Web应用测试模型研究及改进
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摘要
随着计算机网络技术的发展,Web应用已经渗透到社会的各个应用领域。在市场需求推动下,Web应用的规模越来越大,结构也变得越来越复杂。为保证Web应用软件的质量,Web应用测试非常重要。
目前,国内外对软件测试的研究工作已取得很多成果,如各种测试方法和测试策略的提出,以及测试工具的开发等。但是,国内在Web应用测试上的发展还相对滞后,特别是对整个Web应用测试建模,制定测试策略的研究上还处于起步阶段。本文在研究已有测试模型的基础上,作者提出了一种Web应用测试组合模型,用于整个Web应用系统的建模测试。本文的研究工作有以下几点:
①在分析已有测试模型的基础上,作者提出了一种Web应用测试组合模型(WATM)。模型从对象、导航行为和结构三方面对Web应用系统建模,分析测试用例,执行测试生成测试报告。在建立对象模型时,除引用传统对象的继承、关联和聚合关系外,还定义了Web应用对象特有的请求、响应、导航和重定向关系,用这七种对象关系测试Web应用对象的状态和行为。导航模型为页面间的导航行为构建页面导航图,并且分析了浏览器对导航行为的影响。根据页面导航图生成页面导航树,从页面导航树获取导航行为的测试序列,测试Web应用的导航行为。结构模型在继承传统的控制流和数据流测试方法基础上,引入了控制流图分析Web应用的控制流和数据流信息。还解决了Web应用中forward节点的控制流和数据流测试问题。
②研究了回归测试模型MaxQ在Web测试中的应用。针对Web应用多用户同步执行测试的特点,本文对MaxQ模型进行了改进。同时还研究了测试用例记录文件的结构,提出了一种结构优化方法,为维护繁多的Web应用测试用例提供了方便。
③提出了Web应用组合测试模型的设计方案,以《重庆铁路物流电子商务平台》为实验背景,进行控制流和数据流测试实验。并利用改进的回归测试模型MaxQ进行了回归测试实验,发现了系统中隐藏的错误,证明了测试模型的有效性。
本文提出的Web应用组合测试模型和回归测试模型对Web应用所制定的测试方案,可提高Web应用测试的效率,节约资源,在Web应用测试中有一定的实用价值。
With the development of the computer network technology, the scale of Web application is becoming huger and huger, and the structure is becoming more and more complex. In order to insure the correctness and the reliability of Web application, Web application testing is extremely important.
At present, there are many successes in software testing area, such as some software testing methods, some testing strategies and some testing tools etc. But the development of Web application testing inland goes behind the overseas, even constructing model testing Web application is at the beginning. Based on the foretime testing models, this paper proposes Web association testing model which is used for Web application test. The research content of this paper is as follows:
①This paper proposes Web association testing model, which is built by the analysis of the object, navigation and structure in Web application. Based on the model, test case can be got, and then test report can be created after executing test. Object model analyze not only Inherit, Association and Aggregation traditional relation, but also Request, Response, Navigation and Redirect relation which exist in Web application only. The seven relations can be used for modeling Web application’s objects, then the state and the action of Web application’s objects can be analyzed. Navigation model constructs page navigation graph by pages’navigation, in which the author analyzes the impact of browser on page navigation. Based on page navigation graph, page navigation tree can be generated, and then test sequence can be got. Structure model introduce control flow graph into analyzing control flow and data flow of Web application after the traditional control flow and data flow testing methods. In this process, the author resolves the analysis of control flow and data flow of forward point in Web application.
②Research a regression testing model MaxQ which is used for testing system error leaded by module amending. In order to simulate multi-user testing environment, the author improve MaxQ testing model. Convenient for maintenance complex test case of Web application, the author optimizes structure of testing case recording file.
③Design a Web application testing tool. Based on the experiment of, the control flow and data flow testing was experimented.
Experiment on regression testing by improved regression testing model MaxQ, finds some errors hidden in the platform, which proves the availability of regression testing model.
Web association testing model and regression testing model design a Web application testing plan, which can enhance efficiency of Web application testing, save resource, and be useful to Web application testing.
