabric compactness parameters. The shape, size and stress distribution of tearing delta region were dramatically influenced by factors mentioned above. The slippage characteristics between yarns, damage morphologies of tearing region and tearing strength differ from each specimen during the tearing process.
(2) Tear behaviors of flexible composites:There was no much difference in tearing strength between flexible composites and woven fabrics. It was obvious that the tearing damage area of the woven fabric is greater than that of the flexible composite. In addition, the fracture of weft yarns in the woven fabric was irregular while the pre-slit was propagated along a straight line strictly in the flexible composite. Coating resin increases the connection points between yarns and this prevents relative slipping between yams which leads to a smaller tearing triangular zone. However, the coating resin itself also contributes to tearing strength of flexible composite. The two contrary effects offset each other resulting in slight difference of tearing strength between woven fabrics and flexible composites.
(3) Stab behaviors of woven fabrics:Warp and weft density, tensile properties of yarns as well as frictional coefficient between the yarns are the major factors that affect stab behaviors of woven fabrics. The stab damage process of woven fabrics can be divided into three stages:(Ⅰ) initial stage:the steel penetrator comes in contact with the fabric. The yarns which are directly in contact with the penetrator will bear the tensile load and will be stretched more.(Ⅱ) intermediate stage:with the increase of the penetration depth, some yarns reach the breaking strength and fail. Meanwhile, the deflection of the fabric gradually increases.(Ⅲ) final stage:the yarns which are directly in contact with the penetrator will break and slip from the penetrator surface. The un-simultaneous breakages of the yarns leads to the fluctuation of the stab load-deflection curves.
(4) Stab behaviors of flexible composites:The stab strength of the flexible composite is significantly higher than that of the woven fabric and also, the stab damage area of the flexible composite is much smaller than that of the woven fabric. The significant improvement of the stab strength is mainly due to the functions of coating resin which include preventing slippages between warp and weft yarns, protecting fibers from direct contact with the penetrator and distributing load concentration to more fibers. Although resins generally have low mechanical properties compared to those of fibers, the coating resin significantly improves the stab properties of the flexible composite.
The good agreement between experimental and FE results validates the accuracy of FE models. The numerical simulation will be helpful in predicting tear and stab damage mechanisms on the microstructural level as well as designing flexible composites with high tear and stab resistances. The designing parameters contain specifications of woven fabrics, mechanical properties of yams and coating resin. In practical engineering, the microstructural factors, fiber and coating resin materials can be determined according to the target strength.
实验研究主要得到机织柔性复合材料撕裂和顶破过程的载荷-位移曲线以及破坏形态。其中,撕裂性能测试采用美国材料与试验协会ASTM D885-07中推荐的梯形试验方法；顶破性能测试采用圆形试样。撕裂和顶破测试速度均为100mm/min。通过比较分析机织物和柔性复合材料撕裂和顶破性能之间的差异,考察破坏模式的细观结构机制。
有限元分析数值仿真基于柔性机织复合材料细观结构,建立机织物和柔性复合材料细观结构几何模型,结合纤维束和基体力学性质参数,计算撕裂和顶破动态过程,揭示破坏区域的应力分布和纤维束断裂、滑移,提出细观结构参数对撕裂和顶破的影响。
研究主要结论是：
(1)织物撕裂：影响机织物梯形撕裂性能主要因素包括：经、纬纱拉伸性质、摩擦系数、织物经纬密和紧度参数。撕裂三角区受上述因素影响,导致三角区有不同形态、大小和应力分布,使织物在撕裂过程中纱线间滑移性质、撕裂断口形态和撕裂强度存在显著差异。
(2)柔性复合材料撕裂：柔性复合材料撕裂强力与机织物撕裂强力差异不大,由于受集体对纤维束的固结作用,柔性复合材料的撕裂轨迹沿直线扩展,撕裂破坏区域明显小于机织物的损伤区域。织物涂层增加了纱线与纱线之间的连接点,限制了经纬纱之间的滑动,减少了撕裂三角区的大小,但由于涂层本身也贡献撕裂强力,使柔性复合材料撕裂强力与机织物撕裂强力无明显差异。
(3)织物顶破：影响机织物顶破性能主要因素有：织物的经纬密度、纱线拉伸性能和纱线间摩擦系数等。织物的顶破过程可以分为以下三个阶段：(Ⅰ)开始阶段：刺锥开始接触织物,与刺锥直接接触的纱线开始伸直；(Ⅱ)中间阶段：随着刺锥的逐步深入,部分纱线断裂,织物挠度逐渐变大；(Ⅲ)与刺锥直接接触的纱线脱离机织物表面,直至断裂。纱线断裂的不同时性导致顶破载荷-位移曲线上的波动。
(4)柔性复合材料顶破：柔性复合材料顶破强力远大于机织物顶破强力,顶破损伤面积也比机织物要小。织物涂层阻止经纬纱之间的滑动,防止刺锥尖端与纱线的直接接触,均匀集中应力。虽然涂层本身的承载能力远远小于增强机织物,但涂覆涂层显著提高了柔性复合材料的顶破性能。
实验测试结果证实有限元数值仿真的准确性,基于该仿真模型可以在揭示撕裂和顶破的细观尺度破坏机理的同时,形成撕裂和顶破设计方案。该设计方案所包括的基本参数是织物规格、纤维束力学性质和涂层基体性质。在工程实际应用中,将可以根据相应强度要求,合理选择细观结构参数、纤维材料和涂层基体材料。
Textile structural flexible composites have a great potential for use in applications such as bullet-proof/stab-resistant materials, lightweight architectures and oil pipeline structures. During their use, the flexible composites are likely to suffer from tear and stab damages as compared to rigid textile structural composites. The aim of studying tearing and stab failure behaviors of flexible composites is to aid in designing of a flexible composite with high tear and stab resistance. This paper will report the tearing and stab behaviors of woven fabrics and flexible composites in experimental and numerical simulations. Numerical simulations were developed based on the microstructure parameters of woven fabrics and flexible composites to show the tear and stab failure mechanisms on mesoscale.