目前,国内外对软件测试的研究工作已取得很多成果,如各种测试方法和测试策略的提出,以及测试工具的开发等。但是,国内在Web应用测试上的发展还相对滞后,特别是对整个Web应用测试建模,制定测试策略的研究上还处于起步阶段。本文在研究已有测试模型的基础上,作者提出了一种Web应用测试组合模型,用于整个Web应用系统的建模测试。本文的研究工作有以下几点:
①在分析已有测试模型的基础上,作者提出了一种Web应用测试组合模型(WATM)。模型从对象、导航行为和结构三方面对Web应用系统建模,分析测试用例,执行测试生成测试报告。在建立对象模型时,除引用传统对象的继承、关联和聚合关系外,还定义了Web应用对象特有的请求、响应、导航和重定向关系,用这七种对象关系测试Web应用对象的状态和行为。导航模型为页面间的导航行为构建页面导航图,并且分析了浏览器对导航行为的影响。根据页面导航图生成页面导航树,从页面导航树获取导航行为的测试序列,测试Web应用的导航行为。结构模型在继承传统的控制流和数据流测试方法基础上,引入了控制流图分析Web应用的控制流和数据流信息。还解决了Web应用中forward节点的控制流和数据流测试问题。
②研究了回归测试模型MaxQ在Web测试中的应用。针对Web应用多用户同步执行测试的特点,本文对MaxQ模型进行了改进。同时还研究了测试用例记录文件的结构,提出了一种结构优化方法,为维护繁多的Web应用测试用例提供了方便。
③提出了Web应用组合测试模型的设计方案,以《重庆铁路物流电子商务平台》为实验背景,进行控制流和数据流测试实验。并利用改进的回归测试模型MaxQ进行了回归测试实验,发现了系统中隐藏的错误,证明了测试模型的有效性。
本文提出的Web应用组合测试模型和回归测试模型对Web应用所制定的测试方案,可提高Web应用测试的效率,节约资源,在Web应用测试中有一定的实用价值。
With the development of the computer network technology, the scale of Web application is becoming huger and huger, and the structure is becoming more and more complex. In order to insure the correctness and the reliability of Web application, Web application testing is extremely important.
At present, there are many successes in software testing area, such as some software testing methods, some testing strategies and some testing tools etc. But the development of Web application testing inland goes behind the overseas, even constructing model testing Web application is at the beginning. Based on the foretime testing models, this paper proposes Web association testing model which is used for Web application test. The research content of this paper is as follows:
①This paper proposes Web association testing model, which is built by the analysis of the object, navigation and structure in Web application. Based on the model, test case can be got, and then test report can be created after executing test. Object model analyze not only Inherit, Association and Aggregation traditional relation, but also Request, Response, Navigation and Redirect relation which exist in Web application only. The seven relations can be used for modeling Web application’s objects, then the state and the action of Web application’s objects can be analyzed. Navigation model constructs page navigation graph by pages’navigation, in which the author analyzes the impact of browser on page navigation. Based on page navigation graph, page navigation tree can be generated, and then test sequence can be got. Structure model introduce control flow graph into analyzing control flow and data flow of Web application after the traditional control flow and data flow testing methods. In this process, the author resolves the analysis of control flow and data flow of forward point in Web application.
②Research a regression testing model MaxQ which is used for testing system error leaded by module amending. In order to simulate multi-user testing environment, the author improve MaxQ testing model. Convenient for maintenance complex test case of Web application, the author optimizes structure of testing case recording file.
③Design a Web application testing tool. Based on the experiment of
Experiment on regression testing by improved regression testing model MaxQ, finds some errors hidden in the platform, which proves the availability of regression testing model.
Web association testing model and regression testing model design a Web application testing plan, which can enhance efficiency of Web application testing, save resource, and be useful to Web application testing.
引文
[1] Glenford L.Myers. The Art of Software Testing. Wiley-Interscience, 1979.
[2] Burnstein, Suwannasart T, Carlson C R . Developing a Testing Maturity Model (Part I). Crosstalk, STSC,Hill Air Force Base,Utah. 1996.
[3] Qi.Y,Kung.D,Wong.E. An agent-based testing approach for Web applications. 29th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference COMPSAC 2005, Edinburgh, UK. 2005 Pages: P45–50.
[4] 张宏森,朱征宇. 四层 B/S 结构及解决方案. 计算机应用研究, 2002 年, Vol.9.21-22.
[5] 宋佳兴,周悦芝,刘卫东. 基于 Web 的分布式信息系统体系结构模型. 计算机工程与应用, 2001, Vol.37, No.3:71-73.
[6] 李胜磊,张德运,刘刚. osPF 性能的黑盒测试方法. 计算机工程, 2003 年 19 期.
[7] 封亮,严少清. 软件白盒测试的方法与实践. 计算机工程,2000 年 12 月, 第 26 卷第 12 期.
[8] 李秋英,刘斌,阮镰. 灰盒测试方法在软件可靠性测试中的应用. 航空学报, 2002.9, Vol 23, No5:455-458.
[9] H.Zhu,A Patrick,V Hall, et al. Software Unit Test Coverage and Adequacy. ACM, December 1997,Vol 29, No 4:366-427
[10] Hartmann J, Imoberdorf C, Meisinger M. UML-based integration testing. ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. Rome, 2000: 60-70.
[11] 马琳,罗铁坚,宋进亮,叶世伟. Web 系统性能测试及优化. 计算机工程,2005 年 6 月,Vol.31 No12.
[12] 朱鸿,金凌紫. 软件质量保障与测试. 科学出版社, 1997.
[13] D. R. Wallace, L. M. Ippolito, B. Cuthill. Reference Information for the Software Verification and Validation Process. URL http://hissa. ncsl. nist.gov/HHRFdata/Artifacts/ITLdoc/ 235/ val-proc. Html. March 29, 1996.
[14] Boris Beizer. Software Testing Techniques. 2nd edition, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1990.
[15] P.Tonella,F.Ricca. A 2-layer model for the White-box testing of Web applications. WSE, 2004,P11-19,Chicago, Illinois, September 2004.
[16] Jianguo Wang, Ruibing Hao and Jianping Wu.TUGEN:An automatic test case generator integrating data-flow an control-flow test methods. Session 8 paper 7, in IEEE International Conference on Communications, v1, 1998. IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, p286-290.
[17] D.C.Kung,C.H.Liu,P.Hsia. An object-oriented Web test model for testing Web applications. IEEE, Taipei,Taiwan,Oct 2000, P537-542.
[18] Parrish AS, Borie RB, Cordes DW. Automated Flow Graph-Based Testing of Object-Oriented Software Modules. J.SYSTEM SOFTWARE,1993(23): 95~109
[19] Jim Conallen. Modeling Web Application with UML. Communications of the ACM, 1999, Vol.42, No.10
[20] 卢孟余等. Web 对象模型及在多层结构 Web 开发中的应用.计算机工程,1999.12.
[21] 葛亮,叶恩,蒯白乐.Web 应用中的面向对象模型和设计模式.计算机工程,2003.8.
[22] Manola F. Technologies for a Web Object Model.IEEE Internet Computing,1999.
[23] 杨卫东,施伯乐.基于状态图的 Web 导航模型及其特性分析.计算机研究与发展, 2002.8,Vol.39, No.8:992-997.
[24] 伦立军,丁雪梅,李英梅.数据流测试准则之间关系的研究.计算机工程与应用,2005,4:79-81.
[25] Liu C-H,Kung D C,Hsia P. Object-Based Data Flow Testing of Web Applications. In:Proc. of APAQS 2000,Oct.2000.7～16.
[26] C. Liu, D. Kung, P. Hsia, and C. Hsu, Structural Testing of Web Applications, Proc. of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, San Jose,Oct. 2000.
[27] 阳展飞,吴桐,沈晨华,钱乐秋.一种用于类测试的新方法.计算机工程与应用.2003.9,p91-94.
[28] E J Weyuker. More experience with dala flow testing. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 1993.19(9): 912-919.
[29] Parrish AS, Borie RB, Cordes DW. Automated Flow Graph-Based Testing of Object-Oriented Software Modules. J.SYSTEM SOFTWARE,1993,23,95~109.
[30] 陈火旺,钱家哗,孙永强.编译原理.国防工业出版社,2001.
[31] F. Vokolos and P. Frankl. Pythia: A regression test selection tool based on text differencing. In International Conference on Reliability, Quality, and Safety of Software Intensive Systems, May 1997.
[32] H.K.N.Leung , L.White. Regression testability. Micro, IEEE Vo1.12, Apr.1992,P81-84.