From the experiments, tearing and puncture load-displacement curves, failure processes and failure morphologies were obtained. The trapezoid tearing tests were carried out according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D885-07standards. The circle-shaped sample was adopted in the puncture test while the movement velocity of the jaw for both tearing and puncture tests was100mm/min. The tearing and puncture strength as well as damage morphologies obtained from experiments of two kinds of specimens were compared. The differences in tearing and stab performances between woven fabrics and flexible composites revealed the influence of structural parameters.
In finite element analysis (FEA), microstructure geometrical models of both woven fabrics and flexible composites were constructed based on microstructural parameters of two specimens in ABAQUS/CAE. The mechanical parameters of yarns and coating resin were incorporated into the finite element (FE) model to calculate dynamic tear and stab failure processes. The stress distribution as well as the failure and slippages of fiber tows at local damage area could be visually displayed in the FE results. This will be helpful in analyzing the influence of microstructural parameters on the tear and stab performances.
The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Tear behaviors of woven fabrics:We found out that the main factors influencing the tear performance of woven fabrics are:tensile properties of warp and weft yarns, frictional coefficient, warp and weft density as well as fabric compactness parameters. The shape, size and stress distribution of tearing delta region were dramatically influenced by factors mentioned above. The slippage characteristics between yarns, damage morphologies of tearing region and tearing strength differ from each specimen during the tearing process.
(2) Tear behaviors of flexible composites:There was no much difference in tearing strength between flexible composites and woven fabrics. It was obvious that the tearing damage area of the woven fabric is greater than that of the flexible composite. In addition, the fracture of weft yarns in the woven fabric was irregular while the pre-slit was propagated along a straight line strictly in the flexible composite. Coating resin increases the connection points between yarns and this prevents relative slipping between yams which leads to a smaller tearing triangular zone. However, the coating resin itself also contributes to tearing strength of flexible composite. The two contrary effects offset each other resulting in slight difference of tearing strength between woven fabrics and flexible composites.
(3) Stab behaviors of woven fabrics:Warp and weft density, tensile properties of yarns as well as frictional coefficient between the yarns are the major factors that affect stab behaviors of woven fabrics. The stab damage process of woven fabrics can be divided into three stages:(Ⅰ) initial stage:the steel penetrator comes in contact with the fabric. The yarns which are directly in contact with the penetrator will bear the tensile load and will be stretched more.(Ⅱ) intermediate stage:with the increase of the penetration depth, some yarns reach the breaking strength and fail. Meanwhile, the deflection of the fabric gradually increases.(Ⅲ) final stage:the yarns which are directly in contact with the penetrator will break and slip from the penetrator surface. The un-simultaneous breakages of the yarns leads to the fluctuation of the stab load-deflection curves.
(4) Stab behaviors of flexible composites:The stab strength of the flexible composite is significantly higher than that of the woven fabric and also, the stab damage area of the flexible composite is much smaller than that of the woven fabric. The significant improvement of the stab strength is mainly due to the functions of coating resin which include preventing slippages between warp and weft yarns, protecting fibers from direct contact with the penetrator and distributing load concentration to more fibers. Although resins generally have low mechanical properties compared to those of fibers, the coating resin significantly improves the stab properties of the flexible composite.
The good agreement between experimental and FE results validates the accuracy of FE models. The numerical simulation will be helpful in predicting tear and stab damage mechanisms on the microstructural level as well as designing flexible composites with high tear and stab resistances. The designing parameters contain specifications of woven fabrics, mechanical properties of yams and coating resin. In practical engineering, the microstructural factors, fiber and coating resin materials can be determined according to the target strength.
引文
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