[33] Ye Wu,Mei-Hwa Chen,Howard M. Kao .Regression Testing on Object-Oriented Programs. 10th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, November 01-04, 1999, pp270-279.
[34] D. Rosenblum,G. Rothermel. A comparative study of regression test selection techniques. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society 2nd International Workshop on Empirical Studies of Software maintenance,1997,P89-94.
[35] H.Agrawal, J.R.Horgan, E.W.Krauser, S.A.London. Incremental regression testing. Proceedings of the Conference on Software Maintenance,1993,P348-357.
[36] D.C.Kung, J.Gao, P.Hsia, Y.Toyoshima, C.Chen. On Regression Testing of Object-Oriented Programs. The Journal of Systems and Software, 1996,32(1):21-31.
[37] G. Rothermel, M.J.Harrold. A safe efficient algorithm for regression test selection. Proceedings of the Conference on Software Maintenance,1993,P358-369.
[38] 尤永康,刘乃琦.自动化回归测试在 Java 项目中的实现.计算机应用,2005 年 1 月.
[39] M.J.Harrold,M.L.Soffa.Interprocedual data flow testing. In Proceedings of ACM SIGSOFT’89 Third Symposium on Testing, Analysis, and Verification (TAV3) ,1989,P158-167.
[40] Lee J G, Chung C G. An optimal representative set selection method. Information and Software Technology, 2000,42.
[41] Y.Chen, D.Rosenblum, K.Vo.TestTube: A system for selective regression.Proc.Of the 16th Int'l. Conf. On Software Engineering,Sorrento, Italy,1994,P211-222
[42] G.Rothermel, M.J.Harrold. A safe,efficient regression test selection technique. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 6(2),April 1997,P173-210.
[43] Rothermel, G., and Harrold, M.J. Analyzing regression test selection techniques. IEEE Transaction Software Engineering,22(8), Aug.1996,P529-551.
[2] Burnstein, Suwannasart T, Carlson C R . Developing a Testing Maturity Model (Part I). Crosstalk, STSC,Hill Air Force Base,Utah. 1996.
[3] Qi.Y,Kung.D,Wong.E. An agent-based testing approach for Web applications. 29th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference COMPSAC 2005, Edinburgh, UK. 2005 Pages: P45–50.
[4] 张宏森,朱征宇. 四层 B/S 结构及解决方案. 计算机应用研究, 2002 年, Vol.9.21-22.
[5] 宋佳兴,周悦芝,刘卫东. 基于 Web 的分布式信息系统体系结构模型. 计算机工程与应用, 2001, Vol.37, No.3:71-73.
[6] 李胜磊,张德运,刘刚. osPF 性能的黑盒测试方法. 计算机工程, 2003 年 19 期.
[7] 封亮,严少清. 软件白盒测试的方法与实践. 计算机工程,2000 年 12 月, 第 26 卷第 12 期.
[8] 李秋英,刘斌,阮镰. 灰盒测试方法在软件可靠性测试中的应用. 航空学报, 2002.9, Vol 23, No5:455-458.
[9] H.Zhu,A Patrick,V Hall, et al. Software Unit Test Coverage and Adequacy. ACM, December 1997,Vol 29, No 4:366-427
[10] Hartmann J, Imoberdorf C, Meisinger M. UML-based integration testing. ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. Rome, 2000: 60-70.
[11] 马琳,罗铁坚,宋进亮,叶世伟. Web 系统性能测试及优化. 计算机工程,2005 年 6 月,Vol.31 No12.
[12] 朱鸿,金凌紫. 软件质量保障与测试. 科学出版社, 1997.
[13] D. R. Wallace, L. M. Ippolito, B. Cuthill. Reference Information for the Software Verification and Validation Process. URL http://hissa. ncsl. nist.gov/HHRFdata/Artifacts/ITLdoc/ 235/ val-proc. Html. March 29, 1996.
[14] Boris Beizer. Software Testing Techniques. 2nd edition, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1990.
[15] P.Tonella,F.Ricca. A 2-layer model for the White-box testing of Web applications. WSE, 2004,P11-19,Chicago, Illinois, September 2004.
[16] Jianguo Wang, Ruibing Hao and Jianping Wu.TUGEN:An automatic test case generator integrating data-flow an control-flow test methods. Session 8 paper 7, in IEEE International Conference on Communications, v1, 1998. IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, p286-290.
[17] D.C.Kung,C.H.Liu,P.Hsia. An object-oriented Web test model for testing Web applications. IEEE, Taipei,Taiwan,Oct 2000, P537-542.
[18] Parrish AS, Borie RB, Cordes DW. Automated Flow Graph-Based Testing of Object-Oriented Software Modules. J.SYSTEM SOFTWARE,1993(23): 95~109
[19] Jim Conallen. Modeling Web Application with UML. Communications of the ACM, 1999, Vol.42, No.10
[20] 卢孟余等. Web 对象模型及在多层结构 Web 开发中的应用.计算机工程,1999.12.
[21] 葛亮,叶恩,蒯白乐.Web 应用中的面向对象模型和设计模式.计算机工程,2003.8.
[22] Manola F. Technologies for a Web Object Model.IEEE Internet Computing,1999.
[23] 杨卫东,施伯乐.基于状态图的 Web 导航模型及其特性分析.计算机研究与发展, 2002.8,Vol.39, No.8:992-997.
[24] 伦立军,丁雪梅,李英梅.数据流测试准则之间关系的研究.计算机工程与应用,2005,4:79-81.
[25] Liu C-H,Kung D C,Hsia P. Object-Based Data Flow Testing of Web Applications. In:Proc. of APAQS 2000,Oct.2000.7～16.
[26] C. Liu, D. Kung, P. Hsia, and C. Hsu, Structural Testing of Web Applications, Proc. of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, San Jose,Oct. 2000.
[27] 阳展飞,吴桐,沈晨华,钱乐秋.一种用于类测试的新方法.计算机工程与应用.2003.9,p91-94.
[28] E J Weyuker. More experience with dala flow testing. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 1993.19(9): 912-919.
[29] Parrish AS, Borie RB, Cordes DW. Automated Flow Graph-Based Testing of Object-Oriented Software Modules. J.SYSTEM SOFTWARE,1993,23,95~109.
[30] 陈火旺,钱家哗,孙永强.编译原理.国防工业出版社,2001.
[31] F. Vokolos and P. Frankl. Pythia: A regression test selection tool based on text differencing. In International Conference on Reliability, Quality, and Safety of Software Intensive Systems, May 1997.
[32] H.K.N.Leung , L.White. Regression testability. Micro, IEEE Vo1.12, Apr.1992,P81-84.
[33] Ye Wu,Mei-Hwa Chen,Howard M. Kao .Regression Testing on Object-Oriented Programs. 10th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, November 01-04, 1999, pp270-279.
[34] D. Rosenblum,G. Rothermel. A comparative study of regression test selection techniques. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society 2nd International Workshop on Empirical Studies of Software maintenance,1997,P89-94.
[35] H.Agrawal, J.R.Horgan, E.W.Krauser, S.A.London. Incremental regression testing. Proceedings of the Conference on Software Maintenance,1993,P348-357.
[36] D.C.Kung, J.Gao, P.Hsia, Y.Toyoshima, C.Chen. On Regression Testing of Object-Oriented Programs. The Journal of Systems and Software, 1996,32(1):21-31.
[37] G. Rothermel, M.J.Harrold. A safe efficient algorithm for regression test selection. Proceedings of the Conference on Software Maintenance,1993,P358-369.
[38] 尤永康,刘乃琦.自动化回归测试在 Java 项目中的实现.计算机应用,2005 年 1 月.
[39] M.J.Harrold,M.L.Soffa.Interprocedual data flow testing. In Proceedings of ACM SIGSOFT’89 Third Symposium on Testing, Analysis, and Verification (TAV3) ,1989,P158-167.
[40] Lee J G, Chung C G. An optimal representative set selection method. Information and Software Technology, 2000,42.
[41] Y.Chen, D.Rosenblum, K.Vo.TestTube: A system for selective regression.Proc.Of the 16th Int'l. Conf. On Software Engineering,Sorrento, Italy,1994,P211-222
[42] G.Rothermel, M.J.Harrold. A safe,efficient regression test selection technique. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 6(2),April 1997,P173-210.
[43] Rothermel, G., and Harrold, M.J. Analyzing regression test selection techniques. IEEE Transaction Software Engineering,22(8), Aug.1996,P529-551.